Materials have traditionally been selected for the design of a product; however, advances in the understanding of material processing along with simulation and computation techniques are now making it possible to systematically design materials by tailoring the properties of the material to achieve the desired product performance. Material design offers the potential to increase design freedom and enable improved product performance; however, this increase in design freedom brings with it significant complexity in predictive models used for design, as well as many new design variables to consider. Material selection, on the other hand, is a well-established method for identifying the best materials for a product and does not require the complex models needed for material design. But material selection inherently limits the design of products by only considering existing materials. To balance increasing design costs with potentially improved product performance, designers must have a method for assessing the value of material design in the context of product design. In this thesis, the Design Space Expansion Strategy (DSES) and the Value of Design Space Expansion (VDSE) metric are proposed for supporting a designer s decision between material selection and material design in the context of product design. The strategy consists of formulating and solving two compromise Decision Support Problems (cDSP). The first cDSP is formulated and solved using a selected baseline material. The second cDSP is formulated and solved in an expanded material design space defined by material property variables in addition to other system variables. The two design solutions are then compared using the VDSE metric to quantify the value of expanding the material design space. This strategy is demonstrated in this thesis with an example of blast resistant panel design and is validated by application of the validation square, a framework for the validating design methods.

This thesis aims at analyzing the reasons for the insoluble nature of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The reasons behind the continuation of the conflict are various. However, this thesis mainly concentrated on the ones stemmed from the clash of Arab nationalism and Zionism. This clash basically represents the failure of both sides in making any concession from their territorial attachments which resulted from Arab nationalism and Zionism. Though both nationalisms were constructed on the same founding factors such as religion, territory and culture, Arab nationalists and Zionists gained different positions during the conflict. These positions determined the future of all of the peace processes in the near past. All peace processes that had focused on the solution of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict displayed that any formulation for a last settlement to the conflict should take into consideration the inability of the parties to agree on a territorial compromise and the adoption by both sides of the continuation of the conflict as a political instrument.

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία πραγματεύεται το πρόβλημα του σχεδιασμού του ωρολογίου προγράμματος μαθημάτων ενός εκπαιδευτικού ιδρύματος και πιο συγκεκριμένα ενός πανεπιστημίου. Λόγω της πολυπλοκότητας και της ύπαρξης πολυάριθμων μεταβλητών και παραμέτρων το πρόβλημα ανήκει στην κατηγορία των NP-complete προβλημάτων, γεγονός που κάνει την εξεύρεση της βέλτιστης λύσης μία πολύ δύσκολη υπόθεση. Η βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση έδειξε ότι έχουν προταθεί και εφαρμόζονται πολλές και διαφορετικές μεθοδολογίες επίλυσης του προβλήματος. Οι τεχνικές προέρχονται από πολλούς και διαφορετικούς τομείς όπως για παράδειγμα το μαθηματικό προγραμματικό, τον ακέραιο γραμμικό προγραμματισμό, τις μετα-ευρετικές μεθόδους, αλλά και από τον χώρο της Τεχνητής Νοημοσύνης. Η μέθοδος επίλυσης, που προτείνεται από την παρούσα εργασία, είναι η πολυκριτηριακή ανάλυση βασιζόμενη στον συναινετικό προγραμματισμό (compromise programming). Η εφαρμογή της μεθόδου σε δεδομένα προβλημάτων ωρολογίου προγραμματισμού, είχε πολύ ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα, καθώς προεκύψαν ποιοτικά ωρολόγια προγράμματα, που ικανοποιούσαν όλους τους περιορισμούς. / The timetabling problem constists in scheduling a sequence of lectures between teachers and students in a prefixed period of time, satisfying a set of constraints of various type. Due to the complexity and the existence of many variables and parameters, the problem belongs in the category of NP-complete problems, fact that makes the discovery of an optimal solution, a very difficult affair. The bibliographic search, showed that have been proposed and are applied many and different solving techniques, which are based on Mathematical programming (Integer Linear Programming), on Graph Colouring, on Meta-Heuristics Methods, on Multicriteria approaches, on Case-based approaches, but also belonging to Artificial Intelligence. In this paper, the multicriteria approach based on Compromise programming is suggested. The application of technique in timetable data of an educational institute, had very good results, and provided qualitative timetables, satisfying all constraints.

Goldfish undergo an adaptive morphological change in their gills involving the reversible growth and loss of a mass of cells (interlamellar cell mass, ILCM) in between the lamellae depending on oxygen demand, which can be altered by the environment or metabolic demands of the individual. The ILCM contributes to decreased passive Na+ efflux across the gill. Active uptake is maintained by the re-distribution of the ionocytes expressing Na+-uptake relevant genes (NHEs and H+-ATPase) to the outer edge of the ILCM where they can establish contact with the external environment and/or lamellar epithelium. This adaptation is thought to be partly responsible for the extreme anoxia tolerance demonstrated by goldfish, which they experience on a seasonal basis living in a pond environment. Hypoxia and hypercapnia are frequently encountered in such freshwater environments and as such, the effect of the ILCM on the capacity for acid-base regulation was evaluated. Differences in the time course of acid excretion to the environment without effect on systemic pH regulation were likely the result of the ILCM.

The aim of the study is to discuss and determine the property relations, development patterns and major agents at S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / region in Ankara, where is claimed to be new central business node, developing with ultimate architectural, constructional efforts and highly sophisticated land speculations. Rapid transformation in characteristic of S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / region from agricultural use to commercial uses at twenty years does not only display contemporary space creation efforts, but also shows tendencies of private entrepreneurs in Ankara. Increasing commercial activities on the land and introduce of new modes of interaction patterns, which are related with the rise of private property in neo-liberal era after 1980, also brings out changing protocols on property ownership patterns. In this context, S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / case is related with discourses about repositioning of private initiatives on urban issues. However this becomes critical, when reconsidering, the capital city was designed to be modern cradle of republic by the public comprehensive planning initiatives. The current situation at the region is bringing new sets of confronting concepts between comprehensive planning approaches and property capital&rsquo / s space creation methods. Figuring out basics of space creation agencies and achieving appropriate design guidelines at S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / may not only provide efficient well-growth of the specific sector of the city, but also bring out alternative solutions to achieve urban compromise in Ankara. For that reason, determinations on property formation, physical developments at S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / should be studied in historical context.

Att studie- och yrkesvägledningen har tydliga riktlinjer att följa syns i olika styrdokument och lagar men allt som oftast är inte detta en verklighet som skolorna följer. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka likheter och skillnader mellan rektorers och studie- och yrkesvägledares syn på bland annat organisationen i skolan, hur rektorer ser på hela skolans ansvar samt om där finns skillnader i synen på studie- och yrkesvägledningen när rektorer respektive vägledare berättar om den. Studien genomfördes med stöd av kvalitativa intervjuer med verksamma rektorer och studie- och yrkesvägledare i två norrlandskommuner. Resultatet som framkom stämde ganska bra med de rapporter och den tidigare forskning vi bearbetat. Utredningar, forskning och rapporter visar att organisationen av studie- och yrkesvägledningen är något som har en tendens att vara otydlig och ansvaret ligger ofta på den enskilda studie- och yrkesvägledaren. Rektorernasom är de som har ansvaret är pålästa om ’hela skolans ansvar’ när det gäller studie- och yrkesvägledning och anser att det är en viktig del i dagens skola men därefter släpper de tyglarna och låter studie- och yrkesvägledaren ta det största ansvaret när det egentligen ska vara tvärtom. Styrningen uppifrån är ofta oklar trots att rektorer har kunskapen om vad som står i läroplaner och i de allmänna råden om studie- och yrkesvägledning. Samarbetet med lärarna är begränsat vilket kan bero på att lärarna inte heller alltid vet vilken studie- och yrkesvägledarnas roll är. Samtidigt upplevs yrket väldigt fritt av den verksamma studie- och yrkesvägledaren och det är inte alltid svårt att få gehör för önskemål även om studie- och yrkesvägledare ofta önskar ett utökat samarbete med lärare.

Objetivo: Comparar as imagens obtidas por meio da sinuscopia virtual com aquelas adquiridas por meio da tomografia computadorizada helicoidal, quando da interpretação dos comprometimentos sinusais, considerando as opiniões dos médicos otorrinolaringologistas e radiologistas odontológicos, com a finalidade de validação do método da sinuscopia virtual. Métodos: Foram utilizadas informações obtidas por meio da observação de imagens de 20 casos pertencentes ao arquivo docente, da Unidade de Imagens Dento-Maxilo-Facial da Clínica Felix Boada, em Caracas-Venezuela. Os referidos casos apresentaram imagens adquiridas por meio da tomografia computadorizada helicoidal e imagens obtidas por meio da sinuscopia virtual. As imagens foram analisadas por 2 grupos de observadores, 10 médicos otorrinolaringologistas e 10 radiologistas odontológicos, que responderam a um questionário previamente elaborado. Resultados: Os resultados foram avaliados pelos testes estatísticos de média aritmética, mediana, desvio padrão, análise de médias, percentuais globais, teste não–paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon. Conclusões: Para os médicos otorrinolaringologistas e radiologistas odontológicos faz-se importante, a associação das imagens obtidas por meio da sinuscopia virtual com as imagens axiais obtidas por meio da tomografia computadorizada helicoidal na interpretação de um comprometimento sinusal. Os radiologistas odontológicos acharam que as imagens axiais obtidas por meio da tomografia computadorizada helicoidal já eram esclarecedoras, na avaliação dos casos, embora também recomendassem a sinuscopia virtual. Nos casos considerados fáceis, a aplicação da sinuscopia virtual foi evidente, porém nos casos difíceis não contribuiu. A sinuscopia virtual isoladamente não oferece condições para a conclusão do diagnóstico de uma afecção sinusal. / Purpose: To compare the images obtained by means of virtual sinuscopy with those formed by means of helical computerized tomography during the interpretation of sinusal compromise taking into consideration the opinions of otorhinolaryngologists and odontological radiologists aiming to validate the method of virtual sinuscopy. Methods: Information obtained through the observation of images of 20 cases belonging to the professorial file, of the Dental – Maxillo - Facial Unit of Images of Félix Boada Clinic in Caracas–Venezuela were used. The cases mentioned above showed images formed by means of the helical computerized tomography and images formed by means of the virtual sinuscopy. The images were analysed by 2 groups of observers, 10 otorhinolaryngologists and 10 odontological radiologists who answered a questionnaire previously prepared. Results: The results were appraised through statistical tests of arithmetic average, median, standard deviation, average analysis, global percentile, Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and Wilcoxon non-parametric test. Conclusions: To the otorhinolaryngologists and odontological radiologists it is important, the association of the images obtained by means of the virtual sinuscopy with the axial images formed by means of helical computerized tomography in the interpretation of a sinusal compromise. The odontological radiologists thought the axial images formed by means of the helical computerized tomography were already elucidatory, for the evaluation of the cases although they also recommended the virtual sinuscopy. In the cases regarded as easy ones, the application of the virtual sinuscopy was evident, but in the difficult cases it didn’t contribute. The virtual sinuscopy used singly doesn’t offer conditions for a diagnostic conclusion of the sinusal affection.

This thesis deals with ranked advanced voting systems. The aim is to determine the overall winner and the ranking of candidates based on voters' preferences. The thesis utilises basic voting systems - plurality rules, lexicographical and Borda's method - as well as advanced voting systems with the application of DEA models, specifically DEA/AR model, DEA/AR exclusion model (including variations with penalties), and Llamazares-Peňa model. Compromise programming is used to obtain common vector of weights. The models and their use are demonstrated on Formula One Grand Prix results from season 2016. Formula One World Drivers' Championship and Formula One World Constructors' Championship are being investigated.

Goldfish undergo an adaptive morphological change in their gills involving the reversible growth and loss of a mass of cells (interlamellar cell mass, ILCM) in between the lamellae depending on oxygen demand, which can be altered by the environment or metabolic demands of the individual. The ILCM contributes to decreased passive Na+ efflux across the gill. Active uptake is maintained by the re-distribution of the ionocytes expressing Na+-uptake relevant genes (NHEs and H+-ATPase) to the outer edge of the ILCM where they can establish contact with the external environment and/or lamellar epithelium. This adaptation is thought to be partly responsible for the extreme anoxia tolerance demonstrated by goldfish, which they experience on a seasonal basis living in a pond environment. Hypoxia and hypercapnia are frequently encountered in such freshwater environments and as such, the effect of the ILCM on the capacity for acid-base regulation was evaluated. Differences in the time course of acid excretion to the environment without effect on systemic pH regulation were likely the result of the ILCM.

Este estudo descreve o comprometimento dos profissionais geradores de conhecimento das Instituições de Ciência e Tecnologia (C&T) da Aeronáutica Brasileira. Em uma abordagem empírico-analítica e com uma amostra de 202 respondentes, esse comprometimento é analisado quanto ao seu foco (organização ou carreira), com relação às dimensões constitutivas do comprometimento organizacional (afetiva, instrumental e normativa) e no que se refere às intenções comportamentais do comprometimento organizacional. Para tanto, foi utilizado um instrumento constituído por três partes. A primeira refere-se ao perfil dos respondentes; a segunda procura avaliar o foco do comprometimento, conforme proposto por Eckert (2006) e identificar as dimensões do comprometimento organizacional, conforme propõem Meyer, Allen e Smith (1993), e a terceira se propõe a mensurar as ações de intencionalidade do comprometimento organizacional, conforme proposto por Bastos (2003). A intencionalidade do comprometimento organizacional não pode ser encontrada devido ao baixo índice de confiabilidade que o instrumento (terceira parte do questionário) apresentou neste estudo. A percepção quanto ao foco do comprometimento dos servidores das três carreiras (Militar, C&T e Magistério Superior) concentra-se no alto comprometimento com a organização e com a carreira, caracterizando o padrão Cosmopolitalocalista. Quanto às dimensões do comprometimento organizacional, foram encontrados equilíbrio entre comprometimento afetivo, instrumental e normativo. Os resultados também revelam associação entre o comprometimento com a organização e o tempo de serviço e o comprometimento com a organização e os cargos ocupados. Revelam ainda, associação entre a categoria comprometimento organizacional instrumental e a variável sexo. / This study describes the compromise of knowledge providing professionals of the Science and Technology (S & T) Institutions of the Brazilian Air Force. In an empirical-analytical approach, with a scope of 202 participants, this compromise is analyzed with regard to its focus (organization or career), referring to the constitutive dimensions of the compromise with the organization (affective, instrumental and normative), and also referring to the behavioral intentions of the compromise with the organization. For this purpose, a three-part questionnaire was used. The first part refers to the profile of the participants, the second part aims to evaluate the focus of the compromise, as proposed by Eckert (2006), and to identify the dimensions of the compromise with the organization, as proposed by Meyer, Allen and Smith (1993), and the third part seeks to measure the actions of the intentionality of the compromise with the organization, as proposed by Bastos (2003). It was not possible to define the intentionality of the compromise with the organization, due to the low liability level the tool (third part of the questionnaire) showed in this study. The perception with regard to the focus on compromise of the servants of the three careers (Military, S & T and High Level Teachers) is concentrated on the strong compromise with the organization and with their careers, characterizing the model Cosmopolite localist. With relation to the dimensions of the compromise with the organization, we found a balance between affective, instrumental and normative compromise. The results also reveal associations between the compromise with the organization and time on the job, and the compromise with the organization and posts occupied. Furthermore, they reveal associations between the category instrumental compromise with the organization and the variable gender.