Orientador: José Geraldo Alberto Bertoncini Poker / Banca: José Blanes Sala / Banca: Edinilson Donisete Machado / Resumo: A propriedade intelectual é uma modalidade singular de relação de propriedade reconhecida universalmente a partir do advento da modernidade ocidental. Sua gênese e desenvolvimento estão localizados no bojo do longo processo histórico de submissão das múltiplas espécies de propriedade, existentes e coexistentes na antiguidade e na idade média, ao império da propriedade privada capitalista moderna. Tem-se que este contexto histórico-social de afirmação e expansão da propriedade privada se estendeu às criações intelectuais, nascendo desta combinação um elemento estratégico de poder e riqueza denominado propriedade intelectual no mundo contemporâneo. Desta forma, investigou-se as principais exteriorizações da propriedade desde o período précapitalista até a propriedade privada moderna. Pela constatação da hegemonia da propriedade privada, no contexto geral dessa relação social e histórica que é a propriedade, procurou-se verificar os principais discursos que no plano da filosofiapolítica justificaram ou negaram legitimidade ao novo modelo vigente. Passou-se, então, ao estudo dos vários sentidos históricos da relação do homem com o conhecimento produzido, perseguindo-se os motivos determinantes para que as criações do intelecto viessem a tornar-se objeto de propriedade. Finalmente, apresentou-se uma discussão sobre alguns pontos controvertidos que envolvem o significado da propriedade intelectual no mundo contemporâneo. Por último, deve-se salientar que o referencial teórico utilizado na pesquisa em uma abordagem histórica e sociológica do tema, recorrendo-se a um conjunto diversificado de categorias da Sociologia, e em certos momentos de outras áreas do conhecimento, nos esforços empreendidos. / Abstract: The intellectual property is a singular kind of relation of property recognized universally from the advent of the western modernity. His origin and development are located in the bulge of the long historical process of submission of the multiple sorts of property, existent and coexistent in the antiquity and in the middle age, to the empire of the private capitalist modern property. It has been that this social-historical context of affirmation and expansion of the private property if it spread out to the intellectual creations, when there is born of this combination a strategic element of power and wealth called intellectual property in the contemporary world. In this way, the principal externalizations of the property were investigated from the period capitalist-daily pay up to the private modern property. For the observation of the hegemony of the private property, in the general context of this social and historical relation that is the property, there tried to check the principal speeches that in the plan of the political-philosophy justified or denied legitimacy to a new model in force. One passed, then, to the study of several historical senses of the relation of the man with the produced knowledge, when there are pursued the motives determinative so that the creations of the intellect came to become an object of property. Finally, a discussion showed up on some controverted points that wrap the meaning of the intellectual property in the contemporary world. For last, it is necessary to point out that the theoretical referential system used in the inquiry in a historical and sociological approach of the subject, resorting to a diversified set of categories of the Sociology, and at certain moments of other areas of the knowledge, in the undertaken efforts. / Mestre

The author of dissertation considers that dependence of behavior of people on their attitude toward God the Creator is perhaps the first and the most important topic that comes to mind during the study of the present passage of the most fundamental Paul's epistle. We believe it is necessary to explore "false foundations" as we see as Paul opposes to them his ideology - ideology of worship to God the Creator. We affirm that Paul sees the main reason of immoral behavior in such area of man's activity as thinking that, in its tum, denies the Creator of every living thing of Earth and because of its incapability to rule over human passions is forced to look for an ideological basis for its acts. This thesis has also practical meaning because it demonstrates Paul's methodology of disproval of false theories of that time revealing their illogicality and senselessness. / Biblical and Ancient studies / M. Th (New Testament)

The author of dissertation considers that dependence of behavior of people on their attitude toward God the Creator is perhaps the first and the most important topic that comes to mind during the study of the present passage of the most fundamental Paul's epistle. We believe it is necessary to explore "false foundations" as we see as Paul opposes to them his ideology - ideology of worship to God the Creator. We affirm that Paul sees the main reason of immoral behavior in such area of man's activity as thinking that, in its tum, denies the Creator of every living thing of Earth and because of its incapability to rule over human passions is forced to look for an ideological basis for its acts. This thesis has also practical meaning because it demonstrates Paul's methodology of disproval of false theories of that time revealing their illogicality and senselessness. / Biblical and Ancient studies / M. Th (New Testament)

Cette thèse présente l'exploration humaine du monde microscopique de règle de la beauté formelle, afin de révéler la loi inhérente de l’univers dans lequel tous les êtres sont connectés et communiqués. La thèse encourage les hommes à découvrir le charme unique de l’univers via les médias d’art, et à découvrir la signification essentielle de l'humanité qui apportera plus de l’esprit d’innovation. Tirer et appliquer de nombreuses formes de beauté des cellules biologiques sous le microscope dans la création de l’art contemporain est un travail totalement innovant et magique, comme les petites cellules contiennent l’essence de l’univers. La loi de l’univers joue un rôle primordial dans la formation de la beauté du monde microscopique. Cette thèse a également étudié comment l’esprit humain participe au processus de l’esthétique microscopique qui améliore la théorie de l’esthétique dans son ensemble. Tout cela enrichit la pensée et la forme de la création des artistes contemporains. Cette thèse vise à promouvoir la construction et la communication de l’esprit du monde microscopique, et à retrouver les inspirations et les natures. C’est un sujet spirituel qui mérite l’attention des artistes contemporains. / This thesis presents the human exploration of the rule of beauty, of forms in the microscopic world, to reveal the inherent law of the universe in which all beings are connected and communicated. The thesis encouraged men to experience the unique charm of the universe via the media of the arts, and to discover the essential meaning of humanity that will bring more spirits of innovation. Learning and applying the beauty of many forms of biological cells under the microscope in the creation of contemporary art is a completely innovative and magical work, since the small cells contain the essence of the universe. The law of the universe plays a crucial role in the formation of the beauty of the microscopic world. This thesis also studied how the human mind involved in the process of microscopic aesthetic that enhances the theory of aesthetics as a whole. All this enriched the thought and the form of the creation of contemporary artists.This thesis aims to promote the construction and communication of the spirit of the microscopic world, and to find the inspirations and natures. It is a spiritual subject that deserves the attention of contemporary artists.

La propriété intellectuelle est suffisamment polymorphe pour s’appliquer tant aux personnes privées qu’aux personnes publiques. Il n’est pas question de nier la spécificité de la personne publique, qui en raison de son identité et de la nature des missions qui lui sont confiées dispose de prérogatives particulières, et est soumise à des règles spécifiques. L’objet de notre étude est de démontrer que la propriété intellectuelle soumet les personnes publiques et privées à un régime juridique commun, qui est aménagé pour répondre aux exigences propres aux personnes publiques. Ainsi, ces dernières disposent de prérogatives élargies par rapport aux personnes privées, notamment dans le cadre de l’acquisition et de l’exploitation de leurs créations intellectuelles. Cependant, les personnes publiques sont également soumises à des obligations renforcées, qui résultent des obligations plus générales qui pèsent sur elles, telles que, notamment, la protection du domaine public. En outre, l’apparition de nouvelles politiques publiques telles que l’open data doit être appréhendée par les personnes publiques pour s’adapter aux nouveaux enjeux de la propriété intellectuelle publique. / Intellectual Property (IP) is enough polymorphic to be applied to both private individuals and publicentities (understood as the State, administrative districts having legal personality, and public institutions). This is not about denying the specificity of public entities, who are entrusted with particular prerogatives, and subjected to specific rules because of their identity and the nature of their missions. The purpose of our study is to demonstrate that IP submits both public entities and private individuals to a common legal system, which is set to meet the requirements inherent to public entities. Thus, public entities have expanded powers over private individuals, through acquisition and exploitation of their intellectual assets. This is the expression, in IP, of the specific prerogatives thatpublic entities enjoy as part of their missions. However, public entities are also subjected to strengthened bonds, which are the result of general obligations placed upon them, such as the protection of public assets. Finally, the emergence of new dynamics related to IP such as open data represents a major evolution of this science that public entities must understand to adapt to new challenges of public IP.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-115) / The purpose of this study is to critically analyse selected scholarly views on the visionary experiences during Jesus’ baptism. Modern scholars have different opinions about the reports in the New Testament on Jesus’ baptismal visionary phenomena. Some scholars interpreted the events as Jesus’ actual seeing or vision and others accept it as literary creations by the authors, to make sense of the reports on seeing and hearing that are hard to understand. Reports like a Spirit descending in the form of a dove are extraordinary for most people and pose interpretive challenges. The two distinct trends identified in the study of visionary experiences are those who take the text on the visions literally and those who see them as literary creations. There is a new trend in biblical scholarship, which is comparative and invokes insights from cross-cultural research in order to understand the accounts of the visions as altered states of consciousness (ASC). These views are also presented, compared and evaluated selecting three major views from modern New Testament scholars. Among the scholars identified, who take the baptism visions literally, are Dunn, Meier, Marcus, Hurtado, Borg and Webb. The scholars selected, who consider the baptism visions as literary creations, are Sanders, Crossan, Miller and Strijdom. The scholars, who contributed to the new development in interpreting the texts on visionary experiences as ASC, are Pilch, Davies and DeMaris. Pilch uses the theoretical model of ASC and understands it differently from those used by Davies and DeMaris on which they base their interpretations. A scientific explanation of ASC is built from theories about how the brain and culture, together, create certain states of consciousness. All these views are analysed based on the scholarly interpretations from the three definitive trends in the visions research, comparing the caretaker versus critical at a meta-analysis level. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Biblical archaeology)

L'étude de l'apport en société des créations intellectuelles permet de dynamiser le schéma contractuel classique de la propriété intellectuelle reposant sur le couple cession-licence et contribue à l'analyse du mécanisme de l'apport en société. Malgré une similitude certaine avec les contrats usuels d'exploitation des biens intellectuels, l'apport des créations intellectuelles en société est une convention originale. Cette originalité se traduit par une nature et un régime hybrides. Du point de vue du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, il s'agit d'un contrat particulier d'exploitation des biens intellectuels. Du point de vue du droit de sociétés, il s'agit du contrat qui permet de mettre les biens intellectuels à la disposition de la société et de l'un des éléments constitutifs de celle-ci. Cette dualité a une incidence directe tant sur les conditions de réalisation de l'apport en société des créations intellectuelles que sur les effets de l'apport. Si le régime applicable s'appuie sur celui des contrats classiques d'exploitation des biens intellectuels, à savoir sur les règles prévues par le droit civil pour le contrat de vente et de louage des choses, il n'y a pourtant pas assimilation. D'une part, la réalisation de la convention d'apport obéit à de nombreuses contraintes dont celles résultant du droit des sociétés et du droit de la concurrence. D'autre part, l'appréhension des droits et des obligations des parties est différente. La relation entre la société et l'apporteur est imprégnée de l'intuitu personae inhérente aux biens intellectuels et de l'affectio societatis dû à la nature du contrat de société. En l'absence d'une règlementation adaptée à la spécificité du contrat, la liberté contractuelle s'exerce dans le respect des principes d'ordre public. / The study of the contribution agreement dynamizes the classic contractual scheme of intellectual property exploitation based on the pair licence- assignment and provides a detailed analysis of the mechanism of the contribution to a company. Despite a certain similarity to conventional intellectual property exploitation contracts, the contribution agreement is an original contract. This originality is reflected legally by a hybrid nature as well as a heterogeneous applicable system. Regarding intellectual property, the contribution agreement is a specific act of exploitation of intellectual goods. Regarding company law, it is the agreement which enables delivery of the intellectual goods to the company and constitutes an essential element of the company¿s constitution. This duality directly affects the conditions of contract formation as well as its effects. Although the applicable system is based on the traditional contracts of exploitation of intellectual goods, in particular the articles of civil law relating the sale and lease of tangible assets, there is no further similarity. On the one hand, the formation of the contribution agreement follows numerous constraints posed by company law and competition law. On the other hand, the understanding of the parties¿ rights and obligations differs. The relationship between the company and the contributor is imbued with the intuitu personae attached to intellectual goods as well as the affectio societatis resulting from the nature of the partnership agreement. Given the lack of regulation adapted to the specificity of intellectual property contribution agreements, the emphasis has been put on contract drafting. Such a legal deficiency must be supplemented by contractual freedom without breaking the principles of public policy.

L'étude de l'apport en société des créations intellectuelles permet de dynamiser le schéma contractuel classique de la propriété intellectuelle reposant sur le couple cession-licence et contribue à l'analyse du mécanisme de l'apport en société. Malgré une similitude certaine avec les contrats usuels d'exploitation des biens intellectuels, l'apport des créations intellectuelles en société est une convention originale. Cette originalité se traduit par une nature et un régime hybrides. Du point de vue du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, il s'agit d'un contrat particulier d'exploitation des biens intellectuels. Du point de vue du droit de sociétés, il s'agit du contrat qui permet de mettre les biens intellectuels à la disposition de la société et de l'un des éléments constitutifs de celle-ci. Cette dualité a une incidence directe tant sur les conditions de réalisation de l'apport en société des créations intellectuelles que sur les effets de l'apport. Si le régime applicable s'appuie sur celui des contrats classiques d'exploitation des biens intellectuels, à savoir sur les règles prévues par le droit civil pour le contrat de vente et de louage des choses, il n'y a pourtant pas assimilation. D'une part, la réalisation de la convention d'apport obéit à de nombreuses contraintes dont celles résultant du droit des sociétés et du droit de la concurrence. D'autre part, l'appréhension des droits et des obligations des parties est différente. La relation entre la société et l'apporteur est imprégnée de l'intuitu personae inhérente aux biens intellectuels et de l'affectio societatis dû à la nature du contrat de société. En l'absence d'une règlementation adaptée à la spécificité du contrat, la liberté contractuelle s'exerce dans le respect des principes d'ordre public. / The study of the contribution agreement dynamizes the classic contractual scheme of intellectual property exploitation based on the pair licence- assignment and provides a detailed analysis of the mechanism of the contribution to a company. Despite a certain similarity to conventional intellectual property exploitation contracts, the contribution agreement is an original contract. This originality is reflected legally by a hybrid nature as well as a heterogeneous applicable system. Regarding intellectual property, the contribution agreement is a specific act of exploitation of intellectual goods. Regarding company law, it is the agreement which enables delivery of the intellectual goods to the company and constitutes an essential element of the company¿s constitution. This duality directly affects the conditions of contract formation as well as its effects. Although the applicable system is based on the traditional contracts of exploitation of intellectual goods, in particular the articles of civil law relating the sale and lease of tangible assets, there is no further similarity. On the one hand, the formation of the contribution agreement follows numerous constraints posed by company law and competition law. On the other hand, the understanding of the parties¿ rights and obligations differs. The relationship between the company and the contributor is imbued with the intuitu personae attached to intellectual goods as well as the affectio societatis resulting from the nature of the partnership agreement. Given the lack of regulation adapted to the specificity of intellectual property contribution agreements, the emphasis has been put on contract drafting. Such a legal deficiency must be supplemented by contractual freedom without breaking the principles of public policy.

本研究著眼於原住民文化產業智慧資源規劃的議題，特別是以原住民工藝產業當中的編織工藝作為研究對象。在智慧資源的創造和保護方面，對於原住民民俗創作的法律討論和立法行動，在我國雖然已有初步成果，但卻仍有許多爭議尚待解決，因而仍無法提供原住民族人充足的保護，不過即使如此，產業仍然需要在此模糊不清的法律狀態下，尋找最佳的發展路徑，換言之，從智慧資源的管理和應用方面，在盡可能建立智慧資源的基礎之後，管理者應如何透過原先具備或後天取得的資源，促使經營的事業體找出適當的發展模式，毋寧更是原住民文化產業能否永續發展的優先考量。而在產業發展較成熟之後，若再回頭主張產業從業者真正需要的法律規範，或許更可以提供規範制定者值得參考的意見。 在上述的法律和管理並重的思考邏輯之下，本研究從文獻探討開始，檢視國際間、各國和我國在處理原住民民俗創作保護時的問題現狀，在確定文化資產和智慧財產各有其規範角色，卻又會互相影響的前提之下，推導出存在於原住民文化產業當中，同時可以致力於文化資產活化，以及智慧財產創造的幾種可能的發展模式，供作本研究後續個案的探討模型，以及未來的產業從業者決定發展方向時的可能參考選項。 故在本研究個案部份，即同時反映上述類型化模型的思考。第四章的第一個個案就是較具有公共性(commons)本質的尤瑪‧達陸與野桐工坊個案，而第五章的第二個個案就是較具有完整企業經營理念的湛賞文化藝術工作坊，此二個案同時都是以編織工藝為主要經營項目，但是因為經營者的目標不同，因而展現出不同樣貌，本研究透過此二個案呈現經營面向的議題，同時也針對智慧資源規劃議題，給予個案未來發展之建議。 最後的結論與建議，本研究主要針對於政府機關和產業從業者兩方面，從之前論述當中發現的議題和可參考的適例，重新思考現存問題的解決方案，期待在研究者的共同努力下，台灣原住民文化產業能夠走上更亮麗的舞台。 / This research is focused on intelligence resources planning of indigenous cultural industry, especially in the field of knitting techniques. From creation and protection of intelligence resources perspective, legal discussion and legislative movement for aboriginal people’s cultural expressions seem to achieve slight success in Taiwan, but there still exists many unresolved issues, resulting in insufficient protection for aboriginal people as before. However, even in such legally ambiguous situation, the industry still needs to find its way out, looking for the best path to develop itself. In other words, from management and application of intelligence resources perspective, after trying best efforts to set up the foundation of intelligence resources, how the managers are devoting to figure out the suitable model for the business unit, by using original or adopting resources, becomes the first priority of concerns of whether the indigenous cultural industry can be sustainable. When the industry becomes more mature, the participants of the industry may look back, to propose their real needs for regulations, and at the same time, these proposals may be very valuable for the regulators. Based on the above thinking in accordance with both legal and managerial logic, this research makes observation to problems when dealing with aboriginal people’s folklore expressions in international society, in various countries and in Taiwan, from the beginning part of literature analysis to the latter parts; then, this research makes sure that cultural heritage and intellectual property both play parts on the focused topics, while each has its regulatory role as well as has impact on the other, and such nature and connection becomes the premise of the following several models respectively for activation of cultural heritage and creation of intellectual property at the same time in indigenous cultural industry. These models will be used as the analytic tools for the following case study and as the referable choices of business development for future participants in the industry. Furthermore, case study of this research reflects foregoing categorical models. The first case in Chapter 4 is commons-oriented Yuma Taru and Lihang Studio case. The second case in Chapter 5 is under complete company management, which is Siku Sawmah Cultural Art Workshop case. Both cases’ major revenue come from knitting techniques, but the managers have different business goals, resulting in different business models. This research tries to reveal managerial issues when running workshop through these two cases; this research will also gives suggestion to them in relation to intelligence resources planning. In the final part of conclusion and suggestion, this research aims at governmental departments and participants in the industry, and for them it rethinks solutions towards existing problems regarding previously found issues and referable cases. This research expects the indigenous cultural industry in Taiwan to eventually get on a more radiant stage with the cooperation of all the researchers and participants.