(English) The thesis focuses on the issue of humanitarian assistance under international humanitarian law. The topic was chosen based on the personal interest of the author of the thesis and also based on the fact that it is a current and very discussed issue. The thesis is concerned with the legal sources governing the concept of humanitarian assistance. It also focuses on the history of the concept paying special attention to its modern development and to the principles on which it is based. Individual chapter is dedicated to the issue of providers and beneficiaries of humanitarian assistance. Special attention is also given to the issue of consent with the facilitation of humanitarian assistance, whether it is necessary to sough such a consent and from whom. Significant part of the thesis focuses on the facilitation and distribution of humanitarian assistance and the obligations of the third states. The first chapter of the thesis is dedicated to the introduction, definition of the term "humanitarian assistance", aims and goals of the thesis, and also to the methods and sources. The second chapter focuses in a great detail on legal sources relevant to the thesis. First, it pays attention to the treaty law. Thus, it describes the relevant provisions of the Geneva Convention IV, the Additional...

Le défi de la protection des espèces menacées en Afrique est de concilier de façon durable les objectifs de conservation de la nature, et la nécessité de développement économique des populations humaines. Au Niger, survivent aujourd'hui les dernières girafes d'Afrique de l'Ouest (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta). Ces girafes sont unique à plusieurs titres : (i) elles constituent les seules représentantes de la sous espèce peralta (ii), elles vivent dans une région fortement anthropisée (iii) elles vivent dans une zone non protégée, (iv) et elles ne cohabitent avec aucun prédateur. En 1996, la population était au bord de l'extinction avec seulement 50 individus. Malgré des signes de restauration observés ces dernières années, la sous-espèce est inscrite depuis 2008 dans la liste rouge des espèces menacées de l'UICN (Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature) avec le statut « en danger ». Quels sont les facteurs qui pourraient limiter le taux de croissance maximum récemment observé dans cette population? Est-ce que les conjonctures favorables à l'augmentation de la population sont durables? Aborder les questions de conservation des populations met en avant le besoin de connaitre les paramètres démographiques de la population concernée, et les paramètres environnementaux qui conditionnent sa distribution spatiale. Nous avons réalisé une analyse de l'historique des comptages, puis, nous avons déterminé les paramètres démographiques de la population grâce à une approche par Capture Marquage Recapture. Une analyse spatiale à plusieurs échelles nous a permis de caractériser la distribution des girafes aux niveaux de la population et du troupeau (à partir d'observations directes), et de mesurer la sélection de l'habitat au niveau individuel (à partir d'un suivi par colliers GPS) / One of the main challenges for endangered species protection in Africa is to find a sustainable way of integrating objectives of nature conservation with the economic development needs of the local human population. Last West African giraffe population, Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, lives in Niger. These giraffe are unique for several reasons: (i) they represent the only population of peralta sub-species, and (ii) they live in an area densely populated by humans, (iii) which is unprotected and (iv) without predators. In 1996, this giraffe population was almost extinct, with only 50 individuals remaining. Despite signs of population recovery, the sub-species has been classified as “endangered” according to the IUCN Red List assessment criteria. What are the limiting factors for the maximum annual growth rate that has been recorded over the last years in the population? Are favorable conjunctures to this population increasing sustainable? Assessing population conservation requires knowledge of demographic parameters and understanding of the environmental factors driving its spatial distribution. Census data from 1996 to 2009 were analyzed and then demographic parameters through a capture-markrecapture method were determined. A multi-scale spatial analysis allowed me to determine giraffe distribution at both population and herd level (through observations), and to measure habitat selection at the individual level (through GPS satellite collars). Census results, almost exhaustive from 2005 to 2008 highlited an annual growth rate of 12%. This is the maximum growth rate for a giraffe population, and fits with the theoretical maximum growth rate for the species. At the population and herd level, giraffe distribution patterns are driven by food availability. These food resources are seasonally distributed and impacted by human activities. Habitat selection shows that during dry season, giraffe avoid village proximity, where disturbance is high. However, at night giraffe move closer to villages where food resource quantity and quality are higher (tree density, granaries). The use of bean field crop suggests that some cultivated crops gain in attraction and even become favourable to giraffe. This might explain the increase of human-giraffe conflicts. My results clearly show the importance of taking human activities and perception into account, when assessing wildlife conservation strategies

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De senaste 25 åren har antalet migranter fördubblats vilket medför bildandet av mångkulturella samhällen, där den tvärkulturella kommunikationen blir en viktig aspekt i förebyggandet av konflikter. Detta examensarbete kartlägger hur HVB-hem hanterar konflikter när den tvärkulturella kommunikationen brister mellan handledare och ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Vidare syfte är att undersöka vilka konfliktfaktorer som finns och hur konflikter hanteras inom HVB-hem. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och bygger på tio stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserats genom en tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att det inte finns några etablerade konflikthanteringsstrategier som handledarna använder sig av i konfliktsituationer. De strategier som tillämpas var alternativa metoder som växt fram under arbetsgången i interaktionen med ungdomarna. Konflikter uppkommer oftast i vardagssysslor på grund av språkliga och kulturella missförstånd där intrapersonella och interpersonella konflikter är vanliga. För att motverka den rådande verksamhetsdissonansen, bör HVBhemmet implementera interna utbildningar inom ämnesområdet samt erbjudas stöd från andra instanser. Med tydliga ramverk och transparent samverkan kan man skapa en tryggare och effektivare hantering av flyktingbarnens integration. / The last 25 years, the number of migrants has doubled, which leads to creation of multicultural societies where cross-cultural communication will become an important aspect in prevention of conflicts. This study investigates how HVB-homes handle conflicts when cross-cultural communication fails between supervisors and unaccompanied refugee children. Further aims are to investigate which conflict management and conflict factors exist within HVB-homes. The study is based on a qualitative research method with ten semi-structured interviews analyzed through thematic analysis. The results show that HVB-homes don’t have any established conflict management strategies used by supervisors in conflict situations. The strategies were alternative methods developed over time in interaction with the unaccompanied refugee children. Conflicts usually occur in everyday chores because of linguistic and cultural misunderstandings where intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts are common. As a remedy for the present organizational dissonance the HVB-homes are recommended to implement internal courses in conflict management and provide support from other agencies. Clear frameworks and transparent collaboration would create security and increased efficiency in the management of integration of the unaccompanied refugee children.

Les ressources étant limitées, les organismes doivent les partager entre les différents traits associés à leur valeur sélective. L'investissement optimal dans chacun de ces traits dépend des conditions environnementales et les individus sont sélectionnés pour ajuster leur stratégie d'allocation en conséquence. La théorie de la compétition locale pour l'accouplement (LMC) illustre bien cette hypothèse. Cette théorie prédit que lorsque qu'une population est structurée, de sorte de l'accouplement se fait localement et que des mâles apparentés sont en compétition pour la reproduction, les femelles devraient biaiser leur sexe ratio en faveur des filles. Bien que cette théorie ait été soutenue par de nombreuses études empiriques, les processus mécanistiques et évolutifs sous-jacents sont très peu connus. Dans cette thèse, j'aborde ces processus chez l'acarien haplo-diploïdeTetranychus urticae. Dans un premier temps, je montre que chez cette espèce, la taille des œufs es tutilisée par les femelles comme mécanisme d'ajustement du sexe-ratio. En effet, les œufs plus gros ont une plus grande probabilité de devenir femelle, et la taille des œufs produits augmente avec l'intensité de la LMC. Dans un second temps, à travers une approche d'évolution expérimentale, j'apporte le premier exemple empirique d'évolution du sexe-ratio en réponse à la LMC.En plus de varier avec les conditions environnementales, la stratégie optimale d'allocation desressources diffère souvent entre mâles et femelles, générant des conflits sexuels. Dans cette thèse,j'étudie les conséquences de tels conflits sur la stratégie reproductive des femelles chez Tetranychusurticae. Je montre notamment que l'accouplement induit une réduction de la longévité et de la fécondité, accompagnée d'une augmentation de la taille des œufs. / Because resources are limited, organisms are constrained to divide their resources between fitness components. The optimal investment into these traits can vary with environmental conditions, so that individuals are selected to adjust their allocation strategy accordingly. The theory of local mate competition (LMC) illustrates this hypothesis. This theory predicts that when populations arestructured, so that mating takes place locally and related males compete for mates, mothers should biastheir sex ratio towards females. Although this theory has been supported by many empirical studies,mechanistic and evolutionary processes underlying sex ratio adjustment remain poorly understood. Inthis thesis, I address these issues, using the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae. First, I show that in this species, egg size is used as a mechanism of sex ratio adjustment. Indeed, larger eggs aremore likely to become female, and female spider mites use this property to adjust their sex ratio inresponse to LMC, increasing egg size with the intensity of LMC. Second, through an experimentalevolution approach, I provide the first empirical evidence that the sex ratio can evolve in response toLMC.In addition to varying with environmental conditions, the optimal strategy of resourceallocation also generally differs between male and females. Because of such conflicts, males havedeveloped adaptations aimed at manipulating the way by which females allocate their resources. Iinvestigate the consequences of mating for female reproductive strategies in spider mites. I find that mating induces a decrease of both longevity and fecundity, and an increase of egg size.

The thesis deals with methods of real-time data synchronization among multiple clients. The thesis focuses on methods in collaborative RIA systems running on the Internet This methods solve data transfer and conflict resolution caused by competitive clients work on one document. The introduction describes two methods: an established Operational transformation method and the new Differential synchronization method. The thesis describes the principles of both methods and their advantages and disadvantages. The aim of the work is implementing and comparison of Differential Synchronization method with Operational transformation method. These methods are compared in Node.js environment of JavaScript programming language and it is compared their performance in terms of response time and resource requirements. It's identified a problems associated with the method implementations in Node.js and it is described solutions of this problems. In the practical part thesis focus on the describing of performance data and behave of methods during measurement and refuted or confirmed the premises of methods definition assumptions. The Differential Synchronization method is extended by some parts based on the author often criticized issues of method.

Tourism is an increasing part of the social planning and should strive more towards sustainable development (Müller 2007). The municipality of Karlstad strives to become "The eco- friendly city" (Karlstad 2016a), which means that people are given the opportunity to live a good life in a sustainable way (WWF 2017). The study shows that cities today should strive to prioritize environmental and climate issues in relation to destination development. This study examines how units in the municipality of Karlstad prioritize and include environmental and climate issues in the work of making Karlstad attractive. How these areas affect each other, as well as how dialogues and collaborations appear in the municipality regarding environment and climate. The Regional Centre of Värmland, Karlstad, is a municipality that wishes to invest and create good business conditions in order to attract visitors (Karlstad 2016b). At the same time, Karlstad is one of the cities in Sweden that is at the forefront of the work on climate change (SIDA 2014). This study uses a qualitative approach, semi-structured expert interviews and qualitative document analysis of Karlstad's environmental and climate strategy and Visit Karlstad Tourism Strategic Destination Development Plan, deriving from a hermeneutical approach of understanding and interpreting the phenomenon environment and climate issues in relation to destination development. The study intends to answer questions about how and which environmental and climate issues that are prioritized in the municipality of Karlstad in relation to destination development, if there are any conflicts of objectives and the ways in which the various development units cooperate in these areas. The theoretical framework of the study processes areas that deal with the municipality of Karlstad, destination development, sustainable development, environment, and climate changes and conflict of interests which are the themes of the study. Based on the results of the study, one can conclude that in social planning, both tourism, and environmental issues have taken more space, which has led to the use of the concept development more widely. The environmental and climate issue that the municipality of Karlstad choose to prioritize is the transport area. The municipality is actively working to reduce motorism and focus on sustainable alternative solutions in the area to make the city more attractive. These initiatives lead to certain conflicts of interest within the development units, so it is important that there are collaborations and dialogues between them. In addition, the development units of the municipality of Karlstad use strategies such as work tools to help them achieve the goals pursued. / <p><strong>Uppsatsens betyg:</strong> Väl Godkänd</p>

The objective of this thesis is to provide the reader with an overview of the most important factors that have influenced the development of the India-China relations. The oldest period of mutual interaction is treated, as well as the most important Sino-Indian disputes and their impact on mutual relations. Attention is also drawn to the contemporary development in the Sino-Indian relations, marked by both lingering problems and attempts at cooperation.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-13T13:47:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) VIANA Emyli_Conflitos socioambientais_Dissertação_CD.pdf: 3647992 bytes, checksum: 9f8be7e14d6a2559bd5884877e7e908e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T13:47:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) VIANA Emyli_Conflitos socioambientais_Dissertação_CD.pdf: 3647992 bytes, checksum: 9f8be7e14d6a2559bd5884877e7e908e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-03 / FACEPE / O presente estudo trata de uma análise crítica dos conflitos socioambientais gerados pelo processo de implementação da política pública habitacional de interesse social na cidade do Recife, tendo como área de estudo a Zona Especial de Interesse Social dos Coelhos, localizada na área central da cidade. Desse modo, a pesquisa buscou identificar a natureza dos conflitos socioambientais mais proeminentes da atualidade relacionados a essa política, identificando, sobretudo, aqueles que se esboçam em função da realização das grandes obras vinculadas à reorganização do espaço urbano da cidade seguindo a lógica do capital. Para tanto, é caracterizado o território em que os conflitos estão ocorrendo, a fim de levantar e aprofundar a análise sobre os seus principais impactos socioambientais; para então avaliar em que medida a política habitacional de interesse social está mais adequada aos interesses hegemônicos voltados à cidade do capital ou àqueles das populações atingidas que sempre foram preteridas pelos grandes e simplistas projetos urbanísticos. A postura metodológica contempla, sob o paradigma da complexidade, procedimentos de análise interdisciplinares, por meio de uma perspectiva crítica pela qual é evidenciada a forma como a política concebe e trata das relações estabelecidas entre homem-homem e homem-meio ambiente, assim evidenciando seus aspectos contraditórios na forma de apropriação do território pelos diversos atores sociais envolvidos. Foi verificado que a principal ação da política habitacional de interesse social na área de estudo revelouse alheia às especificidades territoriais e às reais necessidades das famílias alvo da política. Outrossim, constatou-se que a falta de diretrizes que descrevam um propósito claro na execução da política habitacional de interesse social no Recife acarreta na descoordenação das ações dessa política, as quais realizadas pontualmente, acabam anulando ou limitando os aludidos efeitos de umas ações aos das outras. / The present study is a critical analysis of the social and environmental conflicts produced by the implementation process of the housing public policy of social interest in Recife, having as study area the Special Zone of Social Interest of Coelhos, located in the central area of the city. Thus, the research sought to identify the nature of the most prominent social and environmental conflicts of the actuality related a this policy, identifying especially those that emerge according the realization of great works linked to the reorganization of urban space in the city following the logic of capital. Therefore, it is characterized the territory in which the conflicts are occurring, in order to get up and deepen the analysis about its main social and environmental impacts; then to evaluate in which measure the housing policy of social interest is most appropriate to the hegemonic interests facing the city of capital or those of the affected populations that always were despised by the large and simplistic urban projects. The methodological approach includes, under the paradigm of complexity, interdisciplinary analysis procedures, through a critical perspective which is evidenced by the way how the policy conceives and treats the relations between man-man and man-environment, thus demonstrating its contradictory aspects in the form of appropriation the territory by the various social actors involved. It was verified that the main action of the housing policy of social interest in the area of study revealed to be oblivious to territorial specificities and the real needs of families target of the policy. Furthermore, it was found that the lack of guidelines which describing a clear purpose in implementing the housing policy of social interest in Recife entails the incoordination of the actions of this policy, which occasionally conducted cancel or limit the effects alluded of some actions to others.

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / The work aims to analyze the life story of the leader of a ¨terreiro de Umbanda¨, keeping in my that interpersonal relationships are what keep the group together. His story is intertwined with the history of the ¨terreiro¨, and after his experiences with other religions, I seek to understand how he organizes the ¨terreiro¨ and its influences, and from recorded interviews, understand how (and if) conflicts happen and how they interfere with rituals . In the field work, I made use of filming, recording and informal conversations, beside my observation in the ¨terreiro¨. With the collected data, I analyze through the concepts of conflict, power and liminality how the relations happens in the ¨terreiro¨, and especially how the leader sees the conflicts and how he interact with different groups. This work had two stages: my first insertion in the terreiro, from April to September 2014 and from March to October 2015. This gap of time was important for the literature to relate with my experiences. Although I could not always interview all the participants I wanted, the interviews gave me subsidy for me to realize that the group remains tight, despite the conflicts, and that Fabio does not clearly define the groups, which seems to trigger more conflicts. The study of Fabio's life story showed how his life and the formation of the terreiro are mixed, and bring new elements to the Umbanda, as Jurema and the Daime. Umbanda, as a religion based on orality, makes that every yard has its particular rules, but Fabio brings new elements to the religion in a particular way, adding a bit of each religions through which he passed in Umbanda. / O trabalho visa analisar a história de vida do dirigente de um terreiro de umbanda. Sua história se confunde com a história do terreiro, e após suas vivências em outras religiões, busco entender como ele organiza o terreiro e suas influências, e a partir de entrevistas gravadas, entender como (e se) acontecem conflitos e como eles interferem nos rituais. No trabalho de campo, contei com filmagens, gravações e conversas informais, além da minha observação no terreiro. Com os dados coletados, pude analisar através dos conceitos de conflito, poder e liminaridade como se dão as relações no terreiro, e principalmente, como o dirigente vê os conflitos e como se movimenta entre os grupos. Este trabalho teve duas etapas: minha primeira inserção no terreiro, de abril até setembro de 2014 e de março até outubro de 2015. Esse hiato de tempo foi importante para que o levantamento bibliográfico estivesse conversando com minhas vivências, o que fez muita diferença. Apesar de nem sempre conseguir entrevistar todos os participantes que eu queria, as entrevistas me deram subsídio para que eu percebesse que o grupo se mantém, apesar dos conflitos, e que Fábio não define claramente os grupos, o que parece ativar mais os conflitos. O estudo da história de vida de Fábio mostrou como sua vida e a formação do terreiro se confundem, e apresenta novas inserções do dirigente na umbanda, como a Jurema e o Daime. A umbanda, pelo fato de ser uma religião que se baseia na oralidade, faz com que cada terreiro tenha suas regras, mas Fábio traz a religião de uma forma particular, acrescentando um pouco das religiões pelas quais passou para a umbanda.