The article reviews the experiences of programs to promote renewable energy in Southeast Asian countries and proposes some learned lessons that can be useful in the context of COP 20 to promote renewable energy.The article analyzes the rates and mechanisms of promotion used in countries such as India, Indonesia and Vietnam, that are led by the World Bank. These mechanisms are used as a legal basis that proposes successful tested alternatives and its usefulness is that renewable energies can be implemented within the current legal structure of international environmental law.In conclusion, it is the correct timing for the COP 20 to secure funds and international legal mechanisms that promote sustainable energy infrastructure. / El presente artículo revisa las experiencias de programas de promoción de energías renovables en países del sudeste asiático a fin de proponer algunas lecciones aprendidas que puedan ser útiles en el contexto de la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (COP 20) para la promoción de las energías renovables. Asimismo, revisa las tarifas y mecanismos de promoción utilizados en India, Indonesia y Vietnam, impulsados por el Banco Mundial, como una base para proponer alternativas legales ya probadas. Su utilidad es que las energías renovables pueden ser implementadas dentro de la estructura legal actual del Derecho Ambiental Internacional, la COP 20 es el momento de asegurar fondos y mecanismos jurídicos internacionales que promueven una infraestructura energética sostenible.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:51:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 minchetti_im_me_arafcl_prot.pdf: 2236442 bytes, checksum: b19f8d8800001d81d467e9b3ba475c29 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As questões ambientais nos últimos anos têm adquirido cada vez mais importância no cenário econômico mundial, sobretudo em razão de evidências sobre graves problemas ambientais de impacto global. Em 2005 entrou em vigência o Protocolo de Quioto da Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima, estabelecendo metas de redução da emissão de gases causadores do efeito estufa (GEE) para os países desenvolvidos, assim como mecanismos de flexibilização para auxiliar os países no cumprimento dessas metas. O mecanismo de flexibilização que pode ser utilizado por países como Brasil, China e Índia é o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), o qual pode gerar “créditos de carbono” comercializáveis. O objeto do presente estudo é o estudo comparado do desempenho do Brasil, China e Índia no marcado de carbono, de acordo com a metodologia de cálculo do fator de emissão baseada na matriz energética para a obtenção dos Certificados de Emissões Reduzidas (CERs), e com a legislação ambiental nacional voltada para a regulamentação desse mercado. A metodologia aqui utilizada para cada um dos três países compreende: a) estatísticas descritivas sobre o número de projetos aprovados; b) caracterização dos projetos no que se refere a sua localização setorial, porte (custos econômicos e benefícios ambientais); tempo de maturação e respectivos CERs gerados; origem da iniciativa (se pública ou privada, se nacional ou estrangeira); e, c) inventário das informações sobre o contexto nacional no que diz respeito à matriz e política energética de cada país, o marco regulatório na área ambiental, as linhas de financiamento e fundos de investimentos disponíveis para projetos MDL. As oportunidades econômicas e ambientais propiciadas pelas iniciativas de projetos MDL nos três países concentram-se... / Environmental issues in recent years have acquired increasing importance in the global economic scenario, especially because serious environmental problems of global impact. In 2005 enter in vigor the Kyoto Protocol of the Convention United Nations Framework on Climate Change, setting targets for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) for developed countries, as well as flexibility mechanisms for helping the countries to comply with these targets. The flexibility mechanism that can be used by countries like Brazil, China and India is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which can earn saleable “carbon credits”. The object of this study is a comparative analysis of the performance of Brazil, China and India in the carbon market, according to the methodology of calculation of emission factor based on the energy matrix to obtain the Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), and with the national environmental legislation focused in the regulation of this market. The methodological approach applied here for each of these three countries includes: a) descriptive statistics on the number of approved projects; b) characterization of the projects regarding the location industry, business (economic costs and environmental benefits), duration of maturation and their CERs generated; origin of the initiative (public or private, whether domestic or foreign); and, c) the inventory of information on the national context in relation to the energy matrix and policy of each country, the regulatory framework in the environmental area, the financial support and investment funds available for CDM projects. The economic and environmental opportunities provided by the initiatives setup as CDM projects in all three countries it’s concentrated in the sectors of renewable energy, especially biomass and wind power, where investments in China... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Luciana Togeiro de Almeida / Banca: Rogério Gomes / Banca: Ademar Ribeiro / Resumo: As questões ambientais nos últimos anos têm adquirido cada vez mais importância no cenário econômico mundial, sobretudo em razão de evidências sobre graves problemas ambientais de impacto global. Em 2005 entrou em vigência o Protocolo de Quioto da Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima, estabelecendo metas de redução da emissão de gases causadores do efeito estufa (GEE) para os países desenvolvidos, assim como mecanismos de flexibilização para auxiliar os países no cumprimento dessas metas. O mecanismo de flexibilização que pode ser utilizado por países como Brasil, China e Índia é o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), o qual pode gerar "créditos de carbono" comercializáveis. O objeto do presente estudo é o estudo comparado do desempenho do Brasil, China e Índia no marcado de carbono, de acordo com a metodologia de cálculo do fator de emissão baseada na matriz energética para a obtenção dos Certificados de Emissões Reduzidas (CERs), e com a legislação ambiental nacional voltada para a regulamentação desse mercado. A metodologia aqui utilizada para cada um dos três países compreende: a) estatísticas descritivas sobre o número de projetos aprovados; b) caracterização dos projetos no que se refere a sua localização setorial, porte (custos econômicos e benefícios ambientais); tempo de maturação e respectivos CERs gerados; origem da iniciativa (se pública ou privada, se nacional ou estrangeira); e, c) inventário das informações sobre o contexto nacional no que diz respeito à matriz e política energética de cada país, o marco regulatório na área ambiental, as linhas de financiamento e fundos de investimentos disponíveis para projetos MDL. As oportunidades econômicas e ambientais propiciadas pelas iniciativas de projetos MDL nos três países concentram-se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Environmental issues in recent years have acquired increasing importance in the global economic scenario, especially because serious environmental problems of global impact. In 2005 enter in vigor the Kyoto Protocol of the Convention United Nations Framework on Climate Change, setting targets for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) for developed countries, as well as flexibility mechanisms for helping the countries to comply with these targets. The flexibility mechanism that can be used by countries like Brazil, China and India is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which can earn saleable "carbon credits". The object of this study is a comparative analysis of the performance of Brazil, China and India in the carbon market, according to the methodology of calculation of emission factor based on the energy matrix to obtain the Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), and with the national environmental legislation focused in the regulation of this market. The methodological approach applied here for each of these three countries includes: a) descriptive statistics on the number of approved projects; b) characterization of the projects regarding the location industry, business (economic costs and environmental benefits), duration of maturation and their CERs generated; origin of the initiative (public or private, whether domestic or foreign); and, c) the inventory of information on the national context in relation to the energy matrix and policy of each country, the regulatory framework in the environmental area, the financial support and investment funds available for CDM projects. The economic and environmental opportunities provided by the initiatives setup as CDM projects in all three countries it's concentrated in the sectors of renewable energy, especially biomass and wind power, where investments in China... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Les protocoles d'échange d'informations représentent un des grands domaines actuels de recherche en sécurité informatique, et sont entre autres à la base des mécanismes de commerce électronique. Ils sont par exemple nécessaires à la réalisation d'un achat en ligne, à la signature d'un contrat électronique et au courrier électronique recommandé. Dans ces exemples, les échanges d'informations consistent à échanger respectivement un objet électronique contre un paiement, des signatures digitales sur un même contrat, et un courrier électronique contre un accusé de réception.<p><p>Informellement, un protocole mettant en oeuvre de tels types d'échanges est dit équitable si et seulement si à la fin du protocole soit l'échange d'information a eu lieu, soit aucune information (même en partie) n'a été échangée. Afin d'assurer cette propriété d'équité de manière efficace, et d'éviter ainsi des éventuels comportements malhonnêtes de la part des participants à l'échange d'informations qui chercheraient à nuire au bon déroulement du protocole, une tierce partie de confiance est utilisée.<p><p>Un des buts de cette thèse est de discerner les tâches devant être assurées par une telle tierce partie de confiance et développer des méthodes permettant d'en minimiser le nombre et l'importance, afin de limiter la confiance que les entités effectuant l'échange doivent porter à cette tierce partie. Pour cela, nous identifions tout d'abord de manière générique quels sont ces types de tâches, puis nous analysons sous ce point de vue les principaux protocoles ayant été proposés dans la littérature.<p><p>Cette démarche nous conduit ensuite naturellement à nous pencher sur les relations de confiance entre les participants à un protocole d'échange. Ce type de relations est particulièrement significatif pour des protocoles à plus de deux participants.<p><p>Enfin, dans ce travail, nous observons à la lumière des aspects de confiance, les différentes propriétés propres aux protocoles d'échange, et nous proposons plusieurs nouveaux protocoles ayant des besoins en confiance limités.<p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation Informatique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Mikroföretag vänder sig ofta till banken vid kreditbehov på grund av begränsade möjligheter till extern kapitalförsörjning. Dock har kreditgivningen till mikroföretag visat sig vara riskfylld. Kredithandläggare behöver säkerställa företagets återbetalningsförmåga vilket sällan är en enkel uppgift eftersom banken många gånger har mindre detaljerad information om verksamheten än vad företaget har. Denna utmaning kan underlättas genom extern konsultation i form av revisorns granskning eller redovisningskonsultens upprättande av kvalitetstämplad finansiell information, vilket får kredithandläggare att känna sig tryggare i kreditbedömningen. Syftet med studien är att beskriva och skapa förståelse om kvalitetsstämpelns betydelse för kredithandläggare vid kreditgivning till mikroföretag. Betydelsen av denna information har visat sig vara relativt outforskad ur en svensk kontext. Genom en kvalitativ studie baserad på̊ besöksintervjuer hos kredithandläggare från svenska affärs- och sparbanker besvarades studiens problemformulering: Vilken betydelse har kvalitetstämplad årsredovisning/bokslut för att finansiering skall kunna beviljas till mikroföretag från banker och vilken påverkan har sådan information på låneräntan? Studien visar att kredithandläggare i svenska banker värderar revisorns kvalitetsstämpel högre än kvalitetsstämpeln som redovisningskonsulten genererar. Däremot saknar kvalitetstämplad information många gånger betydelse vid beviljandet av krediter till mikroföretag. En förklaring till detta är att kreditgivningsprocessen är mer förtroenderelaterad och det är oftast först när osäkerhet uppstår vid investeringskrediter, avvikande resultatutveckling eller osäkra balansposter som kvalitetsstämpeln ökar i värde och extern granskning av revisor kan inkrävas. En annan slutsats är att låneräntan inte påverkas av kvalitetstämplad information, utan det är främst företagets riskklass och säkerhetsbild som kan påverka räntesatsen. / <p>Betyg VG</p>

Värdering av kommersiella fastigheter handlar om att samla in, analysera och bedöma information. Förutom att fastigheternas marknadsvärden har betydelse för samhället i stort är de av vikt för dem som fattar beslut som grundas på värdeutlåtanden. Syftet med denna licentiatavhandling är a) att kartlägga hur svenska auktoriserade fastighetsvärderare ser på de faktorer som avgör värdet på kommersiella fastigheter när värderingen görs inför upprättandet av årsredovisning samt b) att jämföra och dra slutsatser om fastighetsvärderarnas tanke­mönster vad gäller innehåll, komplexitet och homogenitet samt i vilken omfattning tankemönstren skiljer sig åt mellan olika grupper av fastighets­värderare. För att kartlägga fastighetsvärderarnas tankemönster använder jag mig av Kellys (1955) gridteknik och kompletterande semistrukturerade intervjuer. Jag har intervjuat nära hälften (67) av Sveriges auktoriserade fastighetsvärderare. Resultatet visar tre tolkningsbara dimensioner som kan anses centrala i fastighetsvärderarnas tankemönster. Den första dimensionen avser värderingens fokus. Den handlar om att fastighetsvärderare uppfattar att olika sorters information och bedömning har olika påverkan på fastighetsvärdering på mikro- respektive makronivå. Med mikronivå menas då fastigheter i relation till deras fastighets­ägare och makronivå avser fastigheter i relation till marknaden i stort. Den andra dimensionen ger uttryck för att fastighetsvärderare uppfattar att viss information är mer eller mindre verifierbar utifrån informationens karaktär. Den tredje dimensionen avser bedömningens komplexitet. Fastighetsvärderare uppfattar att olika typer av information är komplexare respektive enklare att bedöma. Resultaten tyder på att fastighetsvärderare har ett flerdimentionellt tankemönster. När de auktoriserade fastighetsvärderarna delas upp i grupper utifrån olika bakgrunds­variabler återkommer de tre dimensionerna i samtliga gruppers tankemönster. Detta tyder även på att auktoriserade fastighetsvärderare har relativt homogena tankestrukturer. Vissa skillnader i komplexitet och homogenitet framkommer dock. Dessa skillnader visar sig främst utifrån de auktoriserade fastighets­­värderarnas verksamhetsorter och vid vilka lärosäten de studerat. / The valuation of commercial properties is about collecting, analyzing and assessing information. In addition to the fact that the properties' market values ​​are important to society as a whole, they are important to those who make decisions based on value statements. The purpose of this thesis is a) to identify how Swedish professional property valuers certified by ASPECT look at the value-influencing factors that determine the values of commercial properties when valuation is made prior to preparing financial statements and b) to compare and draw conclusions about the ASPECT certified property valuers´ thinking in terms of content, complexity and homogeneity and to what extent the thought patterns differ between different groups of property valuers. To map property valuers´ thought patterns I use Kelly´s (1955) Repertory Grid technique and complementary semi-structured interviews. I have interviewed nearly half (67) of the professional ASPECT certified property valuers in Sweden. The result shows three interpretable dimensions that can be considered central in the property valuers´ thought patterns.  The first dimension relates to the focus of valuation. It is about property valuers understanding that different kinds of information and assessment have different effects on property valuation on micro and macro levels. The micro level refers to the relation between properties and their property owner and macro level refers to the relation between properties and the market at large. The second dimension shows that verifiable information reflects that the property valuer understands that some information is more or less verifiable by the nature of information. The third dimension is related to the assessment´s complexity. It is about property valuers perceiving that different types of information are simpler and more complex to assess. The results indicate that ASPECT certified property valuers have relatively complex thought patterns. When certified property valuers are divided into groups based on different background variables, the three dimensions are in all groups. This indicates that property valuers also have relatively homogeneous thought structures. Some differences in complexity and homogeneity emerge, however. These differences are mainly based on the property valuers´ place of business and what universities they studied at. / Centrum för forskning om ekonomiska relationer (CER)

ABSTRACT The scope of this Diploma thesis is create the detail design documentation for building of new nursery school in Zbýšov. The two-storey building with partial basement is located southwest and has a regular ground plan. There are four departments for children of the age from 3 to 6 years, administration part with language classroom and speech therapy classroom, offices and facilities for teachers, cafeteria and technical part located on the first floor. The building is constructed of Porotherm 30 Profi, Porotherm 30 AKU bricks and is built on concrete strip foundations. The perimeter of the basement is created by the vertical load-bearing walls made of reinforced concrete bricks. There is used the certified external thermal insulation composite system. The internal non-load masonry is designed from Porotherm 14 Profi and Porotherm 11,5 AKU. The horizontal load-bearing ceiling construction is made of pre-stressed reinforced concrete panel Spiroll. The stairs are monolithic, made of reinforced concrete. The flat roofs are designed with using of extensive green roof system.

No description available.

Les méthodes d’optimisation de forme basées sur le gradient reposent sur le calcul de la dérivée de forme. Dans beaucoup d’applications, la fonctionnelle coût dépend de la solution d’une EDP. Il s’en suit qu’elle ne peut être résolue exactement et que seule une approximation de celle-ci peut être calculée, par exemple par la méthode des éléments finis. Il en est de même pour la dérivée de forme. Ainsi, les méthodes de gradient en optimisation de forme - basées sur des approximations du gradient - ne garantissent pas a priori que la direction calculée à chaque itération soit effectivement une direction de descente pour la fonctionnelle coût. Cette thèse est consacrée à la construction d’une procédure de certification de la direction de descente dans des algorithmes de gradient en optimisation de forme grâce à des estimations a posteriori de l’erreur introduite par l’approximation de la dérivée de forme par la méthode des éléments finis. On présente une procédure pour estimer l’erreur dans une Quantité d’Intérêt et on obtient une borne supérieure certifiée et explicitement calculable. L’Algorithme de Descente Certifiée (CDA) pour l’optimisation de forme identifie une véritable direction de descente à chaque itération et permet d’établir un critère d’arrêt fiable basé sur la norme de la dérivée de forme. Deux applications principales sont abordées dans la thèse. Premièrement, on considère le problème scalaire d’identification de forme en tomographie d’impédance électrique et on étudie différentes estimations d’erreur. Une première approche est basée sur le principe de l’énergie complémentaire et nécessite la résolution de problèmes globaux additionnels. Afin de réduire le coût de calcul de la procédure de certification, une estimation qui dépend seulement de quantités locales est dérivée par la reconstruction des flux équilibrés. Après avoir validé les estimations de l’erreur pour un cas bidimensionnel, des résultats numériques sont présentés pour tester les méthodes discutées. Une deuxième application est centrée sur le problème vectoriel de la conception optimale des structures élastiques. Dans ce cadre figure, on calcule l’expression volumique de la dérivée de forme de la compliance à partir de la formulation primale en déplacements et de la formulation duale mixte pour l’équation de l’élasticité linéaire. Quelques résultats numériques préliminaires pour la minimisation de la compliance sous une contrainte de volume en 2D sont obtenus à l’aide de l’Algorithme de Variation de Frontière et une estimation a posteriori de l’erreur de la dérivée de forme basée sur le principe de l’énergie complémentaire est calculée. / Gradient-based shape optimization strategies rely on the computation of the so-called shape gradient. In many applications, the objective functional depends both on the shape of the domain and on the solution of a PDE which can only be solved approximately (e.g. via the Finite Element Method). Hence, the direction computed using the discretized shape gradient may not be a genuine descent direction for the objective functional. This Ph.D. thesis is devoted to the construction of a certification procedure to validate the descent direction in gradient-based shape optimization methods using a posteriori estimators of the error due to the Finite Element approximation of the shape gradient.By means of a goal-oriented procedure, we derive a fully computable certified upper bound of the aforementioned error. The resulting Certified Descent Algorithm (CDA) for shape optimization is able to identify a genuine descent direction at each iteration and features a reliable stopping criterion basedon the norm of the shape gradient.Two main applications are tackled in the thesis. First, we consider the scalar inverse identification problem of Electrical Impedance Tomography and we investigate several a posteriori estimators. A first procedure is inspired by the complementary energy principle and involves the solution of additionalglobal problems. In order to reduce the computational cost of the certification step, an estimator which depends solely on local quantities is derived via an equilibrated fluxes approach. The estimators are validated for a two-dimensional case and some numerical simulations are presented to test the discussed methods. A second application focuses on the vectorial problem of optimal design of elastic structures. Within this framework, we derive the volumetric expression of the shape gradient of the compliance using both H 1 -based and dual mixed variational formulations of the linear elasticity equation. Some preliminary numerical tests are performed to minimize the compliance under a volume constraint in 2D using the Boundary Variation Algorithm and an a posteriori estimator of the error in the shape gradient is obtained via the complementary energy principle.

This thesis deals with the design of a primary school for the 1st degree in Kromeriz. This is a set of 3 buildings. Object A is partially cellared, with 2nd floor above ground floor. In this building there is a boiler room with air conditioning, changing rooms, offices for school management and a dining room. Building B is an unsym basement 3rd floor building, which serves for the stay of pupils of the 1st-5th grade of the elementary school. Object C is unsymed, single-storey. It is a gym, changing rooms and sanitary facilities. This thesis solves object B, which is used for the stay of pupils of the 1st-5th grade of the primary school. The building is of irregular rectangular shape and is designed as a three-storey, unsymed. The structure consists of a skeleac structure. Linings of perimeter masonry made of ceramic blocks POROTHERM 30 Profi, based on concrete feet. The inner supporting masonry is made up of porotherm 25 AKU blocks. The inner non-supporting masonry is designed from POROTHERM 14 Profi blocks and POROTHERM 8 blocks. The insulation of the building is designed as a certified contact system. The horizontal supporting structure of the ceiling is solved by a cross reinforced ŽB plate. The staircases are ŽB monolithic. Roof structures are made up of flat roofs.