À la Martinique au XVIIIe siècle, les « libres de couleur », qu’ils soient nés libres ou affranchis, noirs ou métis, forment une catégorie juridique distincte des Blancs et des esclaves. L’étude comparée, avec les territoires espagnols ou anglais, montre qu’aucune réglementation légale n’a officialisé un passage de la catégorie Libre de couleur à celle de Blanc dans les colonies françaises de la fin du XVIIe siècle à la Révolution française. Aussi, cette thèse se propose de montrer les processus officieux qui ont permis à certaines personnes – les « assimilés » – de franchir la barrière de couleur. Une réflexion a été menée sur le préjugé de couleur, système raciste dont l’idéologie, soutenue par la réglementation locale, a légitimé la construction collective d’un ordre public et social. Puis, on a examiné l’élaboration de la barrière de couleur. Les libres de couleur ont été les premiers à faire les frais de l’imperméabilisation de la ligne de démarcation et des problèmes posés par la pureté de sang ; mais les Blancs mésalliés, dans le cadre d’unions interraciales, et les Amérindiens ont aussi été visés. Enfin nous avons réfléchi à ce qui faisait la blancheur et aux stratégies adoptées pour réussir ce changement de statut. Le notariat et les 33 000 actes des registres paroissiaux traités ont donné lieu à la reconstitution de généalogies pour examiner des individus et des familles sur plusieurs générations ; on a ainsi observé l’importance du phénotype, le blanchiment, la légitimité des relations, les conjoints privilégiés, le choix des réseaux, les niveaux de fortune et l’usage de l’espace. / In Martinique in the eighteenth century, the "free people of color", both those free by birth and freedmen, black or mixed race, form a legal category, which was distinct from those of whites and slaves. Comparative studies with Spanish or English territories show that no legal regulation formalized a shift - from the category of free colored people to that of White - in the French colonies between the late seventeenth century and the French Revolution. Also, this thesis proposes to show the informal process that enabled some people - the "assimilated" - to cross the color barrier. I analysed the color prejudice, a racist system, whose ideology, supported by local regulations, legitimized the collective construction of a public and social order. In a second step, I examined the development of the color bar. The free colored people were the first to bear the brunt of the impermeability of the demarcation line and of the problems posed by the purity of blood; but some whites, through interracial unions, and Native Americans have also been targeted. Finally I thought about what made the whiteness, and the strategies to achieve whiteness, change in status. Notarial acts and 33,000 acts of parish registers treaties led to the reconstitution of genealogies, in order to examine individuals and families over generations; I observed the importance of the phenotype, whitening, legitimacy relations, privileged partners, choice of networks, wealth levels and the use of space.

Xi, Hongyan. / "December 2010." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-176). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Muitas atividades da rotina humana são codificadas por cor. Disfunções na percepção das cores podem ocorrer por um grande número de causas, sejam elas congênitas ou adquiridas. A ênfase sobre o mais preciso levantamento de dados confirma que a prevalência de deficiência de indivíduos do sexo masculino caucasianos europeus é de cerca de 8% e que a prevalência em populações asiáticas é entre 4% e 5%. No ano de 2015, Bastos desenvolveu um questionário para avaliação do impacto da discromatopsia entre indivíduos adultos. Medir aspectos psicossociais, processos psíquicos e comportamentais envolve uma série de conteúdos matemáticos e caracterizações que podem ajudar a mostrar a validade e confiabilidade de perguntas e respostas por mais simples que pareça esse processo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a fidedignidade desse questionário e adequá-lo a uma futura análise fatorial. Pudemos observar que o constructo QUESTIONÁRIO PILOTO DE AVALIAÇÃO DO IMPACTO DA DISCROMATOPSIA CONGÊNITA é multidimensional. A ferramenta que foi escolhida para avalia-lo demonstra que seu item tem objetividade, simplicidade, clareza, relevância, precisão, variedade, modalidade, tipicidade e credibilidade. Esses critérios foram avaliados por juízes com desempenho habitual em interpretação de textos. O coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach demonstra uma congruência sólida entre os itens do questionário. Mesmo quando esse foi avaliado em suas dimensões, os coeficientes continuaram significantemente relacionados mostrando que essa é uma ferramenta de qualidade. Os resultados demonstram que o constructo apresenta boa fidedignidade e é de fundamental importância pois os métodos psicofísicos não correlacionam a suas análises ao real impacto que a alteração de visão de cores pode causar nesse grupo populacional / Many human routine activities are color-coded. Dysfunctions in the perception of colors can occur for a great number of causes, whether they are congenital or acquired. The emphasis on the most accurate data collection confirms that the prevalence of European Caucasian male deficiency is approximatedely 8% and that the prevalence in Asian populations is between 4% and 5%. In 2015, Bastos developed a questionnaire to assess the impact of dyschromatopsia among adult subjects. Measuring psychosocial aspects, psychic and behavioral processes involves a series of mathematical content and characterizations that can help show the validity and reliability of questions and answers as simple as this process may seem. The objective of this study was to analyze the reliability of this questionnaire and to adapt it for future factorial analyses. We could observe that the construct \"PILOT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF CONGENITAL DISCROMATOPSY\" is multidimensional. The tool that has been chosen to evaluate it demonstrates that its items have objectivity, simplicity, clarity, relevance, precision, variety, modality, typicity and credibility. These criteria were evaluated by judges with a permissive performance in the interpretation of texts. Cronbach\'s Alfa coefficient demonstrates a solid congruence between the items in the questionnaire. Even when it was evaluated in its dimensions, the coefficients continued to be significantly related, showing that this is a quality tool. The results demonstrate that the construct presents good reliability and is of fundamental importance since the psychophysical methods do not correlate their analyses with the real impact that the alteration of color vision can cause in this population group

Este trabalho objetiva analisar as composições cromáticas aplicadas, no ambiente hospitalar, buscando uma correlação entre as cores usadas, nas composições e no bem-estar físico, psicológico, emocional e social de pacientes hospitalares, tendo em vista possíveis influências ao tratamento terapêutico de cura. Partiu-se do princípio que o ambiente construído influencia ações, sentimentos e emoções humanas. A cor, sendo um dos principais elementos da arquitetura, participa ativamente às respostas humanas decorrentes de sua interação com o ambiente. O estudo compreendeu as questões relativas às cores em todos os seus aspectos e as inúmeras possibilidades de suas aplicações na arquitetura. Focou-se o estudo, no ambiente hospitalar, que vem passando por reformulações, guiadas por pesquisas, nas áreas da psicologia ambiental, neurociência e psicofísica. Levantando-se as recentes conceituações e diretrizes projetuais para o design do ambiente hospitalar, foi possível verificar a ocorrência das composições cromáticas como elementos transformadores. Por fim, para demonstrar as relações que se estabeleceram entre as composições cromáticas, o design do ambiente hospitalar e a promoção à saúde, constituindo projetos denominados de Hospitais do Futuro, foram apresentados três casos, cujos projetos ilustram representativamente as questões debatidas neste trabalho. Ao se realçar o papel das composições cromáticas e do design hospitalar, no processo de recuperação da saúde e no bem-estar dos usuários, evidenciou-se o papel do arquiteto como agente central, possibilitando e criando condições ideais para o tratamento terapêutico e para o desenvolvimento das atividades. Foi identificado, como resultado da pesquisa, que o design, capaz dessas transformações, deve, acima de tudo, considerar a variedade de estímulos, e voltando-se às composições cromáticas, representa as variedades de matizes, a contraposição de brilho das superfícies e o uso de contrastes. / This paper aims to analyze the chromatic compositions applied in the hospital environment, looking for a correlation between the colors used in the compositions and the physical, psychological, emotional and social well-being of the hospital patients, with a view to its possible influence in therapeutic healing. It started from the assumption that the built environment influences in actions, feelings and human emotions. The color, one of the main elements of architecture, participates actively in the responses resulting from human interaction with the environment. The study included questions relating to color in all its aspects and the many possibilities of its applications in architecture. It was also focused in the hospital environment, subject that has been under reformulations guided by researches in the fields of environmental psychology, neuroscience and psychophysics. Raising the recent conceptualizations and projective guidelines for the hospital environment design, it was possible to detect the chromatic compositions as elements capable to transform. Finally, to demonstrate the relationships established between the chromatic compositions, the design of hospitals environment and health promotion, composing projects named as \"Hospitals of the Future\", three cases were presented, whose projects representatively illustrate the issues discussed in this paper. By highlighting the function of chromatic compositions of the hospital environment design in the process of regaining the users health and well-being, the role of the architect as a central agent was demonstrated, enabling and creating ideal conditions for the therapeutic treatment and for the activities development. As a result of the research, it was identified that the design capable of these transformations must above all consider the variety of stimuli, and turning to the chromatic compositions, it represents the variety of hues, the contraposition of the surface brightness and the use of contrasts.

A presente pesquisa consiste em analisar a solidez da cor dos substratos têxteis à lavagem, perante a utilização de detergentes em pó comerciais, e comparar com a utilização do detergente pó padrão previsto na norma ABNT NBR ISO 105-C06: Têxteis Ensaios de solidez da cor parte C06: Solidez da cor à lavagem doméstica e comercial. Para que as variáveis do substrato têxtil: a) composição; b) preparação para o tingimento; c) processo de tingimento; d) intensidade da cor; e) classe de corante. E as do processo de lavagem: temperaturas não comprometessem a conclusão da pesquisa, contemplou-se o controle de todas elas, de forma que, a única variável foi o tipo de detergente em pó utilizado, para tanto, levou-se em consideração: a) utilizado substratos 100% algodão, 100% poliéster, 100% poliamida e 100% acrílico; b) preparação para garantir a homogeneidade das amostras; c) substratos tintos em cores claras, médias e escuras; d) utilizadas classes de corantes que possuem boa solidez à lavagem; e) lavagem a 40ºC e a 60ºC. Foi utilizado um ambiente integrado contemplando equipamentos de laboratório para preparação, tingimento das amostras e para os ensaios de solidez da cor à lavagem, segundo a norma técnica específica. Os corpos de prova, após o processo de lavagem, foram submetidos à avaliação da alteração da cor, de acordo com a norma ABNT NBR ISO 105-A05: Têxteis Ensaios de solidez da cor parte A05: Avaliação instrumental da alteração da cor para classificação na escala cinza. Os resultados dos ensaios apontaram que somente os substratos 100% algodão e 100% poliamida, cor clara, lavados com detergentes comerciais apresentam resultados divergentes dos lavados com detergente padrão. Já os demais substratos não apresentaram alterações significativas quando comparados aos resultados obtidos na lavagem com o detergente padrão, o que aponta que o tipo de detergente utilizado no ensaio não influencia no resultado / The present research consists in analyzing the fastness of colors in textile substrates to washing, in relation to the use of commercial powder detergents, and compare it with the use of the standard detergent powder according to ABNT NBR ISO 105-C06: Textiles - color fastness of C06: Color fastness to domestic and commercial washing. So that the variables of the textile substrate: a) composition; b) preparation for dyeing; c) dyeing process; d) color intensity; e) dye class. And the of washing process: temperature, did not compromise the conclusion of the research, it was contemplated the control of them all, so that the only variable was the type of detergent powder used, for that, it was taken into consideration: a) used 100% cotton, 100% polyester, 100% polyamide and 100% acrylic substrates, because they are the most consumed fibers in Brazil; b) preparation to guarantee the homogeneity of the samples; c) red substrates in light, medium and dark colors; d) classes of dyes, which have good wash fastness, were used; e) washing at 40 ° C and at 60 ° C. An integrated environment was used, contemplating laboratory equipment for preparation, dyeing of the samples and the tests of color fastness to the wash, according to the specific technical standard. After the washing process, the specimens were submitted to the color change evaluation according to ABNT NBR ISO 105-A05: Textiles - Color fastness tests part A05: Instrumental evaluation of the color changing for Classification on the gray scale. The results of the tests indicated that only the 100% cotton and 100% polyamide substrates light colored washed with commercial detergents showed divergent results from the standard detergent washings. However, on the other substrates, did not present significant alterations when compared to the substrates obtained in washing with standard detergent, which indicates that the type of Detergent used in the test does not influence the result

This supporting document for the thesis exhibition entitled “Veils: Truth in Translation” will discuss Block’s exploration of painting during her time at East Tennessee State University. The supporting document also provides the historical background and influences which have contributed to Block's overall process and techniques. These influences include the Abstract Expressionists, Carl Jung, Ferdinand de Saussure, John Dewey, Theodor Adorno, Joan Mitchell and Gerhard Richter. In the supporting document Block probes the idea that non-objective painting is more than a language confined by linguistic elements of sign, signifier, and signified, but is a process of thinking, which is communicated on a higher level of perception than verbal speech or visual symbolism. Block will discuss how she translates experiences from the metaphysical realm of feeling and thought to the physical reality of paint and surface which communicates the experience to the viewer.

En segmentation d’images, les informations de couleur et de texture sont très utilisées. Le premier apport de cette thèse se situe au niveau de l’utilisation conjointe de ces deux sources d’informations. Nous proposons alors une méthode de combinaison couleur/texture, adaptative et non paramétrique, qui consiste à combiner un (ou plus) gradient couleur et un (ou plus) gradient texture pour ensuite générer un gradient structurel utilisé comme image de potentiel dans l’algorithme de croissance de régions par LPE. L’originalité de notre méthode réside dans l’étude de la dispersion d’un nuage de point 3D dans l’espace, en utilisant une étude comparative des valeurs propres obtenues par une analyse des composantes principales de la matrice de covariance de ce nuage de points. L’approche de combinaison couleur/texture proposée est d’abord testée sur deux bases d’images, à savoir la base générique d’images couleur de BERKELEY et la base d’images de texture VISTEX. Cette thèse s’inscrivant dans le cadre des projets ViLoc (RFC) et CAPLOC (PREDIT), le deuxième apport de celle-ci se situe au niveau de la caractérisation de l’environnement de réception des signaux GNSS pour améliorer le calcul de la position d’un mobile en milieu urbain. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons d’exclure certains satellites (NLOS dont les signaux sont reçus par réflexion voir totalement bloqués par les obstacles environnants) dans le calcul de la position d’un mobile. Deux approches de caractérisation, basées sur le traitement d’images, sont alors proposées. La première approche consiste à appliquer la méthode de combinaison couleur/texture proposée sur deux bases d’images réelles acquises en mobilité, à l’aide d’une caméra fisheye installée sur le toit du véhicule de laboratoire, suivie d’une classification binaire permettant d’obtenir les deux classes d’intérêt « ciel » (signaux LOS) et « non ciel » (signaux NLOS). Afin de satisfaire la contrainte temps réel exigée par le projet CAPLOC, nous avons proposé une deuxième approche basée sur une simplification de l’image couplée à une classification pixellaire adaptée. Le principe d’exclusion des satellites NLOS permet d’améliorer la précision de la position estimée, mais uniquement lorsque les satellites LOS (dont les signaux sont reçus de manière direct) sont géométriquement bien distribués dans l’espace. Dans le but de prendre en compte cette connaissance relative à la distribution des satellites, et par conséquent, améliorer la précision de localisation, nous avons proposé une nouvelle stratégie pour l’estimation de position, basée sur l’exclusion des satellites NLOS (identifiés par le traitement d’images), conditionnée par l’information DOP, contenue dans les trames GPS. / Color and texture are two main information used in image segmentation. The first contribution of this thesis focuses on the joint use of color and texture information by developing a robust and non parametric method combining color and texture gradients. The proposed color/texture combination allows defining a structural gradient that is used as potential image in watershed algorithm. The originality of the proposed method consists in studying a 3D points cloud generated by color and texture descriptors, followed by an eigenvalue analysis. The color/texture combination method is firstly tested and compared with well known methods in the literature, using two databases (generic BERKELEY database of color images and the VISTEX database of texture images). The applied part of the thesis is within ViLoc project (funded by RFC regional council) and CAPLOC project (funded by PREDIT). In this framework, the second contribution of the thesis concerns the characterization of the environment of GNSS signals reception. In this part, we aim to improve estimated position of a mobile in urban environment by excluding NLOS satellites (for which the signal is masked or received after reflections on obstacles surrounding the antenna environment). For that, we propose two approaches to characterize the environment of GNSS signals reception using image processing. The first one consists in applying the proposed color/texture combination on images acquired in mobility with a fisheye camera located on the roof of a vehicle and oriented toward the sky. The segmentation step is followed by a binary classification to extract two classes « sky » (LOS signals) and « not sky » (NLOS signals). The second approach is proposed in order to satisfy the real-time constraint required by the application. This approach is based on image simplification and adaptive pixel classification. The NLOS satellites exclusion principle is interesting, in terms of improving precision of position, when the LOS satellites (for which the signals are received directly) are well geometrically distributed in space. To take into account the knowledge of satellite distribution and then increase the precision of position, we propose a new strategy of position estimation, based on the exclusion of NLOS satellites (identified by the image processing step), conditioned by DOP information, which is provided by GPS data.

Tracking and understanding human gait is an important step towards improving elderly mobility and safety. This thesis presents a vision-based tracking system that estimates the 3D pose of a wheeled walker user's lower limbs with cameras mounted on the moving walker. The tracker estimates 3D poses from images of the lower limbs in the coronal plane in a dynamic, uncontrolled environment. It employs a probabilistic approach based on particle filtering with three different camera setups: a monocular RGB camera, binocular RGB cameras, and a depth camera. For the RGB cameras, observation likelihoods are designed to compare the colors and gradients of each frame with initial templates that are manually extracted. Two strategies are also investigated for handling appearance change of tracking target: increasing number of templates and using different representations of colors. For the depth camera, two observation likelihoods are developed: the first one works directly in the 3D space, while the second one works in the projected image space. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the tracking system with different users for all three camera setups. It is demonstrated that the trackers with the RGB cameras produce results with higher error as compared to the depth camera, and the strategies for handling appearance change improve tracking accuracy in general. On the other hand, the tracker with the depth sensor successfully tracks the 3D poses of users over the entire video sequence and is robust against unfavorable conditions such as partial occlusion, missing observations, and deformable tracking target.

The relationship between color and music, and their relation to the human being and our surrounding universe has been subject of studies, theories and experiments since the old ages. From the ancient China and Persia to the present times, philosophers, scientists and artists have tried to explain these connections between color and music and also tried to find answers to this ancient enigma. The invention of the color organ c. 1730, an instrument that was intended to display color in addition to the musical auditive experience, was the first attempt to materialize the practical correlation between notes and color. This correlation has its foundation in the ideas of Isaac Newton, who through his book Optics published only a few years earlier, conformed the beginning of a new art culture: “Visual music”, in which image and sound are the fundamental elements in the creative process. The “visual music” concept is not only grounded in the ideas of music and sound, but also in the extraordinary creative capability of certain individuals. In short, those blessed with the gift of synaesthesia, a condition that provides a very small percentage of our population with very unique abilities like seeing color when hearing sound. Synaesthesia, a term that has been surrounded by scepticism and disbelief until the middle of the 19th century, will be the ingredient that would open for a complete new world of creative experiences, and became one of the main subjects of investigation and creation for many modern artists like Kandinsky and Klee, poets like Baudelaire, and composers like Skrjabin, Schoenberg or Wagner. In this essay, I’ll create three different studies in which image and sound will be combined to conform unique works. And based on my own synesthetic experience, I will approach my own creative process with the intention of analyzing it and explain how this correlation of image and sound works from my own and subjective artistic perspective.

Content-based retrieval of multimedia data has been still an active research area. The efficient retrieval of video data is proven a difficult task for content-based video retrieval systems. In this thesis study, a Content-Based Video Retrieval (CBVR) system that adapts two different index structures, namely Slim-Tree and BitMatrix, for efficiently retrieving videos based on low-level features such as color, texture, shape and motion is presented. The system represents low-level features of video data with MPEG-7 Descriptors extracted from video shots by using MPEG-7 reference software and stored in a native XML database. The low-level descriptors used in the study are Color Layout (CL), Dominant Color (DC), Edge Histogram (EH), Region Shape (RS) and Motion Activity (MA). Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operator in Slim-Tree and BitMatrix aggregates these features to find final similarity between any two objects. The system supports three different types of queries: exact match queries, k-NN queries and range queries. The experiments included in this study are in terms of index construction, index update, query response time and retrieval efficiency using ANMRR performance metric and precision/recall scores. The experimental results show that using BitMatrix along with Ordered Weighted Averaging method is superior in content-based video retrieval systems.