Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The increasing proliferation of freshwater fish parasites causes concerns to the fish farmers. One of the main diseases in fish culture is the ciliate protozoan Ichhtyophthirius multifiliis, because severe infections of this parasite provoke high mortalities, causing economical losses to the producers. The objective of this study was to verify the efficacy of the common salt (NaCl) in the food and in the water in the control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and growth of juvenile silver catfish Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae). After the appearance of the first white spots, indicating infection by this parasite, fish were transferred to eighteen 40 l polypropylene boxes and kept for 30 days. The experimental diets were prepared with salt supplementation (1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0%) in a diet without salt (0.0%). In addition, in another treatment fish were fed with a diet without salt supplementation and exposed to 4 g/l salt in the water. Juveniles were collected at different times for analyses of whole body Na+, K+, and Cl-. Dietary salt supplementation provoked a transitory increase in the whole body Na+, K+ and Cl- of silver catfish juveniles, but a better stabilization of these ionic levels in infected juveniles was observed in specimens exposed to salt in the water. The obtained results allow to conclude that a diet containing 1.0 % salt (31 mmol/kg Na+ and 145 mmol/kg Cl-) using the present formulation increases weight and biomass of juvenile silver catfish in relation to the treatment with 6% of salt in the ration in 30 days, but the highest survival of infected fish was obtained with exposure to salt in the water. / A crescente proliferação de parasitas de peixes de água doce preocupa os produtores. Um dos principais causadores de sérias perdas na aqüicultura é o protozoário ciliado Ichhtyophthirius multifiliis, pois infestações severas deste parasita ocasionam grandes mortalidades, revertendo-se em perdas econômicas aos produtores. Então, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a adição de sal comum (NaCl) na ração e na água no controle de Ichthyophthirius multifiliis e crescimento de juvenis de jundiá Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae). Após o aparecimento das primeiras manchas brancas, indicando infestação pelo parasita, os mesmos foram transferidos para 18 caixas de polipropileno de 40 l, onde permaneceram por 30 dias. As dietas experimentais foram preparadas com acréscimo de NaCl (1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 6,0 %) em uma ração base sem sal (0,0 %). Além disso, um grupo recebeu uma ração sem adição de sal e foi exposto a 4 g/l sal na água. Juvenis foram coletados em diferentes tempos para que fossem feitas as análises de Na+, K+ e Cl- corporais. A adição de sal na ração provoca um aumento transitório nos níveis corporais de Na+, K+ e Cl- dos 8 juvenis, porém a melhor estabilização destes níveis iônicos em juvenis infestados com ictio é observada em exemplares expostos ao sal na água. Os resultados permitem concluir que uma dieta, contendo adição de cerca de 1,0 % de sal (31 mmol/kg de Na+ e 145 mmol/kg de Cl-) usando a formulação base leva a um aumento de peso e biomassa dos juvenis de jundiá em relação ao tratamento com 6 % de sal na ração em um período de 30 dias, mas a maior sobrevivência ao ictio foi obtida com a exposição ao sal na água.

Dans le cadre du projet DISPATMO (étude de prévision des risques de pollution liés à la dispersion atmosphérique de produits chimiques), des études de risques liés aux incendies et explosions dus aux produits chimiques ont été menées. L’objectif de cette thèse était de réaliser une étude cinétique et mécanistique approfondie afin de déterminer la dégradation en phase gazeuse de l'un des principaux constituants du solvant Tiflex, acétate de 1-méthoxy-2-propyle (MPA), par les radicaux OH et les atomes de Cl. En outre, les constantes de vitesse de réaction de OH et Cl avec une série d' acétates d’alcoxyle largement utilisés dans l'industrie du revêtement et la peinture, l'acétate de méthoxy-2-butyle (2MBA), l'acétate de méthoxy-3-butyle (3MBA), l'acétate de méthoxy-éthyle (MEA), l'acétate d'éthoxy-éthyle (EEE) et l’acétate de n-pentyle (n-PA), ont été déterminées. Les expériences ont été conduites en utilisant la technique de photolyse laser pulsée couplée à la fluorescence induite par laser, un réacteur à écoulement à basse pression couplé à un spectromètre de masse et une chambre de simulation atmosphérique couplé à GC-FID, FTIR et GC-MS en utilisant les méthodes absolue et relative. Les données cinétiques ont été utilisées pour déterminer les expressions Arrhenius pour évaluer le devenir environnemental des composés étudiés tels que leur durée de vie et le potentiel de formation d'ozone. D'autre part, le mécanisme réactionnel a été étudié et les principaux produits de dégradation et leurs rendements ont été déterminés en présence de NO. Les spectres d’absorption UV-Vis de MPA, 2MBA et 3MBA ont également été déterminés afin d'évaluer le potentiel de photolyse de ces composés dans l’atmosphère. Les paramètres cinétiques et mécanistiques ainsi que les durées de vie troposphérique déterminés sont utilisés comme données d'entrée dans les modèles de simulation atmosphériques photochimiques et dans les modèles de dispersion atmosphérique de produits chimiques pour évaluer leur impact atmosphérique. / In the context of DISPATMO project (forecast study of pollution risks related to the atmospheric dispersal of chemicals), risk studies linked to the fires and the explosions due to chemical storage were conducted. The purpose of this thesis was to perform a thorough kinetic and mechanistic study to determine the gas phase degradation of one of the main component of Tiflex solvent, the 1-methoxy 2-propyl acetate (MPA). Furthermore, the rate coefficients of OH and Cl with a series of alkoxy acetates widely used in painting and coating industries, 2-methoxy-butyl acetate (2MBA), 3-methoxybutyl acetate (3MBA), methoxy ethyl acetate (MEA), ethoxy ethyl acetate (EEA) and n-pentyl acetate (n-PA), were determined. The experiments were performed employing the pulsed laser photolysislaser induced fluorescence technique, a low pressure flow tube reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer and an atmospheric simulation chamber coupled with a GC-FID, a FTIR and a GC-MS using complementary absolute and relative rate methods. The kinetic data were used to derive the Arrhenius expressions as well as to evaluate the environmental fate of the studied compounds such as their lifetimes and the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential. Besides, the reaction mechanism was investigated, while the major degradation products and their yields were determined in presence of NO. In addition, the UV-Vis absorption cross sections of MPA, 2MBA and 3MBA were measured in order to evaluate their potential photolysis in the atmosphere. The investigation of the chemical processes and the tropospheric lifetimes of the compounds are used as input data in photochemical atmospheric simulation models and in chemical agent atmospheric dispersion models to evaluate their atmospheric impact.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of the present study was to determine the action of gestagens and estradiol benzoate (EB) on the mechanism of premature regression of the first corpus luteum (CL) after parturition, and to develop an efficient artificial insemination system for suckling beef cows. The effect of pre-exposure to gestagens and EB on the expression of the alpha (ERα) and beta (ERß) estrogen receptors and progesterone receptor (PR) in the endometrium and CL was evaluated after the first postpartum ovulation. Thirty days after calving, ten anestrous cows were divided into a control group (AN) and a treatment group (AN+MAP). On day 0, animals of the treatment group received 250 mg medroxyprogesterone (MAP) in a vaginal device for 7 days and 5 mg EB. In both groups, the follicular wave was monitored and ovulation was induced for the formation of a CL. Luteal and endometrial tissues were collected after 7 days. The samples were submitted to the analysis of gene expression by RT-PCR and endometrial and luteal histological evaluation. Preexposure to gestagen during the first postpartum estrous cycle resulted in a higher endometrial expression of the PR (AN+MAP group; P<0.05) and inhibition of ERß expression in endometrial tissue (P<0.05). The height of the endometrial glandular epithelium and the total number of large luteal cells were higher in the AN+MAP group than in the AN group. In order to promote follicular growth compatible with the ovulatory response in postpartum cows, we analyzed the follicular dynamics to determine the best time for the application of eCG and EB in combination with MAP. The cows received MAP for 7 days and EB on day 0 or 1, followed by eCG on day 6 (B0E6 or B1E6) or 7 (B0E7 or B1E7). In two groups, the animals were not injected with eCG but received EB on day 0 (B0) or 1 (B1). All cows received a GnRH agonist 45 h after removal of the vaginal device. Animals of the B0E6 group maintained a mean follicular diameter of 8 mm until eCG application and reached a mean diameter of 13 mm at the time of GnRH agonist injection (45 h after MAP removal), showing an ovulation rate of 80%. Covariance analysis showed a difference in this curve (P=0.0001) compared to the other groups, which reached a mean final follicular diameter of 7 to 12 mm and ovulation rate of 40%. Based on these results, we investigated an ovulation and estrus reinduction for a mixed system of estrus detection and fixed-time artificial insemination (ETAI) in postpartum suckling cows. A total of 553 animals was divided into the following groups: hormonal induction (HI; day 0 = EB and MAP for 7 days, day 6 = eCG, PGF2α and temporary weaning), early weaning at 60 days, and natural breeding. No difference in pregnancy rates (85%) was observed among groups. However, at 7 months of age, calves of the HI group had reached a 38 kg higher mean weight than those weaned at 60 days. In order to adjust the eCG dose to the HI system, doses of 300, 400 or 500 IU eCG were tested. No difference in the pregnancy rates (78.7%) was observed. In conclusion, MAP and EB regulate steroid receptors in the endometrium and CL, indicating an important role for these hormones in the mechanism of premature postpartum luteolysis. In addition, steroids participate in the postpartum restructuring of the endometrium and CL and, when applied 60 days after calving together with eCG administered one day before removal of the vaginal implant, increase the reproductive efficacy of beef cows. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi de elucidar a ação dos gestágenos e benzoato de estradiol (BE) no mecanismo de regressão prematura do primeiro corpo lúteo (CL) pós-parto, e desenvolver um sistema eficaz de inseminação artificial para vacas de corte amamentando. O efeito da pré-exposição a gestágenos e BE na expressão de receptor de estrógeno alfa (REα), beta (REβ) e receptor de progesterona (RP) no endométrio e CL foi avaliado após a primeira ovulação pós-parto. Dez vacas em anestro, 30 dias após o parto, foram divididas em grupo controle (AN) e tratamento (AN+MAP). No dia 0, os animais do grupo tratamento receberam 250 mg de medroxiprogesterona (MAP) em pessário vaginal por 7 dias e 5 mg de BE. Em ambos os grupos, a onda folicular foi acompanhada e a ovulação induzida para formação de um CL. Após 7 dias, foram obtidos tecidos luteal e endometrial. As amostras foram destinadas a expressão gênica (RT-PCR) e avaliação histológica endometrial e luteínica. A pré-exposição ao gestágeno no primeiro ciclo estral pós-parto resultou em uma maior expressão endometrial do RP (grupo AN+MAP; P<0,05) e um bloqueio da expressão dos REβ no tecido endometrial (P<0,05). No grupo AN+MAP, a altura do epitélio glandular endometrial e número total de células luteais grandes foram maiores do que no grupo AN. Visando promover o crescimento folicular compatível com resposta ovulatória, em vacas pós-parto, foi avaliada a dinâmica folicular, para determinar o melhor momento de aplicação do eCG e BE em associação ao MAP. As vacas receberam MAP por 7 dias e BE no Dia 0 ou 1, seguido de eCG no Dia 6 (B0E6 ou B1E6) ou 7 (B0E7 ou B1E7). Em dois grupos, os animais não foram injetados com eCG, mas com BE no Dia 0 (B0) ou no Dia 1 (B1). Todas as fêmeas receberam agonista de GnRH 45 h após remoção do implante vaginal. Os animais do grupo B0E6 mantiveram um diâmetro folicular médio de 8 mm até a aplicação do eCG e atingiram a média de 13 mm no momento do GnRH, com taxa de ovulação de 80%. Por análise de covariança, essa curva diferiu (P=0.0001) das demais, as quais atingiram média folicular final entre 8 e 12 mm e taxa de ovulação de 40%. A partir desses resultados, foi investigado um sistema de reindução de ovulação e estro e inseminação artificial em um processo misto de observação de estro e tempo fixo (IAETF) para vacas amamentando no período pós-parto. Um total de 553 animais foi dividido em indução hormonal (IH; Dia 0= BE e MAP por 7 dias, Dia 6= eCG, PGF2α e desmame temporário), desmame precoce aos 60 dias e monta natural. Não foi observada diferença nos índices de prenhez (85,0%) entre os grupos. No entanto, os terneiros do grupo IH, aos sete meses de idade, atingiram a média de 38 kg a mais do que os desmamados aos 60 dias. Com o objetivo de adequar a dose da gonadotrofina no sistema de IH, foram utilizadas 300, 400 ou 500 UI de eCG, não havendo diferença nos índices de prenhez (78,7%). Em conclusão, o MAP e BE regulam os receptores esteróides no endométrio e CL, evidenciando uma importante participação no mecanismo de luteólise prematura pós-parto. Além disso, esses esteróides participam da reestruturação pós-parto do endométrio e CL e, aplicados aos 60 dias pós-parto, associados ao eCG um dia antes da retirada do implante vaginal, resultam em maior eficácia reprodutiva em vacas de corte.

In this thesis improvements, implementation and evaluation have been done on a motion planning algorithm for a full-sized reversing truck and trailer system. The motion planner is based on a motion planning algorithm called Closed-Loop Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (CL-RRT). An important property for a certain class of systems, stating that by selecting the input signals in a certain way the same result as reversing the time can be archived, is also presented. For motion planning this means that the problem of reversing from position A to position B can also be solved by driving forward from B to A and then reverse the solution. The use of this result in the motion planner has been evaluated and has shown to be very useful. The main improvements made on the CL-RRT algorithm are a faster collision detection method, a more efficient way to draw samples and a more correct heuristic cost-to-go function. A post optimizing or smoothing method that brings the system to the exact desired configuration, based on numerical optimal control, has also been developed and implemented with successful results. The motion planner has been implemented and evaluated on a full-scale truck with a dolly steered trailer prepared for autonomous operation with promising results.

Ce travail porte sur la croissance épitaxiale et la caractérisation optique de boîtes quantiques d’InAs/InP(001) en faible densité en vue de la réalisation de nouveaux composants nanophotoniques émettant à 1,55 µm. Les propriétés structurales et optiques des îlots ont été corrélés pour différents paramètres de croissance d’un système d’épitaxie par jet moléculaire à sources solides. Nos résultats soulignent l’influence des reconstructions de surface d’InAs sur la forme des îlots. Des boîtes, plutôt que des bâtonnets allongés généralement observés,peuvent être directement formées dans des conditions de croissance adéquates. Une transition de forme de bâtonnets vers des boîtes est également démontrée par des traitements postcroissance sous arsenic. Les faibles densités de boîtes sont obtenues pour des faibles épaisseurs d’InAs déposées. Leur émission est facilement contrôlée à 1,55 µm par une procédure d’encapsulation spécifique appelé « double cap ». Quelques propriétés des boîtes individuelles d’InAs/InP sont ensuite évaluées. Les études de micro-photoluminescence révèlent des pics d’émission très fins et distincts autour de 1,55 µm confirmant les propriétés« quasi-atomiques » de ces boîtes uniques. Enfin, nous proposons pour la première fois une méthode à haute résolution spatiale qui permet d’étudier le transport de charges autour d’une boîte unique grâce à une technique de cathodoluminescence à basse tension d’accélération.Une mesure directe de la longueur de diffusion des porteurs avant capture dans une boîte a été obtenue. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives quant à l’intégration de ces boîtes uniques dans des microcavités optiques pour la réalisation de sources de lumières quantiques à 1,55 µm. / This thesis focus on the epitaxial growth and optical characterization of diluted InAs/InP(001) quantum dots for the realisation of new nanophotonic devices emitting at 1.55μm. The structural and optical properties of the quantum islands are correlated to different growth parameters of a solid source molecular beam epitaxy system. Our results highlight the influence of InAs surface reconstructions on the island shape. Dots rather than elongated dashes usually observed can be directly formed by adequate growth conditions. Dash to dot shape transition is also demonstrated by post-growth treatments. Low dot densities are obtained for small InAs deposited thickness. Their emission wavelength is easily tuned to1.55 µm using the “double cap” procedure for the growth of the InP capping layer. Optical properties of such single InAs/InP quantum dots are then evaluated. Microphotoluminescence studies reveal sharp and well separated emission lines near 1.55 µm from single dots confirming their atom-like properties. Last, we propose for the first time a highspatial resolution method to study the carrier transport in the vicinity of a single quantum dotusing a low-voltage cathodoluminescence technique. A direct measurement of the carrier diffusion length before capture into one dot has been obtained. These results open the way to the integration of these single dots into optical micro-cavities for the realisation of quantumlight sources at 1.55 µm.

Master of Science / Department of Anatomy and Physiology / Daniel C. Marcus / Sensory transduction in the cochlea depends on regulated ion secretion and absorption. Results of whole-organ experiments suggested that Reissner’s membrane may play a role in the control of luminal Cl-. We tested for the presence of Cl- transport pathways in isolated mouse Reissner’s membrane using whole-cell patch clamp recordings and gene transcript analyses using RT-PCR. The current-voltage (I-V) relationship in the presence of symmetrical NMDG-Cl was strongly inward-rectifying at negative voltages, with a small outward current at positive voltages. The inward-rectifying component of the I-V curve had several properties similar to those of the ClC-2 Cl- channel. It was stimulated by extracellular acidity and inhibited by extracellular Cd2+, Zn2+, and intracellular ClC-2 antibody. Channel transcripts expressed in Reissner’s membrane include ClC-2, Slc26a7 and ClC-Ka, but not Cftr, ClC-1, ClCa1, ClCa2, ClCa3, ClCa4, Slc26a9, ClC-Kb, Best1, Best2, Best3 or the beta-subunit of ClC-K, barttin. ClC-2 is the only molecularly-identified channel present that is a strong inward rectifier. This thesis incorporates the publication by K.X. Kim and D.C. Marcus, Inward-rectifier chloride currents in Reissner’s membrane epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 394 (2010) 434-438, with permission of the publisher Elsevier, and is the first report of conductive Cl- transport in epithelial cells of Reissner’s membrane and is consistent with an important role in endolymph anion homeostasis.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-03-23T14:58:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_DIENI_DA_SILVEIRA_TEIXEIRA_PARCIAL.pdf: 496494 bytes, checksum: b73ca1053e0567a75e3e1b8cef4bf787 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T14:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_DIENI_DA_SILVEIRA_TEIXEIRA_PARCIAL.pdf: 496494 bytes, checksum: b73ca1053e0567a75e3e1b8cef4bf787 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-16 / Oral mucosa is continuously subjected to traumatic injuries, being a common site for the occurrence of ulcerated lesions. These lesions are susceptible to infections that may delay healing. In the first article of this dissertation, a review of the literature was performed with the aim of understanding the mechanism of action and use of chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine and erythromycin in the healing process of oral wounds. These substances have particular characteristics, independent of their antimicrobial effect, which could favor the reestablishment of tissue architecture. However, few studies evaluated the effect of these drugs on the healing process of oral ulcers. Thus, the second article presents a study in animal model, which was carried out with the aim of to assessing the effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine, 10% povidone-iodine and 0.5% erythromycin in the repair of traumatic ulcers on ventral tongue. Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine and erythromycin. A 5-mm-diameter excisional wound was made in the center of ventral tongue. After 24 h, a microbiological sample was taken and daily application of the substances started. In six animals from each group, the applications were carried out for three days and in the others for seven days. Prior to euthanasia a new microbiological collection was performed. The photographic record of the residual lesions was obtained for clinical evaluation and, subsequently, the tongue was resected for histological analysis. In the clinical evaluation of the lesion area, the povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine groups presented significantly lower values compared to the control group after three days of treatment. Although the experimental groups presented higher values in the histomorphometric analysis of the epithelial tissue, there was no significant difference in relation to the control. The erythromycin group exhibited the lowest inflammation scores at seven days of treatment. Povidone-iodine showed the best results in the reduction of microorganisms in both experimental times and aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. Based on the results it is possible to conclude that the antimicrobials used in the present study favor the repair process of the oral wounds and may prevent the occurrence of infections. Among the substances tested, 10% povidone-iodine showed the best clinical, histological and microbiological results. / A mucosa bucal ? constantemente submetida a inj?rias traum?ticas, sendo um s?tio frequente para a ocorr?ncia de les?es ulceradas. Tais les?es s?o suscet?veis a processos infecciosos que podem retardar a cicatriza??o. Neste sentido, no primeiro artigo desta disserta??o, foi realizada uma revis?o da literatura com o objetivo de abordar o mecanismo de a??o e o emprego de clorexidina, iodopovidona e eritromicina no processo de reparo de feridas bucais. Essas subst?ncias apresentam caracter?sticas particulares, independentemente do seu efeito antimicrobiano, que podem favorecer o restabelecimento da arquitetura tecidual. Entretanto, poucas pesquisas avaliam o efeito destes f?rmacos no processo cicatricial de ?lceras traum?ticas bucais. Assim, o segundo artigo apresenta um estudo em modelo animal, que foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da clorexidina 0,12%, iodopovidona 10% e eritromicina 0,5% no reparo de ?lceras traum?ticas em ventre lingual. Quarenta e oito ratos Wistar foram distribu?dos em um grupo-controle e tr?s grupos experimentais: clorexidina, iodopovidona e eritromicina. Uma ?lcera com 5 mm de di?metro foi confeccionada no ventre lingual de cada animal. Ap?s 24 h, foi realizada a primeira coleta microbiol?gica e iniciou-se a aplica??o di?ria das subst?ncias. Em seis animais de cada grupo, as aplica??es foram realizadas durante tr?s dias e, nos demais, durante sete dias. Previamente ? eutan?sia uma nova coleta microbiol?gica foi realizada. O registro fotogr?fico das les?es remanescentes foi obtido para avalia??o cl?nica e, posteriormente, a l?ngua dos animais foi ressecada para an?lise histol?gica. Na avalia??o macrosc?pica da ?rea das les?es os grupos iodopovidona e clorexidina apresentaram valores significativamente inferiores aos do grupo-controle ap?s tr?s dias de tratamento. Embora os grupos experimentais tenham apresentado valores superiores quanto ? ?rea de tecido epitelial neoformado, n?o houve diferen?a significativa em rela??o ao controle. O grupo eritromicina exibiu os menores escores de inflama??o aos sete dias de tratamento. A iodopovidona apresentou os melhores resultados na redu??o de micro-organismos em ambos os tempos experimentais, tanto em condi??es de aerobiose, quanto em microaerofilia. Pode-se concluir que os antimicrobianos utilizados neste estudo, favorecem o processo cicatricial e podem prevenir a ocorr?ncia de infec??es. Dentre as subst?ncias testadas, a iodopovidona 10% apresentou os melhores resultados cl?nicos, histol?gicos e microbiol?gicos.

Submitted by PPG Psicologia (psicologia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-02-14T11:03:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL_BRATTA_MAZZALI_DIS.pdf: 1975798 bytes, checksum: 49da134f79f2842f1b530698664453d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-02-16T11:07:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL_BRATTA_MAZZALI_DIS.pdf: 1975798 bytes, checksum: 49da134f79f2842f1b530698664453d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T11:10:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL_BRATTA_MAZZALI_DIS.pdf: 1975798 bytes, checksum: 49da134f79f2842f1b530698664453d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Introduction: Several changes have been observed in the world due to the increasing presence of the Internet in people's lives and increasingly easier access to the devices needed for its use. In Brazil, the proportion of those who have access to the world-wide web and the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) that make it viable is still lower than in most countries of the Northern Hemisphere, but more than half the population, in our country, already has this service available in its daily life. In recent years, studies have been conducted to evaluate and compare traditional models with the viability and effectiveness of Psychology services and services through digital media. However, ICTs also invaded the traditional psychotherapeutic space. Currently both therapist and patient are connected, they are active figures that influence and are influenced within this context of transition in the ways of relating to and accessing information. The clinician himself/ herself, the unique way in which he / she develops and puts himself / herself in their sessions, or their Therapist?s Personal Style (PST), are moderating variables of the therapeutic process and strongly influence its outcome. Thus, these variables can also influence the posture and the perception of the professionals in front of the changes that digitality has been providing within Psychology. A still unexplored and discussed reality of the intersection of ICTs and the practice of psychotherapy is the possibility for psychologists to seek information about their patients on digital media, such as the social network Facebook, or search engines such as Google. This topic of the search for information about patients on the Internet has gained, in recent years, greater attention of researchers, mainly North Americans. The discussions explored the frequency with which these practices occurred, the possible ethical implications involved and the possible repercussions of the possession of this information in the setting and in the relation of the professionals with their attended ones. However, the great majority of studies that address the subject of the Internet within Psychology refers to the effectiveness of online treatments, and even with the existence of such studies, the researchers' positioning still shows uncertainty and they ponder the need for more debates and more specific and up-to-date guidelines. In addition, a significant gap, mainly within the national setting, has been observed in publications in psychology regarding ethical guidelines for therapists in social networks. Goal: To describe the frequency with which the use of the Internet occurs as a source of information about patients and the influences perceived by psychotherapists in their treatments. In addition, it was sought to investigate associations between the positions adopted by the clinicians, the theoretical line and the PTS. Method: Cross-sectional and mixed design research using a semi-structured interview, online patient information questionnaire, and the Therapist?s Personal Style Questionnaire (PST-Q). In the quantitative stage, 108 clinical psychologists participated, 13 men (12.04%) and 95 women (87.96%), whose ages ranged from 23 to 65 years. In the qualitative phase, five clinical psychologists of different theoretical lines with ages between 26 and 58 years were interviewed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated, and qualitative data were submitted to Interpretive Analysis (Erikson, 1986). Results: Most of the interviewees do not perform (69.47%) or have never performed (61.05%) virtual services nor do they have a professional blog or website, but they use at least some ICT to communicate with their patients. A significant portion of the sample (41.05%) alleged that they had intentionally used some virtual tool to find information about their current patients, and an even larger portion (76.84%) claimed to have accidentally encountered information from their patients on the web. The main tools mentioned as means of collecting this information were the Google search engine and the Facebook social media network. Regardless of whether it was accidentally intentional, more than half (63.16%) of those interviewed who found information from their patients on the Internet did not inform patients that they had accessed this information. Most practitioners who came across this type of information did not perceive any influence on the treatment of the patients in question, on their ability to maintain objectivity, or on how comfortable they felt with their patients. Most of the interviewees also did not observe concern to reveal information not brought by their patients in session nor did it report to feel in some way overwhelmed by the information obtained through the Internet. Regarding Therapeutic Relationship (TR), 74.1% of respondents did not notice any effect after discovering information about their patients on the Internet. Over 22.2% observed some improvement in their relationship with patients and 3.7% observed a worsening. When questioned about the ethical aspects, 46.2% indicated that "in no way" they had hurt any limit of the profession, 46.2% judged their actions between not having crossed any limits and having exceeded the professional limits a bit and only 7.7 % of respondents assessed that they had somehow exceeded or disrespected the limits of the role of psychologist. Most subjects (92.63%) continue to seek qualification and are inserted in academic circles. However, the intersection of ICTs and clinical practice was never discussed at any stage of training for most of these professionals (70.45%), nor did they seek specific supervision for this subject (81.03%). There was no significant difference in the professionals' positions regarding their theoretical base line, their age or gender. However, there were significant correlations between the domains of PST and the perception of the unfolding of patients' information discovery via the Internet. Discussion: The postures of professionals in the virtual environments raised suggest ambivalence on the part of psychologists. The presence of ICTs is growing in Brazil and in the world and its reverberations in the personal and professional life of the population can not be ignored (Abreu, Eisenstein, & Estefenon, 2013; IBGE, 2016; Lisboa, Verzoni & Fulginiti, 2017). The observed perceptions suggest ambiguity among the psychologists interviewed. While most of the interviewed professionals use ICT in their professional practice, there is no clarity about the ethical limits of the profession or the current guidelines. The associations found among the PST domains, the perceptions and postures adopted by professionals in the virtual environment, open the way to the design of in-depth training and reflections on the subject. Moreover, according to a systematic review, most of the published articles related to the subject of ICTs and Psychology seem only to address the efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatments through the web (Hallberg et al., 2015), thus, denoting a lack of studies that problematize and discuss the influences of the virtual tools in the traditional psychotherapeutic setting. / Introdu??o: Diversas modifica??es v?m sendo observadas no mundo em decorr?ncia da presen?a crescente da Internet na vida das pessoas e o acesso cada vez mais facilitado aos dispositivos necess?rios para sua utiliza??o. No Brasil, a propor??o de quem tem acesso ? rede mundial de computadores e ?s Tecnologias da Informa??o e Comunica??o (TICs), que a viabilizam, ainda ? menor do que na maioria dos pa?ses do Hemisf?rio Norte, por?m, mais da metade da popula??o, em nosso pa?s, j? tem este servi?o dispon?vel em seu cotidiano. Nos ?ltimos anos, estudos v?m sendo conduzidos na inten??o, principalmente, de avaliar, e comparar com modelos tradicionais, a viabilidade e a efic?cia de atendimentos e servi?os de Psicologia atrav?s dos meios digitais. Por?m, as TICs tamb?m invadiram o espa?o psicoter?pico tradicional. Atualmente, tanto terapeuta quanto paciente encontram-se conectados, s?o figuras ativas que influenciam e s?o influenciadas dentro deste contexto de transi??o nas formas de se relacionar e acessar informa??es. A figura do cl?nico, a maneira pr?pria e singular com que ele desenvolve e se coloca em seus atendimentos, ou seu Estilo Pessoal do Terapeuta (EPT), s?o vari?veis moderadoras do processo terap?utico e influenciam fortemente em seu desfecho. Dessa forma, estas vari?veis tamb?m podem influenciar a postura e a percep??o dos profissionais frente ?s mudan?as que a digitalidade vem proporcionando dentro da Psicologia. Uma realidade ainda pouco explorada e discutida da intersec??o das TICs e o exerc?cio da psicoterapia ? a possibilidade de os psic?logos buscarem informa??es sobre seus pacientes em m?dias digitais, como a rede social Facebook, ou ferramentas de busca como o Google. Esta tem?tica da busca de informa??es sobre pacientes na Internet ganhou, nos ?ltimos anos, maior aten??o de pesquisadores, principalmente norte-americanos. As discuss?es abordaram o levantamento da frequ?ncia com que estas pr?ticas ocorriam, poss?veis implica??es ?ticas envolvidas e as poss?veis repercuss?es da posse destas informa??es no setting e na rela??o dos profissionais com seus atendidos. Por?m, a grande maioria dos estudos que aborda a tem?tica da Internet dentro da Psicologia se refere sobre a efetividade de tratamentos online e, mesmo com a exist?ncia dos referidos estudos, o posicionamento dos pesquisadores ainda demonstra incerteza e ponderam a necessidade de mais debates e diretrizes mais espec?ficas e atualizadas. Outrossim, foi observada uma lacuna, principalmente dentro do cen?rio nacional, significativa dos trabalhos em psicologia acerca da produ??o de conhecimento a respeito de diretrizes e posturas ?ticas para terapeutas nas redes sociais. Objetivo: Descrever a frequ?ncia com que ocorre e as influ?ncias percebidas pelos psicoterapeutas no uso da Internet como fonte de informa??es sobre pacientes no tratamento destes e investigar associa??es entre os posicionamentos adotados pelos cl?nicos, a linha te?rica e o EPT. M?todo: Pesquisa com delineamento misto e transversal utilizando uma Entrevista Semidirigida (Ap?ndice A), Question?rio sobre informa??es online de pacientes (Anexo B) e Question?rio de Estilo Pessoal do Terapeuta (EPT-Q) (Anexo C). Na etapa quantitativa, participaram 108 psic?logos cl?nicos, 13 homens (12,04%) e 95 mulheres (87,96%), cujas idades variaram entre 23 e 65 anos. Na fase qualitativa, cinco psic?logos cl?nicos de diferentes linhas te?ricas com idades entre 26 e 58 anos foram entrevistados. Estat?sticas descritivas e inferenciais foram calculadas e os dados qualitativos foram submetidos ? An?lise Interpretativa (Erikson, 1986). Resultados: A maioria dos entrevistados n?o realiza (69,47%) ou nunca realizou (61,05%) atendimentos virtuais nem possui blog ou website profissionais, por?m utiliza ao menos alguma TIC para se comunicar com seus pacientes. Uma parcela significativa da amostra (41,05%) alegou j? ter usado intencionalmente algum meio virtual para achar informa??es sobre seus pacientes atuais e uma parcela ainda maior (76,84%) alegou ter se deparado acidentalmente com informa??es de seus pacientes na web. As principais ferramentas mencionadas como meios de coleta destas informa??es foram o mecanismo de procura Google e a rede social Facebook. Independente se intencional o acidentalmente, mais da metade (63,16%) dos entrevistados que encontrou informa??es de seus pacientes na Internet n?o informou aos pacientes que tinham acessado essas informa??es. A maioria dos profissionais que se deparou com este tipo informa??o n?o percebeu qualquer influ?ncia no tratamento dos pacientes em quest?o, sobre a sua capacidade de manter a objetividade ou sobre o qu?o confort?vel eles se sentiam junto aos seus pacientes. A maior parte dos entrevistados tamb?m n?o observou preocupa??o em revelar informa??es n?o trazidas por seus pacientes em sess?o nem relatou se sentir de alguma forma sobrecarregado pelas informa??es obtidas via Internet. Referente ? Rela??o Terap?utica (RT), 74,1% dos entrevistados n?o observaram efeito algum ap?s descobrir informa??es de seus pacientes na Internet. Mais de 22,2% observaram algum tipo de melhora na sua rela??o com os pacientes e 3,7% perceberam uma piora. Quando indagados sobre os aspectos ?ticos, 46,2% assinalaram que ?de forma alguma? feriram algum limite da profiss?o, 46,2% julgaram suas a??es entre n?o ter ultrapassado nenhum limite e ter ultrapassado um pouco os limites profissionais e, apenas, 7,7% dos respondentes avaliaram que, de alguma forma, tinham ultrapassado ou desrespeitado os limites do papel de psic?logo. A maior parte dos sujeitos (92,63%) continua buscando por qualifica??o e est? inserida em meios acad?micos. Por?m, a intersec??o das TICs e a pr?tica cl?nica nunca foi discutida em nenhuma etapa da forma??o para a maioria destes profissionais (70,45%), nem estes buscaram supervis?o espec?fica para esta tem?tica (81,03%). N?o foi constatada diferen?a significativa nas posturas dos profissionais em rela??o a sua linha te?rica de base, sua idade ou g?nero. Por?m, foram constatadas correla??es significativas entre os dom?nios do EPT e a percep??o dos desdobramentos da descoberta de informa??es dos pacientes via Internet. Discuss?o: As posturas dos profissionais nos meios virtuais levantadas sugerem ambival?ncia por parte dos psic?logos. A presen?a das TICs cresce no Brasil e no mundo e suas reverbera??es na vida pessoal e profissional da popula??o n?o podem ser ignoradas (Abreu, Eisenstein, & Estefenon, 2013; IBGE, 2016; Lisboa, Verzoni & Fulginiti, 2017). As percep??es observadas sugerem ambiguidade entre os psic?logos entrevistados. Ao mesmo tempo em que a maioria dos profissionais entrevistados lan?a m?o das TICs em sua pr?tica profissional, n?o h? clareza acerca dos limites ?ticos da profiss?o nem das diretrizes vigentes. As associa??es constatadas entre os escores dos dom?nios do Estilo Pessoal do Terapeuta (EPT), as percep??es e as posturas adotadas pelos profissionais nos meios virtuais abrem caminho para o delineamento de treinamentos e reflex?es aprofundadas sobre o assunto. Al?m disso, segundo revis?o sistem?tica realizada, a maioria dos artigos publicados sobre a tem?tica das TICs e a Psicologia parece apenas abordar a efic?cia e a efetividade de tratamentos psicol?gicos via web (Hallberg et al., 2015), denotando-se, assim, uma car?ncia de estudos que problematizem e discutam as influ?ncias das ferramentas virtuais no setting psicoterap?utico tradicional.

Submitted by PPG Medicina e Ci?ncias da Sa?de (medicina-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-03-16T19:55:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 THA?S_CRISTINA_MURAD?S_DIS.pdf: 883340 bytes, checksum: 6481cc56bc005f400fcfc1ae75cea11e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lopes (tatiana.lopes@pucrs.br) on 2018-03-28T13:57:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 THA?S_CRISTINA_MURAD?S_DIS.pdf: 883340 bytes, checksum: 6481cc56bc005f400fcfc1ae75cea11e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-28T14:01:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THA?S_CRISTINA_MURAD?S_DIS.pdf: 883340 bytes, checksum: 6481cc56bc005f400fcfc1ae75cea11e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / New effective compounds for tuberculosis (TB) treatment are currently needed. This study analyzed the anti-TB activity of a series of 16 quinoxaline-derived chalcones. From an initial in vitro screening, six molecules, namely N5, N9, N10, N15, N16, and N23 inhibited the growth of the M. tuberculosis H37Rv laboratory strain. The three compounds (N9, N15 and N23) with the lowest MIC values (3.13, 6.25, 5 ?g/mL, respectively) were further tested against clinical isolates and laboratory strains harboring mutations in katG or inhA genes. From these experimental set, N9 was selected as the lead compound for further investigations. This chalcone displayed a synergistic effect when combined with moxifloxacin, according to assessment in a checkerboard assay. Noteworthy, the anti-TB effects of N9 did not rely on inhibition of mycolic acids or non-hydroxylated fatty acids synthesis, circumventing important mechanisms of resistance in mycobacteria. Considering the safety of the tested chalcones, all the compounds behaved as substrates or inhibitors of at least one cytochrome P450 isoform, as indicated by in silico evaluation. Most compounds lacked tumorigenic, mutagenic, irritant, or reproductive effects, except N3 and N7, as shown by DataWarrior program. The chalcone N9 did not elicit any toxic alteration in doses up to 2000 mg/kg, in female mice. Based on the present results, N9 can be considered a potential candidate for development of a new anti-TB therapeutic choice. / Atualmente, s?o necess?rios novos compostos eficazes para o tratamento da tuberculose (TB). Este estudo analisou a atividade anti-TB de uma s?rie de 16 chalconas derivadas da quinoxalina. A partir de uma triagem inicial in vitro, seis mol?culas, nomeadas N5, N9, N10, N15, N16 e N23 inibiram o crescimento da cepa laboratorial de M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Os tr?s compostos (N9, N15 e N23) com os valores de MIC mais baixos (3.13, 6.25, 5 ?g/mL, respectivamente) foram testados adicionalmente contra isolados cl?nicos e cepas laboratoriais com muta??es nos genes katG ou inhA. A partir deste conjunto experimental, a chalcona quinoxal?nica N9 foi selecionada como composto principal para novas investiga??es. Esta chalcona mostrou um efeito sin?rgico quando combinada com moxifloxacino, de acordo com a avalia??o em ensaio checkerboard. Destaca-se que os efeitos anti-TB de N9 n?o dependeram da inibi??o de ?cidos mic?licos ou da s?ntese de ?cidos graxos n?o hidroxilados, envolvidos em importantes mecanismos de resist?ncia em micobact?rias. Considerando a seguran?a toxicol?gica das chalconas quinoxal?nicas testadas, todos os compostos comportaram-se como substratos ou inibidores de pelo menos uma isoforma do citocromo P450, conforme indicado pela avalia??o in silico. A maioria dos compostos n?o possui efeitos tumorig?nicos, mutag?nicos, irritantes ou reprodutivos, exceto N3 e N7, conforme demonstrado pelo programa DataWarrior. A chalcona quinoxal?nica N9 n?o provocou qualquer altera??o t?xica em doses de at? 2000 mg/kg, em camundongos f?meas. Com base nos resultados atuais, N9 pode ser considerada como potencial candidata para o desenvolvimento de uma nova escolha terap?utica anti-TB.

Submitted by PPG Psicologia (psicologia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-05T16:21:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_MARINA_DAMION.pdf: 1666509 bytes, checksum: 2845d97f6e1c1e167da16f1ccea92785 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-16T19:37:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_MARINA_DAMION.pdf: 1666509 bytes, checksum: 2845d97f6e1c1e167da16f1ccea92785 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T19:41:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_MARINA_DAMION.pdf: 1666509 bytes, checksum: 2845d97f6e1c1e167da16f1ccea92785 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The purpose of this study is to understand how are configured the practices and the work processes of psychologists of NASF in the city of Porto Alegre and metropolitan region. The Family Health Support Center (NASF) has as main objective to qualify Primary Care and increase the resolution of care through multidisciplinary action and technical-pedagogical support with the inclusion of new nuclei of knowledge and strategies of care along with Family Health Teams (ESF). In this context, the insertion of at least one mental health professional in the NASF is also recommended, among them psychology professionals. In addition to mental health, psychology also promotes actions aimed at the health of the family and the territorialization of care, encountering contexts of complexity in the performance of basic care. The research that characterizes the empirical section of this dissertation consists of a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study. The participants were six psychologists, aged between 29 and 45 years, working in NASFs in Porto Alegre and Metropolitan Region, invited by the snowball method, in which one professional indicates the next to participate. The inclusion criterion was that the participants worked for at least six months in the NASF. The instrument used in the data collection was a semi-directed interview, which was recorded in audio and transcribed. For the analysis of the material, Thematic Analysis technique was used, giving rise to three thematic axes of analysis, which were named: 1) Individual care: subjective health productions and their scope; 2) Me, them and us: interfaces between field and core; 3) The individual in the psychosocial perspective: specifics of the psychologist in NASF. The results point out that the practice of individual care is still an important aspect of NASF policy guidelines, so that the professionals attribute to this practice the professional responsibility and belonging to the specificity of their clinical identity. At the same time, it is pointed towards an approach of the clinic to the psychosocial and health promotion practices, which integrate the professional nuclei and make up a field performance. In this sense, we seek to problematize the NASF psychologist's practice in the current political context and the complexity of its performance. / O objetivo desse estudo ? compreender como se configuram as pr?ticas e os processos de trabalho dos psic?logos inseridos nos NASF na cidade de Porto Alegre e regi?o metropolitana. O N?cleo de Apoio ? Sa?de da Fam?lia (NASF) tem como objetivo principal qualificar a Aten??o B?sica e aumentar a resolutividade da aten??o, por meio da atua??o multidisciplinar e apoio t?cnico-pedag?gico com a inclus?o de novos n?cleos de saberes e estrat?gias de cuidado juntamente ?s Equipes de Sa?de da Fam?lia (ESF). Diante desse contexto, tamb?m se preconiza a inser??o de pelo menos um profissional da ?rea de sa?de mental no NASF, dentre eles profissionais da psicologia. Al?m da sa?de mental, a psicologia tamb?m promove a??es voltadas ? sa?de da fam?lia e ? territorializa??o do cuidado, deparando-se com contextos de complexidade na atua??o na aten??o b?sica. A pesquisa que caracteriza a se??o emp?rica desta disserta??o consiste em um estudo qualitativo, de car?ter explorat?rio e descritivo. As participantes foram seis psic?logas, com idades entre 29 e 45 anos, atuantes em NASFs de Porto Alegre e Regi?o Metropolitana, convidadas a partir do m?todo snowball, no qual um profissional indica o pr?ximo para participar da pesquisa. O crit?rio de inclus?o foi que as participantes atuassem por, pelo menos, seis meses no NASF. O instrumento utilizado na coleta de dados foi uma entrevista semi-dirigida, que foram gravadas em ?udio e transcritas. Quanto ? an?lise do material, utilizou-se a t?cnica de An?lise Tem?tica, dando origem a tr?s eixos tem?ticos de an?lise, as quais foram nomeadas: 1) Atendimento individual: produ??es subjetivas em sa?de e seus alcances; 2) Eu, eles e n?s: interfaces entre campo e n?cleo; 3) O individual na perspectiva psicossocial: especificidades do psic?logo no NASF. Os resultados apontam que a pr?tica do atendimento individual ainda constitui aspecto de importante discuss?o entre as diretrizes da pol?tica do NASF, de forma que os profissionais atribuem a essa pr?tica uma responsabilidade profissional e pertencente a especificidade da sua identidade cl?nica. Ao mesmo tempo, aponta-se para uma aproxima??o da cl?nica ?s pr?ticas psicossociais e de promo??o da sa?de, que integram os n?cleos profissionais e comp?em uma atua??o do campo. Nesse sentido, busca-se problematizar a pr?tica do psic?logo no NASF no contexto pol?tico atual e a complexidade da sua atua??o.