The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an appealing subtropical fresh fruit with a pleasant flavor and taste, high nutritional value, beneficial medicinal properties and various processing options. However, as is the case with most subtropical fruit, it is a sensitive commodity, prone to losses postharvestly. The South African mango industry is highly dependent on a hot water and cold prochloraz dip treatment, to control postharvest anthracnose and soft brown rot on fruit destined for export. However, negatve public perceptions of synthetic fungicides and its use on fresh produce for disease control has been increasing in major export markets such as the European Union. This growing concern from a public point of view is forcing industry to consider more environmentally acceptable methods to maintain quality of mangoes during extended export periods. ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Kent’ mangoes either uninoculated or artificially inoculated with Colletotrichum gloesporioiedes, Botryosphaeria parva or sterile agar, were used to evaluate softer, greener alternatives, in this study. Fruit were subjected to either a hot, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (PPCB004) containing dip treatment for two minutes or a 24 hour 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) gas treatment at 16 ºC or no treatment. Fruit were then stored at 10 ºC under either 5% O2 and 5% CO2 (CA-1) or 3% O2 and 8% CO2 (CA-2) controlled atmospheres (CA) for 18 days and allowed to ripen for five days at 25 ºC. Similarly, uninoculated or artificially inoculated fruit subjected to B. amyloliquefaciens, 1-MCP or a combination of the two treatments was stored at 10 ºC for 18 days under conventional storage. ‘Tommy Atkins’ fruit were packed into bags made from four different film types, untreated or after being subjected to a cold B. amyloliquefaciens dip treatment and stored for 23 days at 10 ºC. Overall, ‘Kent’ fruit were more susceptible to anthracnose and SBR after artificial inoculation. In vivo inoculated ‘Tommy Atkins’ fruit, storage under CA-1 gave the best control of soft brown rot whilst CA-2 storage gave the best control of anthracnose. For quality retention no definite conclusion could be made for both cultivars after CA storage or the combination of 1-MCP pre-treatment and CA storage. The combination of 1-MCP pre-treatment and B. amyloliquefaciens maintained the quality of ‘Kent’ mangoes under conventional storage the best. Anthracnose severity on both cultivars was reduced with 1-MCP treated fruit combined with the biocontrol pre-treatment. Modified atmosphere packaging in this study was found to be ineffective in maintaining quality of mangoes. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

Die pilzlichen Erreger der Tomate Alternaria solani und des Manioks Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis verursachen große Ertragsausfälle in Westafrika. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Blattkrankheiten nach Applikationen mit wässerigen Extrakten aus Westafrika (Ausgangsmaterial: organischer Haushaltsmüll) unter kontrollierten Bedingungen unterdrückt. Im Pathosystem Tomate - A. solani erzielten die Extrakte eine Befallsverminderung um bis zu 94 % im Vergleich zur Kontrollvariante und im Maniok - C. gloeosporioides wurde die Anzahl der gebildeten Acervuli/cm² Blattoberfläche bis um 87 % reduziert. Der primäre Wirkmechanismus der Extrakte gegen die Pathogene ist Antagonismus, hervorgerufen von den Mikroorganismen in den Extrakten. Isolierte Bakterien aus den Extrakten hemmten das Wachstum der Pathogene in Plattentests, was auf die Bildung von fungistatischen Substanzen zurückzuführen war. Die Bakterien, die aus den Extrakten isoliert und identifiziert wurden, gehörten überwiegend zu den Bakteriengattungen Pseudomonas und Bacillus. Die Extraktionsbedingungen nahmen in Hinblick auf die Wirksamkeit der Extrakte gegen die Pathogene eine wichtige Stellung ein. Die Untersuchungen zeigten einen Zusammenhang zwischen gestiegener Mikroorganismenanzahl und Befallsreduktion. Durch die Auswahl optimaler Extraktionsbedingungen erhöhte sich die Anzahl der Koloniedichte in den Extrakten; dies führte zur einer stärkeren Befallsreduzierung an der Tomate und am Maniok. Hierbei waren die Umgebungstemperatur und die Häufigkeit des Durchmischens des Kompost-Wasser-Gemisches von besonderer Bedeutung. Extrakte, die während der Extraktionszeit einer Temperatur von 20°C ausgesetzt waren, erzielten eine stärkere Befallsreduzierung von A. solani an der Tomate und wiesen eine höhere Mikroorganismendichte auf als Extrakte, die einer Temperatur von 30°C und 35°C ausgesetzt waren. Tägliches Durchmischen des Wasser-Kompost-Gemisches während der Extraktionszeit erhöhte die Mikroorganismendichte um das Siebenfache in den Extrakten und die Wirksamkeit gegen A. solani und C. gloeosporioides im Vergleich zu den Extrakten, die nur zu Beginn durchmischt wurden. Die Lagerungszeit der fertigen Komposte hatte einen Einfluß auf die Mikroorganismendichte der wässerigen Extrakte sowie auf deren Wirksamkeit. Extrakte, die aus frischen Komposten hergestellt wurden, zeigten einen besseren suppressiven Effekt gegen die Pathogene und wiesen eine höhere Mikroorganismenanzahl auf als Extrakte, deren Komposte schon länger gelagert worden waren. Die Anreicherung der Extrakte mit dem Formulierungshilfsstoff Xanthan steigerte die Wirksamkeit der Extrakte gegen A. solani an Tomatenpflanzen und gegen C. gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis an abgetrennten Maniokblättern. Angereicherte Extrakte reduzierten den Befall um bis zu 46 % mehr als der Extrakt ohne Formulierungshilfsstoffe, während die Steigerung der Wirksamkeit nach Anreicherung mit Alginat oder Zellulose eine Abhängigkeit von der Herkunft der Komposte zeigte. Eine erhöhte ß-1,3-Glucanase-Aktivität wurde am vierten Tag nach der Applikation von Extrakten an der Tomate und an der Batate festgestellt. Diese Ergebnisse belegen die Bedeutung von Spritzbehandlungen mit wässerigen Kompostextrakten gegen die Pathogene A. solani und C. gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis und stellen eine erfolgversprechende Alternative zur Bekämpfung von Pilzkrankheiten in Westafrika dar. / Great yield losses of cassava in West Africa are caused by fungal pathogens that also affect tomato, e.g. Alternaria solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp. manihotis. In the present study these foliar diseases were effectively suppressed under controlled conditions after application of watery compost extracts to tomato and cassava The disease incidence of A. solani on tomato was reduced up to 94 % and the number of the acervuli produced on the surface of cassava leaves was reduced up to 87% compared to the control treatment. Reduction is due to antagonistic effects of the microorganisms in the extracts towards the pathogens. Bacterial strains isolated from the extracts suppressed the growth of the pathogens in dual-culture-tests due to the production of antibiotics. Bacteria isolated and identified from the extracts were mostly pseudomonas and bacillus strains. The conditions used for extraction of compost played a significant role for their effectiveness against different pathogens. The investigations showed that optimisation of extract conditions increased the density of microorganisms in the extracts and led to a higher disease reduction on tomato and cassava plants. Temperature and stirring frequency of the compost - water mixture during the extraction period were very important factors for increased effectiveness. Extracts incubated at 20 °C during the extraction period caused a higher disease reduction on tomato and showed a higher density of microorganisms, than extracts that were incubated at 30 or 35 °C. Daily stirring of the compost - water mixture during the extraction period increased the density of microorganisms in the extracts sevenfold and increased the effectiveness against A. solani and C. gloeosporioides compared to the extract that was stirred only once at the beginning. The Effectiveness as well as the density of the microorganisms were depended on the incubation time of the compost extracts. Extracts produced from fresh composts showed greater suppressive effects against pathogens and higher densities of microorganisms than extracts of composts that were stored for a longer time. Enrichment of the extracts with the formulate substance xanthan increased the effectiveness against A. solani on tomato plants and against C. gloeosporioides on detached leaves of cassava and reduced the disease incidence up to 46% compared to the extract without formulate substances. The increase of the effectiveness after enriching with alginate was depended on the origin of the compost. An increased ß-1,3- glucanase activity were determined on tomato and sweet potato leaves 4 days after the application of the extracts onto the plants. The results of this study show that watery compost extracts can be successfully applied against the cassava and tomato pathogens A. solani and C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis and offers easily applicable methods for the reduction of fungal diseases in West Africa.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-14T16:00:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kesia Ferreira Alves.pdf: 466143 bytes, checksum: 66630edcc98b43dfb320ee8189581aa0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T16:00:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kesia Ferreira Alves.pdf: 466143 bytes, checksum: 66630edcc98b43dfb320ee8189581aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Anthracnose is considered an important disease of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the state of Pernambuco and in various parts of the world, causing significant losses for fruit commercialization. Actions directed to preventive measures such as alternative control, are of great importance through the exploration of secondary compounds present in medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to, assess the efficiency of crude extracts in the control of anthracnose in bell pepper, and analyze the control stability of promising treatments in relation to different extract, inoculum, temperature and pathogen isolates concentrations. In preliminary selection, 16 plant species were used in order to obtain aqueous and hidroalcoólico extracts. The aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum L.), Mallow (Malva sp.), and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) showed greater than 97% reductions in disease severity levels. The greatest value of CL75 was found for the garlic extract (3.5%), while the lowest value of CL75 was verified with the application of the ginger extract (2.1%). The lowest rate of efficiency reduction of the anthracnose control (TRE) with the pathogen inoculum increase occurred with garlic extract. With regard to different C. gloeosporioides isolates, significant interaction was found between the different extracts and isolates of the pathogen. The plant extracts were effective in controlling the disease in temperatures of 20, 25 and 30 ° C, while temperatures in the 10, 15and 35 ° C there was no disease. There were no differences in the efficiencies of garlic and ginger extracts, while the extract of hollyhock had the lower efficiency at 20 ° C, differing from the other temperatures, and other extracts at this temperature. The results obtained in this study indicate the great potential for use of the garlic extract (6%) in anthracnose control of bell pepper, considering its stability in different situations. / A antracnose é considerada uma importante doença do pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) no Estado de Pernambuco e em várias partes do mundo, causando perdas significativas à produção de frutos para comercialização. Ações voltadas para medidas preventivas como o controle alternativo, são de grande relevância por meio da exploração de compostos secundários presentes em plantas medicinais com atividade antimicrobiana. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo, avaliar a eficiência de extratos vegetais brutos no controle da antracnose em pimentão, bem como analisar a estabilidade do controle dos tratamentos promissores em relação a.diferentes concentrações dos extratos, concentrações do inoculo e isolados do patógeno e, temperaturas. Na seleção preliminar foram utilizadas 16 espécies vegetais para obtenção de extratos aquosos e etanólicos. Os extratos aquosos de alho (Allium sativum L.), malva (Malva sp.) e gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) propiciaram reduções superiores a 97% nos níveis de severidade. O maior valor de CL75 foi constatado para o extrato de alho (3,5%), enquanto o menor valor de CL75 foi verificado com a aplicação de extrato de gengibre (2,1%). A menor taxa de redução da eficiência do controle (TRE) da antracnose com o incremento do inóculo do patógeno ocorreu no extrato de alho. Com relação a diferentes isolados de C. gloeosporioides, foi constatada interação significativa entre os tipos de extratos e os isolados do patógeno. Os extratos vegetais foram eficientes no controle da doença nas temperaturas de 20, 25 e 30 oC, enquanto nas temperaturas 10, 15 e 35 °C não houve doença. Não houve diferenças nas eficiências dos extratos de alho e gengibre, enquanto o extrato de malva apresentou a menor eficiência a 20 oC, diferindo das outras temperaturas, bem como dos demais extratos nessa temperatura. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo indicam o grande potencial de utilização do extrato de alho a 6% no controle da antracnose em pimentão, considerando sua estabilidade em diferentes situações.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-20T14:31:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Gustavo Chaves da Silva.pdf: 1253285 bytes, checksum: 0a1b6f21c6f4abf5783394812a777ab7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T14:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Gustavo Chaves da Silva.pdf: 1253285 bytes, checksum: 0a1b6f21c6f4abf5783394812a777ab7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The anthracnose, fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, stands out as an important disease of cashew (Anacardium occidentale), which may lead to losses of over 40% in production. The cashew nut is the most important agricultural product of the state of Ceará, about 350 thousand hectares, generating more than 100 thousand direct/indirect jobs and exports over 150 million dollars in almonds. It is also important for the states of Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte. There are few and outdated research about disease and the needs basic information for programs improvement and integrated management of diseases. By presenting large morphological and genetic variability, it is difficult to generalize basic aspects of the species. The aim of this study was to characterize populations of C. gloeosporioides occurring on cashew trees in various regions of Brazil. Used 220 isolates obtained from cashew leaves, from 22 different areas of the states: Amazonas, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do North and São Paulo. Proceeded with pathogenic tests and molecular markers species-specific to all isolates. Then a representative from each collection area was selected to perform the other ratings, which are: morphological, molecular, epidemiological and physiological. The species-specific markers β-tubulin and ITS, noted the existence of only one group of 10 isolates of the same area, not being confirmed for C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum, but morphological characteristics of C. gloeosporioides. Using seven primers ISSR markers and 100 representatives in 22 areas, it was possible identify the formation of four distinct genetic groups of C. gloeosporioides, where the unmarked isolated by ITS or β-Tubulin, not was contained in one or in groups. With the pathogenic test using 5 clones, it was possible to distinguish three groups and another 3 isolates distinct from other. Conclude that the species C. gloeosporioides is prevalent in cashew plantations in the areas studied. / A Antracnose, doença fúngica ocasionada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, destaca-se como doença importante do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale), podendo levar a perdas de mais 40% na produção. A castanha de caju é o produto agrícola mais importante do estado do Ceará, com cerca de 350 mil hectares plantados, geração de mais de 100 mil empregos diretos e indiretos e exportações acima de 150 milhões de dólares em amêndoas. Também é importante para os estados do Piauí e Rio Grande do Norte. Há poucas e desatualizadas pesquisas sobre a doença, havendo a necessidade de informações básicas para os programas de melhoramento e manejo integrado da fitomoléstia. Por apresentar grande variabilidade morfológica e genética, torna-se difícil a generalização de aspectos básicos da espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar populações de C. gloeosporioides que ocorrem em cajueiros de diversas regiões do Brasil. Foram usados 220 isolados, obtidos de lesões de folhas de cajueiro, provenientes de plantios de 22 áreas distintas dos estados do Amazonas, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte e São Paulo. Procedeu-se com testes de patogenicidade e marcadores moleculares espécie específicos para todos isolados. Em seguida, um representante de cada área de coleta foi selecionado para realização das demais avaliações, sendo elas: morfológicas, moleculares, epidemiológicas e fisiológicas. Os marcadores espécie específicos ITS e β-Tubulina, constataram a existência de apenas um grupo de 10 isolados de uma mesma área, não sendo confirmados para C. gloeosporioides ou C. acutatum, porém com características morfológicas de C. gloeosporioides. Usando 7 primers ISSR e 100 marcadores nos representantes das 22 áreas, foi possível identificar a formação de 4 grupos genéticos distintos de C. gloeosporioides, onde o isolado não marcado por ITS ou β-Tubulina, não ficou contido em nem um dos grupos. Com o teste de patogenicidade utilizando 5 clones, foi possível diferenciar 3 grupos e mais outros 3 isolados distintos dos demais. Conclui-se que a espécie C. gloeosporioides é prevalente em plantios de cajueiro nas áreas estudas.

Submitted by ANGELICA AUGUSTA GRIGOLI DOMINATO null (angelica@unoeste.br) on 2017-02-16T18:51:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélica A. Grigoli Dominato.pdf: 4485568 bytes, checksum: 4abc8fe39b8c64a5ed8be37f2be077de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-20T20:26:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dominato_aag_dr_sjrp.pdf: 4485568 bytes, checksum: 4abc8fe39b8c64a5ed8be37f2be077de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T20:26:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dominato_aag_dr_sjrp.pdf: 4485568 bytes, checksum: 4abc8fe39b8c64a5ed8be37f2be077de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-20 / A atividade metabólica fúngica, especialmente nos endofíticos, favorece a secreção de moléculas como antibióticos, pigmentos, enzimas e polissacarídeos, que podem ser aplicadas nas indústrias alimentícia, cosmética, farmacêutica, entre outras. A diversidade química dos exopolissacarídeos (EPS) bem como a possibilidade de sua utilização como substrato para diferentes modificações químicas (carboxilação, sulfatação e metilação) aumentam seu espectro de aplicação. Realizar o cultivo submerso dos fungos endofíticos Neofusicoccum parvum, Fusarium sp e Colletotrichum gloeosporioides para a produção de EPS foi o primeiro objetivo deste trabalho. Uma vez obtidos, os EPS foram purificados e quimicamente caracterizados. Sulfatação e ensaio da atividade anticoagulante foram realizados. Os parâmetros concentração de inóculo e tempo de cultivo foram estabelecidos para maior produção dos EPS, por fermentação submersa. Etapas de purificação, por centrifugação, foram efetuadas após análises por cromatografia de exclusão estérica a alta pressão, com detecção por índice de refração (HPSEC/RID). Os EPS purificados [precipitado do C. gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioidesprec) e os três sobrenadantes] mostraram-se praticamente isentos de proteínas. A hidrólise ácida e subsequente análise dos hidrolisados por cromatografia de troca aniônica a alta pressão com detecção por amperometria pulsada (HPAEC/PAD) indicaram que apenas o C. gloeosporioidesprec era uma glucana. A análise por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC/MS) mostrou um único derivado, 1,3,5 tri-O-acetil, 2,4,6-tri-O-metil glucitol com fragmentos de massa (m/z 118, 161, 203, 234.1) condizente com uma glucana do tipo (1→3). Os espectros de FT-IR apresentaram sinais na região de impressão digital, 926 cm-1 e 820 cm-1, típicos de polissacarídeos em configuração . Esses resultados foram confirmados por ressonância magnética nuclear bidimensional (HSQC), com um único acoplamento C1/H1, em 99,3/5,18 ppm e um sinal deslocado para campo baixo, 82,8/3,74 ppm, característico de C-3 substituído, indicando que o EPS é uma α-(1→3)-glucana. A sulfatação desta molécula resultou em α-(1→3)-D-glucanasulf com DS de 0,75 que foi utilizada nos ensaios de atividade anticoagulante. O aumento do tempo para a coagulação, nos testes do APTT (Tempo de Tromboplastina Parcial Ativada) e TT (Tempo de Trombina), foi concentração-dependente, indicando que [α-(1→3)-D-glucanasulf] pode atuar como um inibidor da via intrínseca da coagulação sanguínea e da conversão do fibrinogênio em fibrina, caracterizando-a como um potencial anticoagulante. / Fungal metabolic activity, especially in the endophytic, favors secretion of molecules such as antibiotics, pigments, enzymes and polysaccharides, which can be applicable by food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, and others. The chemical diversity of the exopolysaccharides (EPS), as well as the possibility of their use as substrate for different chemical modifications (carboxylation, sulfation and methylation) increases their application spectrum. Submerged cultivation of the endophytic fungi Neofusicoccum parvum, Fusarium sp and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides for the production of EPS was the first aim of this study. Once the EPS were obtained, they were purified and chemically characterized. Chemical modification by sulfation and anticoagulant activity assays were performed. Cultivation to obtain EPS were performed in submerged fermentation. The inoculum concentration and incubation time parameters were set in order to obtain a higher amount of EPS. Purification by centrifugation was performed after analysis by high pressure steric exclusion chromatography with refractive index detection (HPSEC / RID). Purified EPS [precipitate of C. gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioidesprec) and the three supernatants] proved to be virtually free of protein polysaccharides. Acid hydrolysis and subsequent analysis of the hydrolysates with high performance anionic exchange chromatography with amperometric detection (HPAEC/PAD) indicated that only the C. gloeosporioidesprec was a glucan. Analysis from gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed a single derivative, 1,3,5-tri-Oacetyl, 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl glucitol with mass fragments (m/z 118, 161, 203, 234.1) consistent with a (1→3)-glucan. FT-IR spectra showed absorption bands typical from carbohydrate and signals in the digital region at 926 cm-1 and 820 cm-1, typical of polysaccharides in the α- configuration. These results were confirmed by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC), with a single C1/H1, in 99.2/4.98 ppm, typical of one α bonding, and low-field 82.6/3.55 ppm signal displacement, characteristic of substituted C-3, indicating that EPS is an α-(1→3)-glucan. Sulfation of this molecule resulted in α- (1→3)-glucansulf with DS of 0.75 which was used in the anticoagulant activity assays. The increase in coagulation reaction time in the APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) and TT (Thrombin Time) tests was concentration-dependent, indicating that [α-(1→3)-D-glucansulf] might act as an inhibitor of the intrinsic via of blood clotting and conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, characterizing it as a potential anticoagulant.

Submitted by JOÃO EMMANUEL RIBEIRO GUIMARÃES null (extensao@feituverava.com.br) on 2016-08-02T19:17:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL.docx: 2614804 bytes, checksum: a139a52a90fe92755ccac9e4b609eb0c (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A versão final da dissertação/tese deve ser submetida no formato PDF (Portable Document Format). O arquivo PDF não deve estar protegido e a dissertação/tese deve estar em um único arquivo, inclusive os apêndices e anexos, se houver. Por favor, corrija o formato do arquivo e realize uma nova submissão. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-08-02T19:33:29Z (GMT) / Submitted by JOÃO EMMANUEL RIBEIRO GUIMARÃES (jerguimaraes@uol.com.br) on 2016-08-02T19:38:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL.pdf: 2357812 bytes, checksum: aa12a27f8cac4f4de61f6f2ccb80c925 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-03T17:17:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_jer_dr_jabo.pdf: 2357812 bytes, checksum: aa12a27f8cac4f4de61f6f2ccb80c925 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T17:17:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_jer_dr_jabo.pdf: 2357812 bytes, checksum: aa12a27f8cac4f4de61f6f2ccb80c925 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar produtos alternativos, considerados naturais, como o extrato de própolis verde e óleos essenciais, no controle pós-colheita da antracnose em mangas ‘Palmer’. Foram extraídos dez óleos essenciais de plantas e avaliados, inicialmente, quanto ao potencial antifúngico contra o Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro. Dentre os óleos testados, os de Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus e Eucalyptus globulus foram selecionados pelos seus destacados efeitos inibitórios. Na etapa in vitro foram realizados quatro experimentos, em que foram testadas concentrações de extrato de própolis verde e dos óleos, utilizando seis repetições por tratamento. Na etapa in vivo, foram realizados quatro experimentos em que mangas ‘Palmer, foram imersas em cera associada a diferentes concentrações de extrato de própolis verde e dos três óleos essenciais selecionados na etapa anterior. Após a secagem e formação dos revestimentos, os frutos tratados com própolis foram armazenados 12 ºC por 12 dias e mais 3 dias em temperatura de ambiente (22± 2 ºC e 65± 5% UR), e os tratados com óleos essenciais por 14 dias sob refrigeração, e por mais 3 dias a temperatura de ambiente. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e o efeito dos tratamentos, quando significativo, por meio do Teste F. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P≤0,05). O própolis verde a partir de 2%, o óleo de capim-limão a partir de 250 ppm e o de tomilho a partir de 10 ppm, se mostraram eficientes em controlar o crescimento do C. gloeosporioides in vitro. O óleo de eucalipto comum retardou, mas não inibiu o crescimento do C. gloeosporioides in vitro. Todos os óleos se mostraram eficientes em inibir a germinação de esporos de C. gloeosporioides. Os tratamentos com cera e cera associada aos óleos ou extrato de própolis reduziram o crescimento da lesão in vivo, sendo que a maior inibição (70%) do patógeno foi conseguida com o extrato de própolis verde na concentração de 2,5%. Todos os produtos testados se mostraram eficientes na manutenção da qualidade de frutos de mangas ‘Palmer’ inoculadas com C. gloeosporioides. / The objective was to evaluate alternative products, considered natural such as green propolis extract and essential oils, in the post-harvest control of anthracnose in 'Palmer' mangos. Ten essential oils from plants were extracted and evaluated, initially, for their potential as antifungal agents against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro. Among the oils tested, the Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus were selected for their outstanding inhibitory effects. In the in vitro stage four experiments were conducted, in which green propolis extract and oil concentrations were tested using six replicates per treatment. In the in vivo phase, four experiments were performed in which ‘Palmer’ mangos were dipped in wax associated with different concentrations of green propolis extract and the three essential oils selected in the previous step. After the drying process and formation of coatings, the fruits treated with propolis were stored at 12°C for 12 days and then another 3 days at room temperature (22 ± 2°C and 65 ± 5% RH), and those treated with essential oils were stored for 14 days under refrigeration and for 3 days at room temperature. The results were subjected to variance analysis and a review of the effect of treatments, when significant, by test F. Means were compared by Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The green propolis from 2%, lemongrass oil from 250 ppm and thyme from 10 ppm were effective in controlling the growth of C. gloeosporioides in vitro. Common eucalyptus oil was inhibited, but it did not inhibit the growth in vitro of C. gloeosporioides. The procedures with wax and associated wax with oil or propolis extract reduced the growth in vivo of the injury, and the greater inhibition (70%) of the pathogen was achieved with green propolis extract at 2,5% concentration. All products tested have proven effective in maintaining fruit quality of 'Palmer' mangos inoculated with C. gloeosporioides. / FAPESP: 2013/10397-5

Orientador: Ben-Hur Mattiuz / Banca: Renata Moreira Leal / Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi / Banca: Cristiane Maria Ascari Morgado / Banca: Juliana Sanches / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar produtos alternativos, considerados naturais, como o extrato de própolis verde e óleos essenciais, no controle pós-colheita da antracnose em mangas 'Palmer'. Foram extraídos dez óleos essenciais de plantas e avaliados, inicialmente, quanto ao potencial antifúngico contra o Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro. Dentre os óleos testados, os de Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus e Eucalyptus globulus foram selecionados pelos seus destacados efeitos inibitórios. Na etapa in vitro foram realizados quatro experimentos, em que foram testadas concentrações de extrato de própolis verde e dos óleos, utilizando seis repetições por tratamento. Na etapa in vivo, foram realizados quatro experimentos em que mangas 'Palmer, foram imersas em cera associada a diferentes concentrações de extrato de própolis verde e dos três óleos essenciais selecionados na etapa anterior. Após a secagem e formação dos revestimentos, os frutos tratados com própolis foram armazenados 12 ºC por 12 dias e mais 3 dias em temperatura de ambiente (22± 2 ºC e 65± 5% UR), e os tratados com óleos essenciais por 14 dias sob refrigeração, e por mais 3 dias a temperatura de ambiente. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e o efeito dos tratamentos, quando significativo, por meio do Teste F. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P≤0,05). O própolis verde a partir de 2%, o óleo de capim-limão a partir de 250 ppm e o de tomilho a partir de 10 ppm, se mostraram e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate alternative products, considered natural such as green propolis extract and essential oils, in the post-harvest control of anthracnose in 'Palmer' mangos. Ten essential oils from plants were extracted and evaluated, initially, for their potential as antifungal agents against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro. Among the oils tested, the Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus were selected for their outstanding inhibitory effects. In the in vitro stage four experiments were conducted, in which green propolis extract and oil concentrations were tested using six replicates per treatment. In the in vivo phase, four experiments were performed in which 'Palmer' mangos were dipped in wax associated with different concentrations of green propolis extract and the three essential oils selected in the previous step. After the drying process and formation of coatings, the fruits treated with propolis were stored at 12°C for 12 days and then another 3 days at room temperature (22 ± 2°C and 65 ± 5% RH), and those treated with essential oils were stored for 14 days under refrigeration and for 3 days at room temperature. The results were subjected to variance analysis and a review of the effect of treatments, when significant, by test F. Means were compared by Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The green propolis from 2%, lemongrass oil from 250 ppm and thyme from 10 ppm were effective in controlling the growth of C. gloeosporioides in vitro. Comm... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Sarita Leonel / Banca: César Junior Bueno / Resumo: A família das anonáceas possui cerca de 40 gêneros e mais de 2.000 espécies, a maioria de regiões de clima tropical ou subtropical. Dessas, muitas possuem características importantes e são de interesse comercial, sendo que o consumo tem apresentado um franco crescimento. As anonáceas têm como característica o sabor adocicado pronunciado e perfume bem característico dos frutos, sendo seu uso voltado para o consumo in natura ou na forma de polpas processadas pela indústria. A antracnose, causada por Colletotrichum spp., tem se destacado como umas das principais doenças na cultura da atemóia (Annona cherimola x Annona squamosa), ocasionando danos em várias partes da planta e em frutos jovens, e também na pós-colheita, o que tem preocupado produtores da região devido a agressividade apresentada no campo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação das espécies de Colletotrichum spp., de isolados do fungo coletados de atemóia da região de Botucatu, por meio de estudos de caracterização patogênica, cultural e morfológica. Para auxiliar, espécies de Colletotrichum, devidamente identificadas, foram obtidas e inclusas também nos estudos de caracterização. O teste de patogenicidade e a inoculação cruzada dos isolados em diferentes frutos foi efetuada utilizando-se discos de 5mm de diâmetro de BDA contendo micélio de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. musae, C. acutatum e Colletotrichum spp. e procedendose com a utilização de diferentes frutas tropicais e subtropicais. Foram também realizadas a caracterização enzimática, onde avaliou-se a produção das enzimas proteases, celulases, amilases e lipases através da mensuração do diâmetro do halo formado em torno das colônias, comparou-se a morfologia das colônias e largura de conídios, sua forma e a presença ou não de microescleródios. Culturalmente estudou-se a coloração das colônias assim ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Annonaceae family has approximately 40 genera and more than 2,000 species; most of which are from tropical and subtropical regions. Many of these plants are commercially important and have been increasingly consumed. They present highly sweet taste and their fruits have a typical aroma. The fruits are consumed in natura or as industrially processed pulps. Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sp., has been one of the main diseases that affects atemoya (Annona cherimola x Annona squamosa) crop, leading to injuries in several plant parts, as well as in young and post-harvested fruits. This is a worrying fact for producers of Botucatu region due to the severity of this disease in the field. The present study aimed at identifying anthracnose causal agent through pathogenic and enzymatic assays, besides cultural and morphological characterization of isolates collected from Annonaceae plants in Botucatu region. In addition, fruit cross-infection potential of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates, already identified, from different tropical and subtropical species was evaluated to help in this identification. Enzymatic characterization consisted of analyzing the production of proteases, cellulases, amylases and lipases. The diameter of the halos formed around the colonies was measured in order to compare colony morphology and conidium width, shape and presence or absence of microsclerotia. Colonies were assessed as to coloration, growth rate at different temperatures, and growth in medium supplemented with Benomyl fungicide. Isolates were collected in the producing region of Botucatu. For the pathogenicity test, crossed inoculation was carried out in different ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Guava is cultivated in many parts of the world, but the high perishability and the incidence of diseases such as anthracnose limits its commercialization. The challenge to the method used to attempt to solve these problems, the use of chemicals, has instigated the conduct of research with products. Thus, plantas have been studied mant times have active substances with antimicrobial properties, among them aroeira that is widely used in folk medicine and its potencial for the use in agricultura are being targeted studies. Another alternative is the use of coatings based on polymers such as chitosan that in addition to prolonging the shelf-life also presents potencial antifungal. This study to determine the yeld of aqueous extract and hydrolate mastic and the main chemical compounds contained, to evaluate the antifungal effect of hydrodistillation byproducts on in vitro development of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and test biofilm-base chitosan for promote increased service life and control the attack of anthracnose in guavas Paluma . The aqueous extract end hydrolate were obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves and seeds at different times. For the in vitro antifungical power of aroeira in C. gloeosporioides concentrations used were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% aqueous extraxt, 10, 15, 20 and 25% hydrolate and 2μL fungicide. In vivo test, guavas were inoculated with the pathogen were for 1 minute in chitosan solutions 2, 3 and 4% and subjected to chemical and physical assessments every 4 days storage totaling 12. It was observed that the time of hydrodistillation did not influence the yeld of the aqueous extract and hydrolate, indicating 2,5h for extraction. Larger amounts of hidrolact were obtained from levaes of aroeira, while the yield of the extract was not influenced by the plant. Unable to determine the compounds existing in the hydrolate aroeira. The fungus developed in all treatments with respect cotonoso except in fungicide Captan® (2μL). The aqueous extract and hydrolate aroeira showed no fungicidal properties of inhibiting the development of in vitro concentrations used in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is not recommended to control of this fungus. The guavas coated with chitosan 3 and 4% had delayed ripening being evidenced by the high firmness, color maintenance from the pulp and peel, slight increase of soluble solids and vitamin C in addition to having constant pH. A 2% chitosan was not as efficient when compared to other concentrations. The fruits control and fungicide were not fit for consumption for 12 days due to the rapid maruration and incidence of anthracnose. All concentrations of chitosan were efficient in controlling the fungus. / A goiaba é cultivada em várias partes do mundo, porém a alta perecibilidade e a incidência de doenças como a antracnose limitam a sua comercialização. A contestação do método mais utilizado para tentar solucionar tais problemas, o uso de produtos químicos, tem instigado a realização de pesquisas com produtos naturais. Assim, as plantas vêm sendo estudadas por muitas vezes possuírem substâncias ativas com propriedades antimicrobianas, dentre elas a aroeira que é amplamente utilizada na medicina popular e suas potencialidades quanto ao uso na agricultura estão sendo alvo de estudos. Outra alternativa é o uso de revestimentos a base de biopolímeros como a quitosana que além de prolongar a vida pós-colheita também apresenta potencial fungitóxico. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar o rendimento do extrato aquoso e hidrolato de aroeira e os principais compostos químicos contidos, avaliar o efeito fungitóxico destes subprodutos da hidrodestilação no desenvolvimento in vitro do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e testar biofilmes a base de quitosana para promover o aumento da vida útil e controlar o ataque da antracnose em goiabas Paluma . O extrato aquoso e o hidrolato foram obtidos por hidrodestilação de folhas e sementes em diferentes tempos. Para o ensaio in vitro do poder fungitóxico da aroeira em C. gloeosporioides foram utilizadas as concentrações 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30% de extrato aquoso; 10, 15, 20 e 25% de hidrolato e 2μL de fungicida. No ensaio in vivo as goiabas foram inoculadas com o patógeno, imersas por 1 minuto em soluções de quitosana a 2, 3 e 4% e submetidas a avaliações físicas e químicas a cada 4 dias totalizando 12 de armazenamento. Observou-se que os tempos de hidrodestilação não influenciaram o rendimento do extrato aquoso e do hidrolato, indicando-se 2,5h para extração. Maiores quantidades de hidrolato foram obtidas a partir de folhas de aroeira, enquanto que o rendimento do extrato também não foi influenciado pela parte da planta. Não foi possível determinar os compostos existentes no hidrolato da aroeira. Os fungos desenvolveram-se em todos os tratamentos com aspecto cotonoso exceto no fungicida Captan® (2μL). O extrato aquoso e hidrolato de aroeira não apresentaram propriedade fungicida para a inibição do desenvolvimento do in vitro do Colletotrichum gloeosporioides nas concentrações utilizadas não sendo recomendados para controle deste fungo. As goiabas revestidas com quitosana 3 e 4% tiveram seu amadurecimento retardado sendo evidenciado pela alta firmeza, manutenção da coloração tanto da polpa quanto da casca, leve incremento de sólidos solúveis e vitamina C além de apresentarem pH constante. Os frutos controle e fungicida não se encontravam aptos para o consumo aos 12 dias em função do rápido amadurecimento e incidência de antracnose. Todas as concentrações de quitosana foram eficientes no controle do fungo.

The first confirmation of the presence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. on cashew in Mozambique was based on a combination of observed symptoms, isolation and identification using basic morphological and molecular techniques. Anthracnose is now the second most important in the country, after powdery mildew caused by Oidium anacardii Noack. The present thesis represents a broad overview of the disease in Mozambique. The main focus of this study was thus to gather scientific information on the relevance of this disease in the country and through experimentation, generate recommendations that help farmers and decision makers to mitigate the disease pressure. The specific objectives of this study were as follows: - Provide a distinctive description of anthracnose symptoms on leaves through hostpathogen interaction studies in the laboratory. - Enhance current knowledge on the identity of Mozambican pathogen isolates, using DNA tools. - Assess the current anthracnose management practices, both at nursery and field level with a view to formulate timely, local and adequate management strategies. - Conduct experimental trials to select economically effective fungicides spraying programs for anthracnose disease management. ii - Search for variability and germplasm tolerance among dwarf and common cashew plant populations in Mozambique. By analyzing and integrating existing published literature on the subject, we successfully separated issues that concerned previously inaccessible information from those that reflect insufficient scientific knowledge. A survey was initiated to determine, the status of cashew anthracnose disease management practices in Mozambique. Subsequently, the information obtained was used to develop a national strategic framework for research and extension in the country. Areas identified as gaps were aligned with the main goals of this thesis and include: - Areas where scientific information lacked were identified. - The symptoms of the disease on leaves were successfully and distinctively distinguished from other common leaf diseases that simultaneously occur in orchards. - The pathogen isolates were identified using PCR techniques. The presence of Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds was not confirmed at least not among the suspected and tested isolates. - Knowledge on the epidemiology of the disease was generated and its application for more effective disease management was successfully applied. - Effective fungicide applications and disease control programmes were developed for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.. - Appropriate nursery management strategies that reduce anthracnose disease development were developed. - Variability in germplasm reaction to the disease was demonstrated and therefore tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified. - A technique for rapid and accurate evaluation of leaf anthracnose symptom grades was developed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / Unrestricted