The sub judice rule is a media law practice that is currently often in the spotlight. Editors and journalists are constantly furiously speaking out against this rule that limits their freedom of expression in an attempt to assure the accused's fair and proper trial. Practitioners of the law, on the other side, say the sub judice rule is indispensable to the proper administration of justice. The rule, which much prevents the media from interfering with a pending case, causes confusion under journalists, as it is not consistently applied. Judges often warn the media against the violation of the rule during a high profile case, but those who do break the rule are not charged with contempt of the court. The aim of this study is to determine how Beeld, the Afrikaans daily newspaper, applies the sub judice rule in his reporting. The way in which this leading paper handles the rule is of importance to other journalists as well as the readers. The origin, development and function of the rule are also examined. It was established that Beeld did not contravene the sub judice rule as unceremoniously as a few other newspapers. Beelds violations of the rule were different experts' nuanced interpretations thereof. These violations is more based on the perception that the court's independence and worthiness must be upheld in the public eye than on the rule's actual function to guard against the interfering in the due course of a case. / Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The sub judice rule is a media law practice that is currently often in the spotlight. Editors and journalists are constantly furiously speaking out against this rule that limits their freedom of expression in an attempt to assure the accused's fair and proper trial. Practitioners of the law, on the other side, say the sub judice rule is indispensable to the proper administration of justice. The rule, which much prevents the media from interfering with a pending case, causes confusion under journalists, as it is not consistently applied. Judges often warn the media against the violation of the rule during a high profile case, but those who do break the rule are not charged with contempt of the court. The aim of this study is to determine how Beeld, the Afrikaans daily newspaper, applies the sub judice rule in his reporting. The way in which this leading paper handles the rule is of importance to other journalists as well as the readers. The origin, development and function of the rule are also examined. It was established that Beeld did not contravene the sub judice rule as unceremoniously as a few other newspapers. Beelds violations of the rule were different experts' nuanced interpretations thereof. These violations is more based on the perception that the court's independence and worthiness must be upheld in the public eye than on the rule's actual function to guard against the interfering in the due course of a case. / Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

O presente estudo tem como pretensão a realização de uma pesquisa sobre o direito fundamental à liberdade de expressão e a abolitio criminis do desacato através da revogação do art. 331 do Código Penal Brasileiro à luz do Sistema Interamericano de Proteção dos Direitos Humanos. O trabalho, sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Proteção Multinível dos Direitos Humanos, traz à baila, uma análise bibliográfica sobre a compatibilidade do tipo penal de desacato e a Convenção Americana, tendo como escopo, o novo conceito de soberania que se formou com a afirmação dos direitos humanos na comunidade internacional. Acontece que o surgimento da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos como um mecanismo de controle dos tratados assinados entre países mostrou-se um fator importante para a evolução do conceito de soberania, assim como, para a abertura das decisões judiciais em sede de controle de convencionalidade. Destarte, emerge o chamado duplo controle de verticalidade, isto é, a necessidade das decisões judiciais contemplarem em sua análise, o controle de constitucionalidade e o controle de convencionalidade, o último, objeto deste estudo, que tem por prerrogativa valorar a compatibilidade do texto legal com os tratados internacionais. Deste modo, este trabalho pretende verificar a aplicação desses tratados diante de normas internas que estabeleçam disposições contrárias. Contudo, pretendesse verificar, através da análise de duas sentenças que o crime de desacato tipificado no art. 331 do Código Penal Brasileiro ao silenciar ideias, reprimindo o debate crítico torna-se incompatível com o art. 13 da Convenção Americana dos Direitos Humanos (Pacto de San Jose da Costa Rica), ensejando, portanto, uma discussão além das fronteiras do Estado soberano. Destaca-se que não se pretende esgotar o assunto, mas sim, apresentar um horizonte que deve ser trabalhado em uma perspectiva cosmopolita. / This study has the intention to conduct a research on the fundamental right to freedom of expression and abolito criminis of contempt by art revocation. In the 331 of Brazilian Penal Code in the light of the Inter-American System of Human Rights Protection. The work, from the perspective of the Theory of Multi-Level Protection of Human Rights, brings up a bibliographical analysis of the compatibility of the criminal offense of contempt and the American Convention, with the scope, the new concept of sovereignty that was formed with the statement human rights in the international community. It turns out that the emergence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights as a control mechanism of treaties signed between countries proved to be an important factor in the evolution of the concept of sovereignty as well as for the opening of judicial decisions in conventionality control headquarters. Thus emerges the socalled dual control of verticality, that is, the need of judicial decisions contemplate in his analysis, the constitutional control and the control of conventionality, the last, object of this study, which has the prerogative value the compatibility of the legal text with international treaties. Thus, this study aims to verify the application of these treaties before internal rules establishing contrary provisions. However, it is intended to verify, through the two sentences analysis contempt of crime typified in art. 331 of the Brazilian Penal Code to silence ideas, repressing critical debate becomes incompatible with art. 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica), giving rise therefore a discussion beyond the borders of the sovereign state. It is noteworthy that it is not intended to exhaust the subject, but rather present a horizon that must be worked in a cosmopolitan perspective.

L’alignement stratégique du système d’information est une problématique récurrente en entreprise, de nombreux projets opérations à dimension système d’information ne permettant pas d’obtenir les gains attendus par les Directions Générales. Face à ces nombreux constats d’échecs, plusieurs variables explicatives peuvent être invoquées. Cette recherche vise à en tester une, celle du mépris des faisabilités opérationnelles. Le terme de mépris a été choisi à dessein afin d’insister sur la dimension « incarnée » de la manoeuvre d’alignement, et notamment des « conditions que l’on puisse faire » qui sont exprimées par les différentes parties prenantes. Fondée sur une double définition du mépris interrogeant le thème de la « prise » comme de la « mé-prise », les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de cette recherche exploratoire font du mépris des faisabilités opérationnelles un objet en sciences de gestion et montrent que le mépris des faisabilités opérationnelles peut être l’une des variables explicatives du désalignement stratégique. / Information system alignment is a vital subject in companies as many IT projects fail to achieve the benefits expected by top management. To explain this statement, many variables can be put forward. We decided to focus our study on one of those potential explanatory reasons which is “contempt for operational feasibilities”. The “contempt” expression has been precisely chosen to underline the embodied dimension of strategic alignment, and, in particular, “the underpinning conditions under which one can realize” as expressed by project stakeholders. Based on a twofold definition of contempt questioning the action of “taking” and “mis-taking” operational feasibilities, the results collected during this exploratory research highlight the relevance of placing this subject in the field of management and show how contempt for operational feasibilities can have proven effects on information system misalignment.

La reconnaissance est généralement présentée soit comme une réussite soit comme un échec. Pourtant, les nombreux défis qui se présentent actuellement aux sociétés démocratiques occidentales obligent à chercher une porte de sortie à cette alternative tragique. Comment échapper au malheur de la reconnaissance ? La reconnaissance est le concept phare d'un ensemble de théories et de politiques très variées. Elle repose sur des identités et cultures à la base de la diversité. La diversité est la notion derrière laquelle se trouvent des politiques officielles et non-officielles de pluralisme, c'est-à-dire de promotion de la diversité. C'est là le cœur d'un problème majeur, à l'intersection entre politique, sociologie et philosophie. D'un côté la reconnaissance fige les facteurs de diversité ; de l'autre, la diversité, caractérisée par une prolifération d'identités et de cultures potentiellement variables au cours du temps et en partie fluides, bloque le processus de reconnaissance. Comment alors conjuguer diversité et reconnaissance ? En effet, la diversité empêche la reconnaissance et la reconnaissance empêche la diversité. L'une fait obstacle à l'autre. Introduire l'opérateur de l'échec dans le rouage de la diversité et de la reconnaissance permet d'identifier les zones les plus problématiques : les fondements même de la reconnaissance, les modalités de la non-reconnaissance, et la question de la violence, véritable angle-mort des théories et des politiques les plus courantes. Partant de ces difficultés, et après un travail de déconstruction, nous proposons une piste de reconstruction de la reconnaissance ainsi renouvelée, formée de trois pans, sous-tendus par le postulat d'une auto-détermination radicale des individus et des groupes. Le premier pan repose sur la séparation. Elle est résistance à l'uniformisation et à la conversion sous la forme, par exemple, d'une injonction à l'assimilation. Le deuxième pan concerne la diversité comme postulat d'une nouvelle politique de reconnaissance repensée à partir de la diversité. Les conséquences sont plus profondes au niveau individuel que collectif. Le troisième pan a trait au poids du passé dans la reconnaissance : désormais cette reconnaissance-là est sans réconciliation, sans rachat et sans réparation. Elle n'est plus un outil, mais une modalité des relations intersubjectives. Il ne s'agit pas d'ignorer les tragédies passées, bien au contraire ; mais plutôt de les prendre en compte pour élaborer un concept tourné vers l'avenir. / Recognition is typically presented either as a success, or as a failure. However the many challenges presented to Western democratic societies require that we look for a way out of is tragic duality. How can one escape the misfortune of recognition? Recognition is the foundational concept of a diverse array of theories and policies. It is based on the interplay among various identities and cultures which collectively constitute diversity. Diversity is the concept on which official and unofficial policies of pluralism, that is to say policies to promote diversity, are based. This is the heart of a significant problem at the intersection of politics, sociology and philosophy. On the one hand, recognition crystallizes factors of diversity. On the other hand, diversity as characterized by a proliferation of cultures that are fluid and potentially variable over time, blocks the recognition process. How then to combine diversity and recognition? Diversity prevents recognition and recognition prevents diversity. One precludes the other. Introducing the notion of failure in the interplay between diversity and recognition permits one to identify the most problematic areas: the very foundation of recognition, the terms of non-recognition, and the issue of violence which is the real blind-spot of the most common theories and policies. From these difficulties, and after an exercise in deconstruction, we propose a reconstruction of the concept of recognition, a renewed track, consisting of the sections underpinned by the postulate of the radical self-determination of individuals and groups. The first aspect rests on separation. Separation is resistance to conformity and conversion in the form, for example of an obligation to forced assimilation. The second aspect concerns diversity as a premise for a new policy of recognition conceived from the standpoint of diversity. The effects of this new policy are more significant at the individual level than at the collective level. The third aspect relates to the importance of the past assigned to recognition. This redesigned concept of recognition is without reconciliation, without atonement, and without compensation. This is not to ignore past tragedies, quite the contrary; but rather to take them into account in order to look to the future.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Vinicio Raiser da Cruz.pdf: 856501 bytes, checksum: e0c6e3429cd97eb608ead2c03af76fb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-16 / The aim of this essay is to study the applicability of the daily fine stated by article 461 of the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code astreintes that can be imposed to a defendant, to assure the obedience of a court ruling regarding an obligation to do something, to not do something, or to give something to someone. We do not have the ambition of completely cover the subject. The subject calls attention because in several occasions, most of the parties, benefited by a daily fine, deviate from the main goal of the lawsuit to pursue only the astreintes, because its value, timely increased, became so disproportional in comparison to the value of the matter in discussion, that such matter is no longer appealing. The astreintes, considering its indubitable comminatory nature, shall comply the debtor to fulfill, rapidly and willingly, the obligation imposed by the court ruling and it has to have a daily value defined with no understatement or exaggeration. Despite the fact that the experts agree upon the non existence of a maximum value, considering the law principles of proportionality and equitableness, it is important that the fine fixed by the Judge be compatible with the case and remains suitable with the obligation to be demanded from the debtor. The reason of the fine is not, and never was, to grant a unjust enrichment to anyone, considering that it benefits, mostly, the plaintiff. We will show, in the conclusion, that the astreintes, having a judicial nature and a specific goal, shall not be used as a way or an instrument to punish the unwilling debtor, once the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, to such purpose, already has a more suitable alternative, which is the fine for contempt of court, that besides having its value defined by law (20% of the case value), what does not apply to the astreintes as above mentioned, has a different beneficiary, because the amount would be paid to the State / O presente trabalho tem por finalidade o estudo da utilização da multa diária prevista no art. 461 do Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro astreintes imposta ao réu como meio de conferir efetividade às decisões judiciais que determinam o cumprimento de obrigação de fazer, não fazer e de dar. Não temos a pretensão de exaurir o tema. O tema chama a atenção em razão da constatação de que, no cotidiano forense, não raras vezes, as cifras resultantes da imposição de multa periódica são manifestamente desproporcionais ao bem da vida perseguido no processo, tornando atraente para a parte beneficiária abandonar seu objetivo principal e mostrar-se mais interessada no recebimento das astreintes. As astreintes, em razão de sua indiscutível natureza cominatória, devem pressionar o devedor a cumprir, de maneira célere e espontânea, a obrigação que lhe foi imposta em decisão judicial e merecem ser arbitradas sem menosprezo ou exagero. Apesar de haver certo consenso entre os doutrinadores de que não existe limite de valor, com fundamento nos princípios da proporcionalidade e da equidade, é importante que a multa fixada pelo Juiz seja compatível e que guarde certa relação com a obrigação a ser exigida do devedor. O objetivo da multa não é, nem nunca foi, o de proporcionar o enriquecimento ilícito a quem quer que seja, já que ela reverte para o autor da ação. Demonstraremos, na conclusão, que tendo as astreintes natureza jurídica e finalidade próprias, não devem ser utilizadas como instrumento ou como meio para a punição do devedor renitente, já que para esta finalidade o Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro dispõe de ferramenta própria, ou seja, a multa por ato atentatório ao exercício da jurisdição, multa esta que, além de possuir limite fixado em lei (20% do valor da causa), o que não ocorre com as astreintes como dissemos acima, tem destinatário diverso desta, ou seja, a União ou Estado

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milena de Oliveira Guimaraes.pdf: 1201234 bytes, checksum: f07a56f10121e5662ece2c0ef66c76ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-27 / The present study aimed at presenting compatible solutions to the civil procedural system for the effectiveness of the enforcement, mainly, for the problematic disobedience of the judgments. The process for enforcing requires coercive methods, as civil prison or fines, compelling contemnor to enforce the order contained in the decision. In this line, it had the intention to approach the specific performance and the money judgments, and giving them an imperative protection from the Court order. The contempt of court institute was mentioned, that is, a typical institute of the common law system, whose aim is to assure the dignity of justice by imposing coercive and punishing procedures. After comparing the both systems civil law and common law the civil contempt was emphasized, a coercive procedure aiming to force him to execute the judicial order. An effective enforcement depends on respect to the administration of justice as corollary of due process of law / O presente estudo tem por objetivo sugerir soluções compatíveis com o sistema processual civil para a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional executiva, notadamente, para a problemática do descumprimento das ordens judiciais. Partiu-se da conceituação da decisão mandamental como tutela executiva, por comportar medidas executivas como meio de compelir o recalcitrante ao cumprimento do comando judicial contido na decisão. Nessa linha, houve a intenção de aproximar as obrigações de entregar coisa e as de pagar quantia, agasalhando-as sobre a proteção do comando judicial imperativo, que exorta ao cumprimento, sob risco de sanção. Trazendo a lume as medidas coercitivas aplicáveis ao devedor renitente, no sistema do common law, à moda do contempt of court, buscou-se ressaltar a eficácia dos provimentos executivos, com evidente superioridade em relação às parcas medidas de apoio permitidas no processo civil brasileiro. Deve-se ter presente que uma tutela executiva efetiva depende de uma ordem jurídica que coloca o respeito à administração da justiça como corolário do devido processo legal. Conclui-se a imprescindibilidade, para a efetividade da tutela executiva, do apoio das medidas coercitivas como a prisão civil e a multa diária nas situações autorizadas pelo ordenamento jurídico, no fim último de sancionar o devedor recalcitrante

Sous l’effet de la mondialisation qui a accéléré le rapprochement des cultures, la notion d’identité a pris de l’importance dans la conscience contemporaine. L’émergence du multiculturalisme et de l’idéal de la reconnaissance est liée à ce phénomène. Elle est fondée sur un rejet de l’identité essentielle jugée comme fictive et assimilationniste, au profit d’une valorisation de l’identité sociale réelle. Cette investigation porte sur les enjeux de l’identité, à savoir, sa formation, les conditions de possibilité de son épanouissement, sa reconnaissance dans l’espace public, et surtout son intégration dans la gestion des affaires de l’État. Ces enjeux soulèvent les passions, jusqu’à constituer dans certains cas des menaces pour la cohésion sociale et l’unité de l’État. À travers une analyse conceptuelle et une discussion des problèmes moraux et politiques touchant l’actualité des sociétés contemporaines, Taylor démontre que l’harmonie sociale et l’épanouissement individuel et collectif passent nécessairement par une gestion harmonieuse de l’identité et de la différence. Quant à Honneth, il développe une théorie de l’intersubjectivité, en soulignant que l’identité des individus ne peut se former et s’épanouir que dans des rapports de reconnaissance. Les deux penseurs se rejoignent sur l’idée qu’au fond de l’exigence de la reconnaissance se trouve l’idéal de justice sociale et d’équité. Au-delà de l’estime mutuelle, le partage équitable des richesses (matérielles ou symboliques), les compromis, les accords ou accommodements raisonnables, deviennent le pilier d’un vivre-ensemble harmonieux. / Under the influence of globalization, which has brought different cultures closer, the notion of identity has taken center stage in contemporary consciousness. The emergence of multiculturalism and the recognition of the ideal are connected to this phenomenon. They are based on the rejection of the essential identity, which is judged as fictitious, for the benefit of a real social one. This research accounts for the stakes in identity: its formation, the conditions of possibility of its self-fulfillment, its recognition in the public area, and especially its integration in the management of the affairs of the state. Such requirements sometimes raise passions and may be considered as threats to social cohesion and the compactness of the state. Through an abstract quest and a discussion of the moral and political problems affecting contemporary societies, Taylor demonstrates that social harmony and individual and collective self-fulfillment is inevitably interwoven with a harmonious management of identity and some difference. As for Honneth, he develops an idea based on intersubjectivation, and underscores the fact that the identity of the individual can formed and allow to blossom in the presence of requirements for the recognition of the ideals of social justice and equity. Beyond mutual respect, the equal distribution of wealth (material or symbolic), compromises, agreements or reasonable settlements, are the pillars of harmonious societies.

Identification of a person suspected of a heinous crime before being charged risks prejudicing a fair trial. Present laws place this type of publicity outside the reach of sub judice contempt. This thesis argues there should be a change in the law of sub judice contempt making it an offence for the media to publish the fact that a person is under investigation until the person has been charged.