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The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers
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Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
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Showing 401 to 407 of 407 (0.108 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"consumer (protection)"" "subject:"eonsumer (protection)""
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Claims Of Mistaken Identity: An Examination Of U.S. Television Food Commercials And The Adult Obesity IssueDelgado, Cristina 01 January 2009 (has links)
Obesity is one of the major public health issues in the United States, often regarded as part of a global crisis. Companies invest billions of dollars each year towards television advertising campaigns aimed at convincing audiences how their ground-breaking discovery 'battles the bulge' or somehow offers an increased health benefit. This study examined how advertisers presented health-related claims, including health and nutrient-content claims, in U.S. adult-targeted television food commercials. The claims were compared to FTC, FDA, and USDA laws, regulations, and recommendations. A content analysis of food advertising was conducted of commercials from major and cable network programs broadcast during prime-time in the first quarter of 2009. The majority of claims match current regulations when compared to Federal references. The results show that Nutrient and Wellness claims were the most frequently cited. The type of benefit, Healthy Eating, emerged almost 3 times more than any other benefit type. This is also similar to those results which suggest advertisers' intentions were to promote overall wellness in their content delivery. As such, the Wellness Approach was identified and conceptualized, leading towards full development of a Wellness Effect theory. Implications and future research opportunities are discussed on both a theoretical and practical level.
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| 402 |
我國消費者保護官制度之研究 / The Research of our System of Consumer Ombudsman邱惠美, Chiu,Fee Mei Unknown Date (has links)
由於生產技術日益精進，商品製造過程繁複，功能亦趨於複雜，導致商品潛在危險性昇高，加上產業結構多層化及行銷策略廣告化，以致責任體系模糊不清，而企業經營者更挾其鉅力萬鈞的經濟優勢，利用誇大不實的商業廣告，麻醉、鈍化消費者選購商品的能力，或因標示不實，欺騙、誤導消費者的認知，並產生種種危險，形成對於個人生命、身體、健康或財產上的威脅，造成消費者與企業經營者間的糾紛。由於企業經營者不但擁有雄厚人力、財力及資訊優勢，加上今日的生產過程，多具有高度技術性與高度複雜性，經濟上弱勢的消費者在私法體系中，無論在事前消費資訊獲得或事後爭議救濟過程上，並未擁有對等的地位，一旦在消費過程中遭遇到健康上或財產上的損害，很難循傳統之民事法律規範獲得有效救濟，也因為不容易獲得法律上的救濟，使得消費者對於維護自己的權益遭遇到困難，而怨聲四起。
因此先進國家無不以立法、司法及行政措施，來保護消費者應有之權利，透過政府公權力，提供一個便捷的管道，讓消費者得加以諮詢或申訴所遭遇到的消費爭議。台灣在消費者保護法（以下簡稱消保法）公布實施後，在立法上已經形成一個制度化的消費者保護體系，其中最特殊的就是設立消費者保護官（以下簡稱消保官）制度，當消費爭議發生時，透過申訴、調解程序，幫助消費者與企業經營者協商，以維護消費者之基本權益。
依北歐國家的法律規定，保護官（Ombudsman）指保護一般市民免受政治或行政權濫用之害，並為其權利守護神之官吏而言。北歐四國，即瑞典、挪威、丹麥及芬蘭，均只有一位消保官，且均為政府所任命，獨立行使職權，積極介入調查影響市場交易習慣之案件，以保護消費者權益，對良好市場交易習慣之建立，貢獻良多。瑞典係第一個成立消保官之國家，距今已有近40年之歷史，其雖僅有一位，然其位高、權重、受人敬重，主導整個國家之消費者政策及市場交易習慣，且整個消費者總署均為其輔佐幕僚。反觀我國，消保官設立至今已逾12年，然有關消保官之法規，除消保法之外，僅有消保官任用及職掌辦法、消保官執行職務應行注意事項、指揮消保官行使職權要點，是否符合行政程序法之規定，不無疑義。而各地方政府消保官之設置單位並不一致，有設於府本部，有設於法規會或法制室，亦有設於主秘室、建設局、企劃室或行政室等，此不僅反應消保官之定位不明，且導致消保官有將無兵，影響消費者保護工作之推展。目前包括中央及地方已有44位，行政上不僅無輔佐之幕僚人員，且須受上級長官之指揮監督，與北歐各國實不可同日而語。誠然兩者之任用資格及職掌並不完全相同，但會造成此種結果，實與整個國家之制度設計有相當大之關係。
本論文將先就北歐四國消保官設置之沿革、地位、運作、管轄、申訴及權限等作一簡介，其後論述我國消保官制度，俾比較兩者之異同，分析其優劣，以作為改進我國制度之參考。消保官之設置，既係消保法立法特色之一，亦為能否充分發揮保護消費者功能之主要關鍵所在。自第一位消保官就任以來，至今已逾12年，究竟消保官之制度與當初之設計是否吻合？該制度究竟是否有存在之必要？又如有存在之必要，是否有未盡完善之處？又如有未盡完善之處，究應如何改善？為期能有全盤及深入瞭解，爰就我國現行消保官制度之相關問題予以探討，並試擬消保官制度未來應發展之方向。
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Dohledová činnost České národní banky / On Supervision of Financial Markets by Czech National BankSkácelík, David January 2014 (has links)
1 Abstract This work deals with the performance of supervision over the financial market and the entities operating in the financial market. Part of the work is devoted to consumer protection in the financial market and compensation systems. Because of the fact that the Czech Republic became a member of the European Union in 2004, this work includes also legislation of regulation and supervision of this level, as this treatment significantly predetermines Czech adjustment. Following questions were examined as an example of protecting the interests of clients of supervised entities: - whether there are any tools to protect the client's interests at the level of supervised entities, - what kind of role the supervisory authority has or may have in relation between a supervised entity and its client, - how are the client's financial interests protected in the event of failure of the supervised entity and whether this protection is de lege lata sufficient. The theoretical part of the work briefly describes the institute of supervision, its assorting and forms. The authority of supervisor is discussed in the next part together with the regulations under which the supervision is conducted. Owing to the fact that the scope of supervisory activity of the Czech National Bank is quite extensive, and the objective of...
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The regulation of unsolicited electronic communications (SPAM) in South Africa : a comparative studyTladi, Sebolawe Erna Mokowadi 06 1900 (has links)
The practice of spamming (sending unsolicited electronic communications) has been dubbed “the scourge of the 21st century” affecting different stakeholders. This practice is also credited for not only disrupting electronic communications but also, it overloads electronic systems and creates unnecessary costs for those affected than the ones responsible for sending such communications. In trying to address this issue nations have implemented anti-spam laws to combat the scourge. South Africa not lagging behind, has put in place anti-spam provisions to deal with the scourge. The anti-spam provisions are scattered in pieces of legislation dealing with diverse issues including: consumer protection; direct marketing; credit laws; and electronic transactions and communications. In addition to these provisions, an Amendment Bill to one of these laws and two Bills covering cybercrimes and cyber-security issues have been published.
In this thesis, a question is asked on whether the current fragmented anti-spam provisions are adequate in protecting consumers. Whether the overlaps between these pieces of legislation are competent to deal with the ever increasing threats on electronic communications at large. Finally, the question as to whether a multi-faceted approach, which includes a Model Law on spam would be a suitable starting point setting out requirements for the sending of unsolicited electronic communications can be sufficient in protecting consumers. And as spam is not only a national but also a global problem, South Africa needs to look at the option of entering into mutual agreements with other countries and organisations in order to combat spam at a global level. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.
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銀行業中「大至不能倒」(Too Big to Fail)現象之防範與法制建構-兼論銀行事前預囑黃卲璿, Huang, Shao Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
本文所要探討的問題在於如何消弭銀行業中具有「大至不能倒」地位的銀行對整體經濟與金融體系所帶來的負面效應。
為了處理此一問題，本文將從比較法經驗進行歸納分析，理出「大至不能倒」理論在美國法上的面貌，並對「大至不能倒」銀行的界定提出比較法上採取的途徑，之後本文將進入檢閱現有的「大至不能倒」的解決方案，並以本文核心目標：『正視「大至不能倒」銀行的存在，並最小化「大至不能倒」政策適用的餘地！』來檢驗這些解決方案，緊接著本文將提出金融穩定委員會對於「大至不能倒」銀行的「資本強化」、「監理強化」與「復原與退場計畫」這三個監理方案供參酌，本文在結論上強力主張應將「復原與退場計畫」納入我國的法制架構中，為我國未來面對「大至不能倒」議題預做準備，並提出立法建議。
所謂「復原與退場計畫」(銀行事前預囑)是國際上處理「大至不能倒」問題所創造出全新的監理工具，簡介其內容，就是藉由事前周全的計畫使大型銀行在遭遇嚴重的壓力事件(尤其是系統性事件)時能藉由實施事前計劃快速地使財務狀況回復正常，或退而求其次藉由實施事前計畫使銀行能在不影響金融穩定或損及納稅人(即紓困政策)的狀況下退出金融市場。簡而言之其精神在於「卸除大型銀行的系統重要性」。
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Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial servicesPerlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links)
The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique
transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked,
underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones.
Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and
independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’
services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’
services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services
are provided through ‘agents.’
Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a
Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile
‘airtime’-based Store of Value.
The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed,
in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and
consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that
entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the
traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric
MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’
An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is
undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be
deemed ‘money’ in law.
Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law
and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in
South African law is discussed.
The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are
compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer
protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a
regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is
recommended for protection of user funds.
| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LLD
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| 407 |
Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial servicesPerlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links)
The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique
transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked,
underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones.
Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and
independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’
services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’
services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services
are provided through ‘agents.’
Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a
Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile
‘airtime’-based Store of Value.
The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed,
in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and
consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that
entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the
traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric
MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’
An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is
undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be
deemed ‘money’ in law.
Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law
and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in
South African law is discussed.
The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are
compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer
protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a
regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is
recommended for protection of user funds.
| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.
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