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This thesis is a revised history of the Royal Niger Company. It seeks to include perspectives and narratives missing from the company's history. These are the contribution of its African employees to the company's trading and military operations as well as the link between the company's need for managers and skilled artisans that could work in the disease climate of the Niger with the rise of a new social class in West Africa. This class here, referred to as Anglicized Africans, came into existence as Africans acquired western education and artisan training in missionary schools on the West Coast of Africa. Without the Anglicized Africans, maintaining trading stations and steam vessels on the Niger would not have been possible. At the same time, working for the company gave Anglicized Africans opportunities for material and social advancement not available to other indigenous people. The Anglicized Africans who worked with the RNC in the early colonial phase of company rule would later play a critical role in colonial politics and anti-colonial nationalism. This study draws attention to their antecedents to help us better understand their later role in the colonial and post-colonial states. The thesis also explores how the company's operations affected existing social and political structures in West Africa. The most significant conflicts were the company's wars with the Nembe Kingdom and the Sokoto Caliphate. The internal political changes within the Nembe Kingdom due to the Akassa War have not been discussed in previous company histories. This revised history of the company explains how conflict with the RNC caused the balance of power within the Nembe state to shift to a previously marginalized Christian faction led by Anglicized Africans. The thesis also expands on the company's operation of a fully functioning army of African and European soldiers, the largest British fighting force on the Niger from 1886 to 1899. The tactics and strategy of this semi-autonomous military force are explored for the first time, and the integration of the Constabulary into the West African Frontier Force is covered in more detail than has previously been done. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis is a revised history of the Royal Niger Company. It seeks to include perspectives and narratives missing from the company's history. Previous histories of the company have not sufficiently included the perspectives of the Africans who interacted with the company as employees, customers, competitors, and adversaries. This dissertation seeks to remedy this problem by using archival sources to glean information about the lives and perspectives of these Africans. It also covers the conflicts between the company and indigenous polities, especially the Akassa War, in more detail than has previously been done. It also seeks to clarify the somewhat muddled history of the transition of the Royal Niger Constabulary into the West African Frontier Force. The Constabulary was a precursor of the Frontier Force, and the transition of its personnel and traditions into the new force is one of the lasting legacies of the company.

codirection : Emmanuel Milot (Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières) / La bioarchéologie donne un accès inédit à l’histoire des populations passées à travers l’analyse directe des restes humains. Au Québec, peu d’études bioarchéologiques explorent l’histoire des populations à grande échelle durant la période coloniale en raison de divers facteurs (ex. fouilles peu exhaustives des cimetières en raison de mandats limités, mauvaise conservation des squelettes, aspects historiques minimisés comme la traite des esclaves). Seules les études génétiques, généalogiques et démographiques ont permis de constituer un portrait phylogénétique des différentes populations qui ont cohabité depuis les premières colonies européennes. Cette thèse vise à appliquer des approches méthodologiques issues de la morphométrie géométrique 3D pour contribuer à explorer l’histoire coloniale à travers la variation phénotypique de l’os temporal. L’os temporal qui constitue la partie latérale (voire basale) du crâne est l’un des ossements les mieux préservés dans les collections bioarchéologiques au Québec. Comme cet os formé très tôt in utero est reconnu pour être moins influencé par les pressions environnementales externes, sa morphologie reflète des signaux biologiques directement hérités des ancêtres. Un total de 214 os temporaux issus de sept cimetières coloniaux ; cinq catholiques (ascendance française) et deux protestants (ascendance britannique) établis dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent ont été numérisés en 3D au moyen de la photogrammétrie. Des analyses en morphométrie géométrique 3D ont permis d’explorer la variation phénotypique au niveau intra — et inter-régional des cimetières qui retracent des périodes clefs de l’histoire coloniale ; de la formation de la Nouvelle-France sous le régime colonial français, à sa capitulation au profit du régime colonial britannique, jusqu’à l’ère industrielle (XVII-XIXe siècles). Les résultats morphométriques ont révélé une différenciation régionale significative entre tous les cimetières catholiques canadiens-français. Ils montrent notamment (i) la faible variation morphologique observée à Montréal au cours de deux siècles d’occupation coloniale, et (ii) des différences morphologiques significatives entre les cimetières catholiques les plus anciens, reflétant une régionalisation rapide des populations liée à l’effet fondateur, aux goulots d’étranglement et à un éventuel isolement géographique entre la ville et la campagne. L’absence de différences entre le cimetière protestant de Saint-Laurent (Montréal) et tous les cimetières catholiques récents, par rapport au cimetière protestant de Saint-Matthew (Québec), pourrait indiquer la présence potentielle d’individus irlandais. Les cimetières Saint-Lawrence et Saint-Antoine étaient tous deux en usage durant les importantes migrations irlandaises et épisodes épidémiques qui ont causé une importante mortalité chez ses populations. Enfin, trois individus d’origine potentiellement non européenne ont été identifiés dans les cimetières protestants de Saint-Matthew à Québec (n=2 ; ascendance africaine ou métissée) et dans le cimetière catholique de Notre-Dame à Montréal (n=1 ; ascendance autochtone ou métissée). Les deux cimetières reflètent deux périodes importantes : (i) le développement de la colonisation française (Notre-Dame, 1683-1799) et (ii) britannique (Saint-Matthew, 1771-1860). Ces deux périodes et lieux ont également connu la plus forte concentration d’esclaves ; ce qui indique le potentiel statut social de ces trois individus. Cette recherche met en évidence les avantages de l’utilisation de l’os temporal et de la morphométrie géométrique pour documenter la variation inter — et intra-groupe au niveau phénotypique de populations passées apparentées. Ces nouveaux outils méthodologiques offrent des alternatives aux contraintes taphonomiques tout en minimisant la manipulation des restes humains archéologiques. Combinées à des approches éthiques basées sur la réciprocité, ces méthodes démocratiques permettent d’engager plus activement les communautés de descendants dans le domaine de la bioarchéologie, pour à terme, faciliter les demandes de rapatriement et ramatriement, particulièrement dans le cas d’individus sans documentation précise ni contexte archéologique. / Bioarchaeology provides unique access to past population histories through the direct analysis of human remains. In Quebec, few bioarchaeological studies explore the history and processes of admixture during the colonial period, due to a variety of factors (e.g. limited cemetery excavations, poor skeletal conservation, neglected historical aspects such as the slave trade). Only genetic, genealogical and demographic studies have provided a phylogenetic overview of the different populations that have lived alongside each other since the first European colonies. This thesis aims to apply innovative conceptual and methodological approaches to help in exploring colonial history through phenotypic variation. The temporal bone, which forms the lateral (or basal) part of the skull, is one of the bestpreserved bones in general, and in bioarchaeological collections in Quebec in particular. Because this bone is formed in utero, it is known to be less influenced by external environmental pressures. Its morphology reflects biological signals directly inherited from ancestors. Temporal bones (n=214) from seven colonial cemeteries, five Catholic and two Protestant ones, in the St. Lawrence Valley were digitized in 3D using photogrammetry. Geometric morphometric analyses explored phenotypic variation at intra- and inter-regional levels for cemeteries that illustrate key periods of colonial history; from the formation of New France under French colonization to its handover under British colonization through to the industrial era (17th-19th centuries). Morphometric results revealed significant regional differentiation between all French-Canadian Catholic cemeteries. They demonstrate (i) low morphological variation observed in Montreal over two centuries of colonial occupation, and (ii) significant morphological differences between the oldest Catholic cemeteries. It reflects, rapid regionalization linked to the founder effect, bottlenecks and possible geographical isolation between city and countryside. The absence of differences between the Protestant cemetery of Saint-Lawrence (Montreal) and all recent Catholic cemeteries, compared with the Protestant cemetery of Saint-Matthew (Quebec), could indicate the potential presence of Irish individuals. Finally, three individuals of potentially non-European origin were documented in the Protestant cemeteries of Saint-Matthew in Quebec City (n=2; African ancestry or admixed) and in the Catholic cemetery of Notre-Dame in Montreal (n=1; Indigenous ancestry or admixed). Both cemeteries reflect two important periods: (i) French colonization (NotreDame, 1683-1799); (ii) followed by British colonization (Saint-Matthew, 1771-1860). Both periods and locations also had the highest concentration of slaves, indicating their potential social status. This research highlights the benefits of using temporal bone and geometric morphometrics to document, inter- and intra-group variation at the phenotypic level and investigate colonial variability along the St. Lawrence Valley. These new methodological tools offer alternatives to taphonomic constraints while minimizing the manipulation of archaeological human remains. Combined with ethical approaches based on reciprocity, these democratic methods make it possible to engage descendant communities more actively in the field of bioarcheology, ultimately with the aim of easing repatriation and rematriation requests -especially in the case of individuals without precise documentation or archaeological context.

Die vorliegende Dissertation bietet eine Ethnographie über die Musealisierung der Migration in Paris und Berlin an. Die Autorin stellt fest, dass trotz klarer Unterschiede zwischen den beiden nationalen, politischen Landschaften, viele Differenzen verschwinden, wenn die Kolonialgeschichte berücksichtigt wird. Die Arbeit kombiniert Ethnographien und Theorien und zeigt auf, wie die Repräsentation der Migration an die Kolonial – und Imperialgeschichte gebunden ist. Dies bedeutet, dass ältere Repräsentationen der „Anderen” (wie “Eingeborenen/Primitiven“) immer noch präsent sind, und zwar als Teil der Repräsentationen von „Immigranten“. Aus dieser Perspektive werden Bilder von “Europa” und den “Anderen” neu konfiguriert. Die Arbeit zeigt weiterhin, dass in Frankreich und Deutschland die jeweiligen Repräsentationen der „Anderen/Immigranten“ sehr ähnlich sind, denn in beiden Ländern steht die Migrationsmusealisierung für eine selektive Integration von Diversität und Mobilität in den jeweiligen nationalen Gemeinschaften. Dennoch, und auch das zeigt die Arbeit, werden die Bilder des „nationalen/Eigenen“ in beiden Ländern unterschiedlich gestaltet. Aufgrund dessen emergieren zwei Felder: eine Europäische Zone (von EU-Mitgliedern) und eine Nichteuropäische Zone (von sog. „Immigranten“). Die Disertation analysiert das konfliktive Aufeinandertreffen der beiden Felder im Museum mit Hilfe des Konzepts der Kontaktzonen. Dieses Konzept ermöglicht eine ethnographische Annäherung an komplexe Diskussionen über Moderne, Gender, Rassismus, Nationalismus und Staatsbürgerschaft, welche immer in Debatten zum Thema Migration auftauchen. Darüber hinaus reflektiert die Arbeit den Impact dieser Konflikte auf das Europäische und nationale Kollektivgedächtnis aus einer Machtperspektive. Somit bietet sie eine Reflextion über Europäische und nationale Erinnerungslandschaften an und schlägt vor, dass diese aus verschiedenen formen kollektiver Gedächtnisse zusammengesetzt werden können. / This dissertation is an ethnography about the field of the museumization of migration in Paris and Berlin. After having begun with a recognition of the visible differences between the national landscapes of France and Germany, the ethographer’s conclusion shifted into the opposite direction: the differences at the level of the “national” actually blur when colonial and imperial history are taken into account. Based on a combination of ethnographies and theory, this thesis shows how the representation of migration is historically connected with colonial history. This means that former representations of the “other” (the “indigenous” and the “primitive”) continue to exist today, but now attached to the figure of the “immigrant”. From this perspective, images of “Europe” and its “others” emerge anew in the present context. This thesis shows how, in both France and Germany, respective representations of the “others/immigrants” are very similar. In both countries, official representations of migration stand for how each nation selects and integrates diversity and mobility into the national narrative. On the other hand, images of the “national self” differ drastically between France and Germany. In this way, two distinctive fields emerge, namely: the European zone (made up of EU-nationals) and the non-European zone (made up of so called “immigrants”). In this thesis, the (conflicting) coming together of both fields at the museum is approached through the concept of the contact zone. This concept allows an ethnographic approach towards complex discussions about modernity, gender, racism, nationhood and citizenship – all of which emerge through the topic of migration. Finally, this thesis reflects on the impact of these conflicts on the making of “European” and “national” collective memories by looking at these debates from a power perspective and thus opening the path for the coexistence of collective memories in the public spaces of national and European landscapes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Crisney Tritapeppi Ferreira.pdf: 722810 bytes, checksum: 732bab8fd14a78c9b984dbf550e26530 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-31 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This paper's objective is the study of the education in the XVIII century Capitania de São Paulo gatherings, between the to came jesuits expelling and the pombalinas public instructions reforms. The proof method developed by the historian Carlo Ginburg is the reference to analyse this micro-history. The oraganization of thie study is based on the hgistoric of gatherings creation, indian population ethnic indentification, pombalinas reforms creations and the conflict with the jesuits, that ended up making possilbe the creation of a civil directory to the indian population and the indians education's orientation directed to the work and n ot ot the elementaries studies (read, write and tell) / O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo da educação nos aldeamentos da Capitania de São Paulo no século XVIII, entre o advento da expulsão dos jesuítas e as reformas pombalinas da instrução pública. O método indiciário desenvolvido pelo historiador Carlo Ginzburg é o referencial para analisar esta micro-história. A organização deste estudo se desenvolve com base no histórico da criação dos aldeamentos, da identificação étnica das populações indígenas, da instauração das reformas pombalinas e do conflito com os jesuítas, o que acabou permeando a criação de um diretório civil para as populações indígenas e a orientação da educação indígena voltada para o trabalho e não para os estudos elementares (ler, escrever e contar)

By focusing on the “nature” of mapping, this thesis falls under the category of critical cartography closely associated with the work of Brian Harley in the 1980s and early 1990s. As such the purpose of this research is to highlight the historical context of British maps, map-making and map-reading in relation to West Africa between 1749 and 1841. I argue that maps lie near the heart of Britain’s interactions with West Africa though their appearance, construction and use evolved dramatically during this period. By beginning this study with a prominent French example (Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville’s 1749 “Afrique”) I show how British map-makers adapted cartography from France for their own purposes before circumstances encouraged the development of new materials. Because of the limited opportunities to make enquiries in the region and the relatively few people involved in affecting change to the map’s content, this thesis highlights the episodes and manufactured narratives which feature in the chronology of evolving cartographies. This study concludes with the failure of the 1841 Niger Expedition, when Britain’s humanitarian agenda saw the attempted establishment of a model farm on banks of the Niger River and the negotiation of anti-slave trade treaties with nearby Africans. The cartography and geographical knowledge which supported this scheme is in stark contrast with what existed in the mid-eighteenth century. More than simply illustrating geographical and ethnographical information though, these maps helped inform Britons about themselves and I argue that much of what occurs here features prominently in national discourses about identity, civilization and the justification of British efforts to improve Africa.

What must we transform in ourselves as white settlers to become open to the possibility of ethical, respectful, authentic relationships with Indigenous peoples and Indigenous lands? Situating this research in Stó:lō Téméxw (Stó:lō lands/world) and in relationships with Stó:lō people, this question has become an effort to understand what it means to be xwelítem and how white settlers might transform xwelítem ways of being towards more ethical ways of being. Xwelítem is a Halq’eméylem concept used by Stó:lō people which translates as the hungry, starving ones, and is often used to refer to ways of being many Stó:lō associate with white settler colonial society, past and present. Drawing on insights and wisdom of Stó:lō and settler mentors I consider three aspects of xwelítem ways of being. First, to be xwelítem is to erase Stó:lō presence, culture and nationhood, colonial history and contemporary colonial realities of Indigenous oppression and dispossession, and settler privilege. Second, being xwelítem means attempting to dominate, control, and repress those who are painted as “inferior” in dominant cultural narratives, it means plugging into racist colonial narratives and stereotypes. Third, being xwelítem is to be hungry and greedy, driven by consumption and lacking respect, reverence and reciprocity for the land. Guided by Indigenous and decolonizing methodologies, critical place inquiry, narrative therapy, and autoethnography, I shape three narratives that speak to each aspect of being xwelítem, looking back towards its roots and forward towards pathways of transformation. I draw on interviews and experiences with Stó:lō and settler mentors, personal narratives, family history, and literature from critical Indigenous studies, anti-colonial theory, settler colonial studies, analytic psychology, and critical race theory. I aim to share what I have learned from rather than about Stó:lō culture, stories, teachings, and practices as these have been shared in relationships and as they have pushed me towards seeing anew myself and my family, communities, histories, and cultures. I have also walked this path as I have become a mom, and the co-alignment of these journeys has meant a focus on my role as a parent in recognizing and intervening with becoming/being xwelítem as it influences my daughter. I specifically center the space of intergenerational parent-child relationships and intimate family experiences as a deep influence on developing white settler subjectivities, and therefore also a relational space of profound transformative potential. I end with a call for settlers to offer our gifts towards the wellbeing of the land and Indigenous peoples through cycles of reciprocity as a basis for ethical relationships. Transforming white settler subjectivities is situated within the broader vision of participating in co-resistance, reparations and restitution, of bringing about justice and harmony, which inherently involves supporting the self-determination and resurgence of Indigenous peoples. / Graduate

Cette thèse étudie les crises et les reconfigurations de la relation d'autorité au sein de l'année française entre 1954 et 1966. La guerre d'Algérie apparaît comme le point d'aboutissement de nombreux écrits théorico-pratiques visant à donner l'initiative aux chefs et à instituer l'obéissance active des soldats. Sur le terrain du commandement, la guerre d'Algérie consacre l'initiative des petits chefs, où chacun peut faire sa règle. Pourtant, la relation d'autorité est minée par des phénomènes de concurrences entre chefs, qui se disputent pour obtenir des honneurs et des résultats. Dans le cadre d'une armée de masse, de nombreuses contre-autorités émergent pour contrer, annuler ou parfois collaborer avec l'autorité hiérarchique. Les soldats, se font critiques et commettent des actes de résistance dans le dos de l'autorité. En prenant appui sur le TPF A de Constantine, nous avons pris soin de compter et d 'historiciser les formes de désobéissance enregistrées, mais aussi de décrire les profils de ceux qui commettent des atteintes à la relation d'autorité. Ces désobéissances sont d'abord fortes, caractérisant l'entrée en guerre entre 1954 et 1957. Pendant le temps fort de la guerre (1957-1961), les désobéissances restent nombreuses, mais les sanctions se concentrent sur les faits les plus graves, si bien qu'elles semblent se tasser. La fin de la guerre (1961-1966), entre le putsch et le départ des forces françaises, est marquée par une véritable crise de la discipline, suivie de nombreuses réformes découlant de la guerre d'Algérie, visant à refonder le lien entre l'armée et les citoyens-soldats. / This thesis studies the crises and reconfigurations of authority within the French am1y from 1954 to 1966. The Algerian war appears as the end point of many theoretical and practical writings aiming at endowing chiefs with initiatives and at establishing active submission on the part of soldiers. At the level of leadership, the Algerian war sanctions small chiefs' initiative that allows them to make their own rules. And yet, power relations are undermined by phenomena of competition between chiefs who fight between themselves to obtain honours and results. ln the context of a mass am1y many counter-power emerge to counter, cancel or sometimes collaborate with hierarchical authority. The soldiers become the cri tics of such practices and commit acts of resistance in the back of the hierarchy. By building on the TPF A of Constantine, we meticulously index and historicise the forms of disobedience recorded but we also describe the profiles of those who breached these power relations. These acts of disobedience are strong during the period of the beginning of the war between 1954 and 1957. During the high of the war (1957-1961), the acts of disobedience stay plenty but the sanctions only focus on the most serious cases thus giving the impression that they diminished. The end of the war ( 1961-1966), between the putsch and the departure of the French am1y, is marked by a crisis of discipline that leads to a series of reforms aiming at rebuilding the relations between the army and the citizen­-soldiers.

There is a wide range of contemporary publications dealing with Maji Mai War in German East Africa (1905-1907) during which mor than 100000 people lost their lives as a consequence of brutal fighting, deliberate destruction and famine. Only three of these publications were written by Africans. The Swahili text reprinted here attests the view of Mzee bin Ramadhani, the headman (liwali) of Songea town, after colonial military had gained the upper hand in June 1906. It contains polemic statements against leaders and supporters of the Maji Maji movement and depicts aspects of mutual support of colonial officers and Swahili residents from a local perspective. His article as a whole presents the colonial regime as a non-interfering and supportive factor in regard to the Swahili Diaspora. Thus it is reasonable to assume that in his eyes succesful Swahili men were at least equal in many respects (e.g. linguistic competence, social experience, religious conviction) rather than inferior according to colonial understanding.

Text in Afrikaans / In this thesis the term post-colonialism in the Afrikaans drama is investigated, focussing on the post-sixties. The term post-colonialism is difficult to define. Not only are theories of post-colonialism in a state of continuous flux and shifting emphasis, but as a result of different colonial dominations, separate identities have been constructed in South-Africa; so that defining the terms colonial, post colonial and post-colonial proves to be even more problematic. The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the Afrikaans drama fits into these discourses. The basic point of departure is the fact that post-colonialism played a considerable role in the development of the Afrikaans drama, at the same time providing a more varied scope. The research covers several aspects of post-colonialism in Afrikaans drama; each dealt with in a separate chapter. A multitude of perspectives are featured within the broader discourse in order to obtain multiple norms and standards in a phase of self-criticism. The focus falls mainly on themes and not on performance aspects. New perspectives on issues such as canon texts, silence, hero-worship, the portrayal of woman, patriarchy, and neo-colonialism are presented (chapter 1). In chapter 2 focus falls on the period before 1960, and notably the question of nationalism (associated with apartheid) and the portrayal of the Afrikaner. The literary canon, forms of violence and the position of the super-Afrikaner are viewed in a new light during the re-writing of post-colonial history and the resulting paradigm shifts after 1960. Renewed emphasis is placed on discourse concerning land (chapter 3). Contrasting concepts regarding race, class, language, gender and religion are reconsidered in order to contribute towards the heterogeneous nature of post-colonialism (chapter 4). The function of theatre is to re-evaluate in the context of a post-1994 democratic system. Texts now focus especially on empowerment, re-discovery and re-ordering of history, reconciliation, inter-cultural contact and a post-apartheid syndrome (chapter 5). Anti-hegemonic resistance in Afrikaans literature since the sixties has confronted writers with the challenge of depicting or creating a larger post-colonial reality through their texts. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)