Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:23:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valmir Jose Zuffo.pdf: 1368477 bytes, checksum: 44171d69a24efae303b1240c27505ebc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-25 / Avaliaram-se os efeitos de cinco sistemas de preparo do solo nos atributos físicos de um Argissolo Amarelo coeso de Tabuleiro, bem como no crescimento, desenvolvimento e nutrição do mamoeiro Formosa Tainung 01 irrigado. O experimento foi instalado em 21/01/2011 e conduzido a campo por 260 dias, em área anteriormente utilizada com pastagem de Brachiaria nunca corrigida ou fertilizada, irrigada por sistema de aspersão de baixa pressão. Os tratamentos, implantados em cinco repetições e em delineamento de blocos ao acaso foram: 1) grade aradora (duas vezes) + niveladora + camalhão sobre a linha confeccionado 135 após transplantio (GA c/ CAM); 2) grade aradora (duas vezes) + niveladora (GA s/ CAM); 3) subsolador florestal (SF); 4) grade aradora (duas vezes) + niveladora + escarificação com 3 hastes sobre a linha de plantio (GA + ELP); 5) grade aradora (duas vezes) + niveladora + escarificação com 3 hastes em área total (GA + EAT). Os preparos receberam sulcamento mecanizado e banquetas, confeccionadas manualmente com terra solta do sulco, que foram niveladas e fertilizadas para receber as mudas. Antes da implantação dos tratamentos a área experimental foi caracterizada quanto à resistência mecânica à penetração (RP) acompanhada pela umidade do solo, diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG), densidade do solo (Ds), macroporosidade (Ma), microporosidade (Mi), relação Ma/Mi, textura do solo e fertilidade. Após a implantação dos tratamentos foram determinadas RP, acompanhada pela umidade do solo, DMP, DMG, Ds, Ma, Mi, relação Ma/Mi e variáveis biométricas de nutrição e produção como altura de plantas, diâmetro do tronco a 0,20 m de altura, altura de inserção do primeiro fruto, sexo das plantas, teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes bem como número de frutos por planta com separação de frutos comerciais e não comerciais. O tratamento estatístico dos dados constou de cálculo do erro padrão da média para os dados de RP e para os demais dados, análise de variância e teste de Tukey a nível de 5% de probabilidade. Houve diferenças de resistência à penetração entre os tratamentos. O subsolador mostrou-se mais efetivo na diminuição da RP até 0,35 m de distância da planta no sentido transversal à linha de plantio. O escarificador resultou em menores RP do que GA ou SF, mesmo a 0,40 m de profundidade, e foi mais eficiente a maiores distâncias transversalmente à planta. Todos os preparos provocaram RP menores do que 2,5 MPa na profundidade de maior concentração de raízes do mamoeiro (0 0,25 m) fornecendo boas condições físicas até essa profundidade. Não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para Ds, Ma, Mi, relação Ma/Mi, DMP e DMG a 0,20 m de profundidade e teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes aos 197 dias após transplantio. A altura de plantas em duas épocas foi menor para o SF e igual estatisticamente para os outros tratamentos. A grade aradora alterou os atributos físicos do solo em maior intensidade até 0,20 m de profundidade. A produção total de frutos e de frutos comerciais foi maior nos preparos GA c/ CAM, GA s/ CAM, GA+ELP e GA+EAT, os quais não diferiram entre si. Não houve diferenças para produtividade de frutos não comerciais. Não se justificou o uso do camalhão sobre a linha de plantio confeccionado após o transplantio. Do ponto de vista de conservação do solo, quando considerados os dados de estabilidade de agregados, os preparos foram semelhantes. A relação entre o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas e diferentes preparos de solo deve ser avaliada considerando o conjunto de atributos físicos e químicos do solo / The effects of five tillage systems on soil physical attributes, growth, development and nutrition of Formosa papaya Tainung 01 were evaluated on cohesive Alfisol of Coastal Tableland. The experiment was planted on january 21, 2011 and remained in field for 260 days, in an area previously used with Brachiaria never corrected nor fertilized before and irrigated by low pressure sprinkler system. Treatments were applied in five replicates and statistical design of random blocks were: 1) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow + ridge on row planting made 135 days after transplanting (GA c/ CAM); 2) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow (GA s/ CAM); 3) forester subsoiler (SF); 4) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow + chisel plow on row planting (GA+ELP); 5) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow + chisel plow on total area (GA+EAT). All tillage systems received mechanized furrower and a bench made with loose soil and fertilizers and over which the seedlings were planted. As a characterization of experimental area before application of treatments, were determined penetration resistance (RP) followed by soil moisture, mean weight diameter (DMP), geometric mean diameter (DMG), bulk density (Ds), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), Ma/Mi ratio, soil texture and fertility. After application of treatments were determined RP, accompanied by soil moisture, DMP, DMG, Ds, Ma, Mi and Ma/Mi ratio and biometric variables of nutrition and production as plant height, stem diameter at 0,20 m height, height of insertion of the first fruit, plant sex, foliar contents of macro and micronutrients as well as number of fruits per plant with separation of commercial and non-commercial ones. Statistical treatment of data included calculation of mean standard error for RP and analysis of variance for all other data accompanied by the Tukey test for comparison of means at 5% level of probability. There were differences in penetration resistance between treatments. Subsoiler showed to be more effective in the decrease of RP up to 0,35 m away from the plant in the direction transverse to the rows. Chisel plow produced smaller RP than GA or SF, even at 0,40 m depth and was more effective at greater distances from the plant. All tillage systems produced RP smaller than 2.5 MPa at a depth with the greater concentration of papaya roots (0 0.25 m) and provided good physical conditions up to this depth. There was no statistical difference between treatments for Ds, Ma, Mi, Ma/Mi ratio, DMP e DMG at 0.20 m depth and foliar contents of macro and micronutrients at 197 days after transplanting. Height of plants in two stages were lower for the SF and statistically equal to the other treatments. Heavy disc harrow altered soil physical attributes at a higher intensity up to 0.20 m depht. Total fruit yield and commercial fruit yield was higher in GA c/ CAM, GA s/ CAM, GA+ELP and GA+EAT, which did not differ. There were no differences for non-commercial fruit yield. There was no justification for the building of the ridge on the planting row after instalation of the orchard. From the standpoint of conservation of soil, when considering the stability of aggregates data, all tillage systems were similar. The relationship between growth and development performance of plants and tillage systems should be evaluated considering whole physical and chemical properties of soil

Ce travail porte sur l'identification de modèles de zones cohésives. Ces modèles, proposés initialement dans les années 60 sont maintenant de intensivement utilisés dans les simulations numériques pour rendre compte de l'initiation et de la propagation de fissures pour différents matériaux et structures.L'identification de ces modèles reste encore aujourd'hui une problématique délicate. Les développements récents de techniques d'imagerie permettent d'accéder à des champs de mesures locales (e.g. déformation et température, …). On se propose dans ce travail d'utiliser la richesse des informations issues de ces techniques d'imagerie pour mettre en place une procédure d'identification qui prenne en compte à la fois le développement de la localisation (effet de structure) mais aussi la nature des différentes irréversibilités mises en jeu (comportement thermo-mécanique). On s'intéresse à des comportements élasto-plastiques endommageables de matériaux ductiles. L'endommagement est associé à un comportement cohésif de l'interface entre les éléments volumiques supposés purement élasto-plastiques.La procédure d'identification comporte deux étapes. La première consiste à caractériser la forme et les paramètres de la loi cohésive sur des essais de traction standard à partir d'une analyse des champs mécaniques localement développés. La seconde étape consiste à vérifier la cohérence thermo-mécanique du modèle identifié en confrontant les mesures calorimétriques déduites des champs de température avec les prévisions du modèle identifié.Cette méthode est appliquée avec succès sur différents matériaux (acier Dual Phase et cuivre). Une attention particulière est portée sur la caractérisation de la longueur caractéristique qui est nécessairement introduite dans l'identification. On montre que cette longueur peut être estimée au regard des différents paramètres introduits dans les traitements d'images.Cette méthode est appliquée sur différents matériaux (acier et cuivre). Une attention particulière est portée sur la caractérisation de la longueur caractéristique qui est nécessairement introduite dans l'identification. On montre que cette longueur peut-être corrélée à l'échelle d'identification des processus d'endommagement sous-jacents. Ainsi les modèles cohésifs identifiés sont fournis au modélisateur avec l'échelle physique à laquelle ils résument l'endommagement volumique du matériau. / This work deals with the identification of cohesive zone models. These models were intially proposed in the 1960s. They are now more and more frequently used in numerical simulations to account for crack initiation and propagation in different materials and structures.The identification of these models still remains a delicate issue. The recent developments in imaging techniques now allow reaching local measurement fields (e.g. strain, temperature,…). We propose here to use the large amount of information given by these techniques to set up an identification procedure accounting for either the localization development (structural effect) and also the character of the different irreversibility sources encountered (thermo-mechanical behavior). We study damageable elasto-plastic ductile materials. Damage is associated to a cohesive behavior of the interface between volumic elements supposed to remain purely elasto-plastic.The identification procedure involves two steps. The first one consists in characterizing the shape and the parameters of the cohesive zone on tensile tests by analyzing the mechanical fields locally developed. The second one consists in checking the thermo-mechanical consistency of the identified model by confronting the calorimetric measurements deduced from temperature fields with the previsions of the identified model.This method is applied on different materials (Dual Phase steel and copper). A specific caution is conferred to the characterization of the characteristic length necessarily introduced by the identification. It is shown that this length can be estimated regarding the different parameters introduced in the image processing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5112.pdf: 2285295 bytes, checksum: 5b127833611d40981c9b3b964f7b2962 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work is an investigation of the features used in cohesive narratives produced by children in the third year of elementary school. To examine this issue, we chose to analyze the use of terms he (s) and she (s), since they are quite recurrent in productions presented by students of the early years, based on the Theory of Predicative and Enunciative Operations presented by linguist Antoine Culioli and also texts by scholars who base their work on that enunciative theory. We represent that any linguistic materialization and therefore those having the question we focused by cohesive, reflecting a complex linguistic-cognitive process of the subject and found that often the use of the terms he (s) and her (s) associated all other marks of the statement emphasizes the character of indeterminate and ambiguous language. This occurs especially when the chosen mark set used by the students and does not determine the meaning, which means that text cohesion is through the use of all marks of utterance and not only through the relation between specific terms. The research is justified by the need to understand the process of meaning as a result of the activity of language and thinking about the cohesive marks so that we overcome the about the polarization and the emphasis the language as a product but as a result of activity of the subject, which requires the linkage between language and language and lexicon and grammar. / Esse trabalho constitui uma investigação sobre os recursos coesivos usados em narrativas produzidas por crianças do terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental. Para versar sobre tal temática optamos por analisar o uso dos termos ele (s) e ela(s), já que os mesmos são bastante recorrentes nas produções apresentadas pelos alunos dos anos iniciais. Tomamos por base a Teoria das Operações Predicativas e Enunciativa apresentada pelo linguista Antoine Culioli e também recorremos à leitura de textos de estudiosos que fundamentam seus trabalhos na referida teoria enunciativa. Mostramos que qualquer materialização linguística, e, portanto, as que apresentam a questão coesiva por nós focalizada, traduz um complexo processo linguístico-cognitivo do sujeito e observamos que, muitas vezes, a utilização dos termos ele(s) e ela(s) associada a todas as outras marcas do enunciado acentua o caráter indeterminado e ambíguo da linguagem. Isso ocorre, sobretudo, quando o conjunto de marcas escolhido e utilizado não se mostra suficiente para determinar o dizer, o que significa que a coesão textual se dá pelo uso de todas as marcas do enunciado e não apenas por meio da relação entre termos específicos. O trabalho que propomos justifica-se pela necessidade de se entender o processo de significação como resultado da atividade de linguagem e de se pensar a questão coesiva de modo que se supere a polarização e a ênfase dada apenas à língua enquanto produto, mas como resultante da atividade do sujeito, o que pressupõe a articulação entre linguagem e língua e léxico e gramática.

Dans le contexte industriel actuel, l'utilisation du modèle de forces cohésives en milieu solide revêt d'une importance capitale dans des nombreux domaines d'applications dont en particulier le domaine du transport, du nucléaire ou du génie-civil. En conséquence, la présente étude propose une modélisation numérique de la rupture fragile d'une plaque en acier en présence des forces cohésives. Le logiciel Cast3M est utilisé pour la mise en œuvre numérique. Le modèle de type Dugdale est utilisé et permet de calculer dans le cas d'une plaque élasto-plastique la distribution de contraintes à la pointe de fissure. Le modèle suppose, qu'à la pointe de fissure sur une longueur cohésive Lzc, les contraintes cohésives σc (x1), suivant l'axe Ox1 restent constante avec une amplitude égale à σc. Le domaine de rupture élastique et le domaine de ruine plastique a été prisent en compte. L'approche peut être considérée comme une extension de la mécanique linéaire de ruptures dans laquelle est introduite la notion de contrainte critique, ce qui permet en particulier de mieux rendre compte des effets d'échelle. A partir du principe de superposition des contraintes en mode I de rupture, les calcules dans la configuration déformée de la plaque fissurée a été étendue à d'autres géométries plus simples : une plaque avec fissure sans force cohésive, mais avec charge extérieure appliquée, une plaque avec une fissure purement cohésive et une plaque avec une fissure partiellement cohésive et sans charge extérieure. Ces différentes formes géométriques ont été prises en compte dans la modélisation numérique ainsi que la création de la fissure et le démarrage de la propagation. Le paramètre énergétique calculé selon la formule de l'intégrale J de Rice (1968) est également prise en compte et est comparé avec les résultats analytiques de Ferdjani et al. (2007). / In the context of industrial applications, the linear fracture mechanics theory is not sufficient to account for various aspects of the crack propagation and it becomes necessary to use more sophisticated models like cohesive force models. The goal of the present thesis is to develop such a model in order to account for all the process of the crack propagation, from the nucleation in a sound structure to the final failure of that structure. Specifically, we use Dugdale model which contains both the concept of critical stress and of internal length. The presence of a critical stress allows us to account for the nuckleation of a crack even if the body is initially sound, in contrast with Griffith theory which require the existence of preexisting cracks. The presence of an internal length allows us to account for pertinent scale effects, once again in contrast with Griffith theory in which the predicted scale effects are only correct for large specimen, not for small specimen. This approach is used to describe the full process of cracking in several cases, either by purely analytical methods when the geometry is simple enough, or by the finite element method with the code Cast3M in the case of complex geometry.

abstract: Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are attractive structural materials due to their high stiffness to low weight ratio. However, unidirectional PMCs have low shear strength and failure can occur along kink bands that develop on compression due to plastic microbuckling that carry strains large enough to induce nonlinear matrix deformation. Reviewing the literature, a large fraction of the existing work is for uniaxial compression, and the effects of stress gradients, such as those present during bending, have not been as well explored, and these effects are bound to make difference in terms of kink band nucleation and growth. Furthermore, reports on experimental measurements of strain fields leading to and developing inside these bands in the presence of stress gradients are also scarce and need to be addressed to gain a full understanding of their behavior when UDCs are used under bending and other spatially complex stress states. In a light to bridge the aforementioned gaps, the primary focus of this work is to understand mechanisms for kink band evolution under an influence of stress-gradients induced during bending. Digital image correlation (DIC) is used to measure strains inside and around the kink bands during 3-point bending of samples with 0°/90° stacking made of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fibers. Measurements indicate bands nucleate at the compression side and propagate into the sample carrying a mixture of large shear and normal strains (~33%), while also decreasing its bending stiffness. Failure was produced by a combination of plastic microbuckling and axial splitting. The microstructure of the kink bands was studied and used in a microstructurally explicit finite element model (FEM) to analyze stresses and strains at ply level in the samples during kink band evolution, using cohesive zone elements to represent the interfaces between plies. Cohesive element properties were deduced by a combination of delamination, fracture and three-point bending tests used to calibrate the FEMs. Modeling results show that the band morphology is sensitive to the shear and opening properties of the interfaces between the plies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2016

O objetivo deste estudo é compreender a dinâmica das partículas no estuário do rio Araranguá (SC) em termos de transporte em suspensão, deposição e exportação, em diferentes condições físico-químicas da água, com pH baixo (<4,5) e normal (>=7), e sob condições de regime transiente da descarga fluvial. O estuário do rio Araranguá é classificado como altamente estratificado e dominado pela descarga fluvial. Um aspecto fundamental nos processos que controlam a dinâmica de materiais em suspensão no estuário é a atividade de lavra e beneficiamento do carvão, que gera uma drenagem ácida no rio Mãe Luzia. O seu pH baixo (&#732;3) indica que o processo de floculação é intensificado no interior do estuário. Com o objetivo de melhor entender a hidrodinâmica do estuário, um modelo tridimensional foi implementado para a região. O modelo foi calibrado e validado com dados observados. Simulações com diferentes picos de descarga fluvial (100, 400, 700 e 1000 m3.s-1) e baixa descarga (30 m3.s-1) foram realizadas. Para calcular o transporte do material particulado em suspensão foi desenvolvido um modelo Lagrangeano da trajetória da partícula. O modelo da trajetória utiliza os resultados do modelo hidrodinâmico e a velocidade de decantação das partículas. O estuário respondeu rapidamente às variações da descarga fluvial. A cunha salina foi transportada para fora do estuário durante os picos de 700 e 1000 m3.s-1. A descarga fluvial é o fator dominante no controle da intrusão da salinidade no estuário e, em condições de baixa descarga, o transporte advectivo de sal é dominado pelo termo dispersivo da circulação gravitacional. O tempo de residência médio das partículas no estuário foi menor em condições de pH baixo. A exportação das partículas aumentou com o aumento da descarga fluvial (pico de 1000 m3.s-1), sendo que 27% e 30% foram exportadas para a plataforma interna durante os experimentos com pH baixo e pH normal, respectivamente. A região de deposição das partículas indica que com a diminuição do pH, as partículas passam a depositar mais à jusante no estuário. O evento de descarga de 1000 m3.s-1 não foi capaz de remover a grande maioria das partículas do estuário, mas foi responsável por redistribuir as partículas ao longo do médio estuário, onde se depositaram em condições favoráveis com baixas velocidades e ausência de salinidade. O trabalho demonstra que apesar da alta estratificação do estuário, a acidez de suas águas, seu padrão de circulação, com baixas velocidades e a presença da cunha salina, possuem um papel fundamental no transporte das partículas, resultando em maior potencial de retenção do material em suspensão no estuário do rio Araranguá. / The present study assessed the dynamics of particles of the Araranguá (SC) river estuary in terns of suspended transport, deposition and exportation in different conditions of physical-chemical of water, with low (<4,5) and normal pH (>=7), and transient of river discharge conditions. The Araranguá river estuary is a highly stratified flash-flood dominated. The river basin of the Mãe Luzia river, one of the main tributaries of the Araranguá river, is performed the activity of mining and coal processing, wich generates an acidic drainage. Its low pH indicates that flocculation process is intensified in estuary inner. With the objective of better understanding the estuarine processes, a three-dimensional hydrodynamics model was implemented. The model was calibrated and verified using observational data. Simulations were conducted with freshet peak ranged over 100, 400, 700 and 1000 m3.s-1. Lagrangian particle tracking algorithms was developed to represent the suspended particle transport at estuary. The particle tracking used the montion resulting from hydrodynamics model and the particle settling velocity. The estuary responded quickly the river discharge variations. During the pulse event the velocities at water column were unidirectional down-estuary is shown the barotropic dominates over baroclinic component. During the highest flash flood event (700 and 1000 m3.s-1) the salt water was pushed out of the estuary. The river discharge is a dominating factor affecting the salinity intrusion in the estuarine system and under low discharge conditions the advective salt transport is dominated by dispersive term of gravitational circulation. The mean residence time of the particles was lowest in pH low conditions. The particles export is great as the river discharge is rising (1000 m3.s-1) with 27% and 30% exported to inner shelf during the experiments with low and normal pH, respectively. The particles deposition local indicates that with the pH decrease the particles become to be deposited further downstream. The discharge event of 1000 m3.s-1 was not able to remove all particles out, but was response to redistribute the particles along of the meddle estuary, where settling in favorable conditions at low velocities and absence of salinity. The study shows that although high stratification of estuary, the acidity of water, the pattern of circulation, at low velocities, and the salt wedge presence play a fundamental role in the transport of particle matter resulting in increased the potential retention of suspended matter in the Araranguá river estuary.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1483514 bytes, checksum: 2b3680582fbc58b1d610dc132f5d3162 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate some physical attributes and determine the last limiting water range in a cohesive dystrophic Oxisol of the Coastal Plains of the Reconcavo of Bahia subjected to different uses and soil management. We collected 40 samples of undisturbed soil in horizons A / Ap and AB cohesive in each of the three land uses: native forest (Mata Atlantica), degraded pasture of Brachiaria decumbens and cane sugar (after 3 years subsoiling), located on the campus of the Federal University of Reconcavo of the Bahia, in Cruz das Almas city, Bahia. Evaluations of porosity, density, soil water retention curve, soil penetration resistance as a function of matric potential of soil water and last limiting water range. The results indicated that the resistance to penetration was affected by the density positively and negatively by soil moisture, with greater magnitude in the AB horizon, and mainly in pasture soil. The total porosity and macroporosity of the forest were similar to sugarcane (subsoiling), but differ pasture. Considering the forest as a reference, it can be inferred that the management of pasture decreased the total porosity and macroporosity, while in the case of sugar cane that has not happened, i.e., the management used in the cultivation of sugarcane (subsoiling) besides making the Ap horizons AB and more alike physically, caused the values were close to the soil under forest. Water retention in soil under forest and under sugar cane was higher in AB horizon, slightly more clay than the horizon, however, the pasture soil the opposite happened. The least limiting water range in the A horizon of the forest and the Rev. sugar cane were similar, and both were greater than in the horizon pastagem. In the AB, the IHO for sugar cane was higher than for the forest, and this greater than for grazing. The Horizons / Ap showed higher critical density relative to the horizon AB for all uses evaluated. Use that showed values of bulk density greater than the critical density was grazing. In cohesive soils control the physical quality is dependent on water conservation along the profile, and reduced by RP methods that increase macroporosity via reduction of Ds is an alternative to keep the RP at levels that do not impede the plants. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alguns atributos físicos e determinar o intervalo hídrico ótimo de um Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico coeso dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Recôncavo da Bahia submetido a diferentes usos e manejo do solo. Foram coletadas 40 amostras de solo com estrutura indeformada, nos horizontes A/Ap e AB coeso em cada um dos três usos do solo: mata nativa (Mata Atlântica), pastagem degradada de Brachiaria decumbens e cana-de-açúcar (após 3 anos de subsolagem), localizadas no Campus da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia em Cruz das Almas- BA. Avaliaram-se a porosidade, a densidade do solo, a curva de retenção de água do solo, a resistência à penetração em função do potencial matricial da água no solo e o intervalo hídrico ótimo. Os resultados indicaram que a resistência do solo à penetração foi influênciada positivamente pela densidade e negativamente pela umidade do solo, com maior magnitude no horizonte AB, e principalmente, no solo sob pastagem. A porosidade total e a macroporosidade da mata foram semelhantes a da cana (subsolagem), mas diferem da pastagem. Considerando a mata como referência, pode-se inferir que o manejo da pastagem diminuiu a porosidade total e a macroporosidade, enquanto no caso da cana isso não aconteceu, ou seja, o manejo utilizado no cultivo da cana (subsolagem) além de tornar os horizontes Ap e AB mais parecidos fisicamente, fez com que os valores se aproximassem aos do solo sob mata. A retenção de água no solo sob mata e sob cana- de-açúcar foi maior no horizonte AB, um pouco mais argiloso que o horizonte A, entretanto, no solo sob pastagem ocorreu o inverso. O intervalo hídrico ótimo no horizonte A da mata e Ap na cana-de-açúcar foram semelhantes, e ambos maiores que na pastagem.Já no horizonte AB, o IHO para a cana-de-açúcar foi maior que para a mata, e esta maior que para a pastagem. Os horizontes A/Ap apresentaram maiores valores de densidade crítica em relação ao horizonte AB para todos os usos avaliados. O uso que mais apresentou valores de densidade do solo maiores que a densidade crítica foi a pastagem. Em solos coesos o controle da qualidade física é dependente da conservação da água ao longo do perfil, e a redução da RP por métodos que incrementem a macroporosidade via redução da Ds é uma alternativa para manter a RP em níveis não impeditivos às plantas.

Dans la conception et la fabrication des structures, l'assemblage des composants est une étape cruciale en termes de durabilité et de fiabilité. Les techniques l'assemblage dites mécaniques telles que le boulonnage, le rivetage et le soudage entre autres, ont longtemps été celles traditionnelles. Toutefois, les avancées dans l'étude et l'analyse de la fissuration au sein des matériaux ont permis de mettre en évidence certains de leurs inconvénients en tant que cause de rupture de ces structures à travers les concentrations de contraintes localisées et/ou l'altération mécanique ou thermique des propriétés locales des pièces assemblées. Ainsi, des techniques alternatives tel que le collage structural ont été développées permettant de s'affranchir ou plutôt de réduire ces effets indésirables lors de l'assemblage, pour le peu que le processus soit bien maîtrisé. Parmi les avantages les plus connus, le collage permet d'une part une meilleure transmission et répartition des efforts à l'interface réduisant ainsi l'endommagement en fatigue et augmentant la durée de vie de l'assemblage, et d'autre part, de conserver l'intégrité des pièces à assembler. D'autres avantages proviennent également de la conception des adhésifs structuraux qui, après l'application de traitements physico-chimiques permettent d'ajouter des propriétés thermiques, acoustiques et d'étanchéité.Malgré ces avantages, le collage souffre d'une réputation de non fiabilité due aux manques d'outils de prédiction du comportement des joints collés. En effet, les paramètres qui influent sur le comportement de l'interface sont nombreux et sont souvent sources de variabilité sur la résistance du joint de colle. L'étude de cette ténacité des joints d'adhésif s'effectue grâce à des essais de fissuration selon différents modes de rupture qui cherchent à mesurer l'énergie de fissuration de l'assemblage. La connaissance de cette énergie permet d'être prédictif dans la plupart des cas sur la propagation des fissures pour le peu que nous soyons en mesure de décrire et de prédire le comportement de l'interface.D'un point de vue numérique, de nombreuses techniques et formulations de loi de comportement ont été proposées dans un souci de reproduire le comportement de l'interface au sein des assemblages. Parmi ces dernières, celle des lois de zone cohésive semble être une voie des plus prometteuses en terme de modélisation et de simulation des interfaces par son caractère local et discret. Parmi les avantages qu'elles procurent demeurent la prise en compte intrinsèque de l'endommagement et des phénoménologies du comportement du joint collé. En outre, de nombreuses études ont été entreprises pour identifier ces lois de zone cohésive en comparant des observations issues d'essais de fissuration et des sorties de modèle où elles sont utilisées. Cette identification se fait au moyen d'algorithmes itératifs de minimisation d'une fonction coût qui mesure la métrique entre observations et sorties de modèles. Toutefois, peu d'importance est attachée d'une part, aux sensibilités des techniques de mesure employées par rapport aux paramètres de loi de zone cohésive, et d'autre part, sur les incertitudes associées aux paramètres de loi de zone cohésive identifiés. À notre connaissance, aucun travail sur ces deux derniers aspects n'a été mené et constitue ainsi le principal propos de ce mémoire de thèse. [...] / In the design and manufacture of structures, assembly of components is a crucial step in terms of durability and reliability. Mechanical assembly techniques such as bolting, riveting and welding, among others, have long been traditional. However, advances in the study and analysis of cracks within materials have made it possible to highlight some of their disadvantages as a cause of rupture of these structures through localized stress concentrations and / Mechanical or thermal alteration of the local properties of the assembled parts. Thus, alternative techniques such as structural bonding have been developed which make it possible to eliminate or rather reduce these undesirable effects during assembly, for the little that the process is well controlled. Among the best known advantages, bonding allows, on the one hand, a better transmission and distribution of forces at the interface, thus reducing fatigue damage and increasing the service life of the assembly and, on the other hand, maintain the integrity of the parts to be assembled. Other advantages also arise from the design of structural adhesives which, after the application of physicochemical treatments, make it possible to add thermal, acoustic and sealing properties.Despite these advantages, bonding suffers from a reputation for unreliability due to the lack of tools for predicting the behavior of bonded joints. Indeed, the parameters which influence the interface behavior are numerous and are often sources of variability on the strength of the bonded joint. The study of this toughness of the adhesive joints is carried out by means of crack tests according to different modes of fracture which seek to measure the assembly crack energy. The knowledge of this energy makes it possible to be predictive in most cases on cracks propagation for the little that we are able to describe and predict the interface behavior.From a numerical point of view, numerous techniques and formulations of interface law have been proposed in order to reproduce the interface behavior within the assemblies. Among the latter, that of the cohesive zone laws seems to be one of the most promising ways in terms of modeling and simulation of the interfaces by its local and discrete character. Among the advantages that they provide are the intrinsic consideration of damage and behavior phenomenologies of bonded joint. In addition, numerous studies have been undertaken to identify these cohesive zone laws by comparing observations from crack tests and model outputs where they are used. This identification is done by means of iterative minimization algorithms of a cost function which measures the metric between observations and models outputs. However, little importance is attached, on the one hand, to the sensitivities of the measurement techniques used in relation to the cohesive zone law parameters and, on the other hand, to the uncertainties associated with the identified cohesive zone law parameters. To our knowledge, no work on these two aspects has been conducted and is thus the main purpose of this thesis. [...]

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma teoria para a consideração do esmagamento do concreto aplicada ao método elementos finitos, o Modelo de Trincas Sobrepostas. Neste caso, o esmagamento é considerado através da interpenetração dos elementos finitos. Em conjunto com o já conhecido Modelo de Trincas Coesivas, a abordagem é utilizada para simular o comportamento de vigas de concreto armado com alta taxa de armadura (concreto superarmado). Os experimentos empregados são vigas em flexão a três pontos (dois apoios e uma carga aplicada no centro do vão), onde as barras de aço são substituídas por uma camada de elementos finitos de altura equivalente. Aloca-se uma linha de elementos de interface coesiva verticalmente no centro das vigas no intuito de permitir o processo de dano, tanto em tração quanto em compressão. Na zona de interface entre os elementos de concreto e os de aço são colocados elementos de aderência. É verificada a influência nos modelos numéricos de diversos parâmetros, tais como altura da viga, armadura de compressão, armadura de cisalhamento e escala. / In this work is presented a theory to the consideration of the concrete crushing applied to the finite element method, the Overlapping Crack Model. In this case the crushing is considered through the interpenetration of finite elements. Together with the well-known Cohesive Crack Model, the approach is used to simulate the behavior of reinforced concrete beams with high volume fraction of reinforcement (under reinforced concrete). The used experiments are beams subjects to three-point bending, where the steel bars are replaced by an equivalent layer of finite elements. A central vertical line of interfaces is used in order to take into account the damage due to crushing and fracture. At the concrete-steel interface, friction elements are considered. The influence of some parameters, such as depth of the beam, compression and shear reinforcement, etc., is investigated.

Em geral, as recomendações normativas sugerem a utilização de materiais granulares para a construção de estruturas em solo reforçado, principalmente devido à sua elevada resistência ao cisalhamento e boa capacidade de drenagem. No entanto, nem sempre há disponibilidade deste tipo de material no entorno das obras, tornando o uso dos solos finos imperativo para a viabilização desta solução. No Brasil, solos residuais finos são encontrados em abundância e, muitas vezes, apresentam excelentes parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento e baixa compressibilidade. Contudo, o seu uso pode induzir poro-pressões indesejáveis durante a construção ou cisalhamento do aterro reforçado. Por outro lado, as elevadas sucções matriciais que podem persistir em seu interior geram um aumento na estabilidade dos maciços reforçados. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta os resultados experimentais e discute o efeito da variação climática (umedecimento e secagem) na resistência de interface solo coesivo-fita polimérica de uma estrutura de contenção em solo reforçado. Os ensaios foram realizados com amostras compactadas de um solo residual de gnaisse típico da cidade de São Paulo e uma fita polimérica de alta aderência. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos a ensaios de cisalhamento direto e de arrancamento sob três diferentes níveis de tensão normal e de sucção, além da condição inundada. Ensaios triaxiais saturados (CU) e não saturados (CW) foram realizados para a determinação da envoltória de resistência tridimensional do solo, avaliação da eficiência da interação solo-reforço e para a verificação do comportamento da água intersticial durante o cisalhamento. Os resultados indicam que o solo coesivo em questão apresenta excelentes parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento, elevada capacidade de se manter sob pressões negativas da água intersticial e uma eficiente interação com as fitas poliméricas, o que possibilitaria a execução de estruturas estáveis quanto ao arrancamento dos reforços. Além disso, sugerem um crescimento não linear da máxima resistência de interface com o aumento da sucção matricial do solo e uma tendência de redução dos coeficientes de atrito aparente solo-reforço (f*) com o umedecimento das amostras. Porém, mostraram que a sucção matricial exerce pouca influência na resistência residual da interface solo reforço. / Current specifications for reinforced soil structures generally require the use of granular backfill due to their high strength, well drainage capacity and low volume change potential. However, in cases where granular fills are not easily and readily available, poorly draining soils should be used to enable the implementation of a mechanically stabilized earth wall (MSEW). In Brazil, the fine-grained residual soils that cover large areas of its territory frequently present high shear strengths and low compressibility. However, the use of cohesive soils can cause unwanted effects in structure stability due to the water content variations of the backfill soil, and the potential development of pore-water pressures or loss of strength. On the other hand, matric suctions may increase the soil-geosynthetic interface shear strength. In this context, this study presents the experimental results and discusses the effects of seasonal climatic variations (wetting and drying) on shear strength of soil-geosynthetic straps interfaces under unsaturated conditions. For the laboratory investigation, a compacted residual soil of gneiss composed of 80% silty sand passed through a 0.075mm sieve, sourced from São Paulo city, and a high-tenacity polyester strap were used. Direct shear and pullout tests were conducted with three different net normal stresses and levels of matric suction, besides the inundated condition. Triaxial tests under saturated (CU) and unsaturated (CW) conditions with suction measurement using a high capacity tensiometer were performed in order to evaluate the shear strength parameters of the unsaturated soil, the interface efficiency of the soil-geosynthetic strap and the pore water pressure variations during shear. The results indicate that the cohesive soil used in this study has excellent shear strength parameters, a high capacity to maintain negative pore water pressures and presents an efficient interaction with the geosynthetics straps, which would allow the implementation of a stable MSEW for failure by pullout. Furthermore they reveal that the peak shear strength of the soil-geosynthetic strap interface increases nonlinearly with the soil suction, while the apparent friction factor (f*) decreases with the increase in molding moisture contents. On the other hand, the effect of suction on the post-peak shear strength of the interface was negligible.