Le présent ouvrage propose une lecture spatiale du roman Texaco, de l’auteur martiniquais Patrick Chamoiseau. Texaco retrace l’histoire de la Martinique, principalement celle de sa population noire créolophone, depuis le XIXe siècle – époque de la traite et de l’esclavage – jusqu’à la fin du XXe siècle. Considérant que l’identité d’un individu (ou d’une communauté) est étroitement corrélée au rapport qu’entretient celui-ci avec son espace de vie, notre travail vise à mettre au jour les particularités identitaires des personnages du roman au travers d’une analyse des espaces qu’ils occupent et façonnent dans le récit. En nous appuyant sur des concepts spatiaux empruntés à Henri Lefebvre (l’espace tripartite), à Michel de Certeau (le lieu, l’espace et la pratique spatiale) et à Marc Augé (le lieu et le non-lieu), nous souhaitons montrer de quelle manière et dans quelle mesure ces différentes entités spatiales expriment, consolident ou oblitèrent l’identité singulière des personnages chamoisiens, c’est-à-dire leur « créolité ». / This work presents a spatial analysis of the novel Texaco, written by the Martinican author Patrick Chamoiseau. Texaco follows the story of Martinique, mainly its black Creole population, from the 19th century – the time of slave trade and slavery – until the end of the 20th century. Considering that the identity of an individual (or a community) is closely related to the link it maintains with its living space, our work aims to unveil the particularities of identity of the characters through the analysis of the spaces they occupy and create. Basing ourselves on spatial concepts borrowed from Henri Lefebvre (the tripartite space), Michel de Certeau (the space, the place and the spatial practices) and Marc Augé (the place and the non-place), we wish to show how and to what extent those different spaces express, consolidate or obliterate the distinct identity of Chamoisian characters, in other words their “creoleness”.

Le présent ouvrage propose une lecture spatiale du roman Texaco, de l’auteur martiniquais Patrick Chamoiseau. Texaco retrace l’histoire de la Martinique, principalement celle de sa population noire créolophone, depuis le XIXe siècle – époque de la traite et de l’esclavage – jusqu’à la fin du XXe siècle. Considérant que l’identité d’un individu (ou d’une communauté) est étroitement corrélée au rapport qu’entretient celui-ci avec son espace de vie, notre travail vise à mettre au jour les particularités identitaires des personnages du roman au travers d’une analyse des espaces qu’ils occupent et façonnent dans le récit. En nous appuyant sur des concepts spatiaux empruntés à Henri Lefebvre (l’espace tripartite), à Michel de Certeau (le lieu, l’espace et la pratique spatiale) et à Marc Augé (le lieu et le non-lieu), nous souhaitons montrer de quelle manière et dans quelle mesure ces différentes entités spatiales expriment, consolident ou oblitèrent l’identité singulière des personnages chamoisiens, c’est-à-dire leur « créolité ». / This work presents a spatial analysis of the novel Texaco, written by the Martinican author Patrick Chamoiseau. Texaco follows the story of Martinique, mainly its black Creole population, from the 19th century – the time of slave trade and slavery – until the end of the 20th century. Considering that the identity of an individual (or a community) is closely related to the link it maintains with its living space, our work aims to unveil the particularities of identity of the characters through the analysis of the spaces they occupy and create. Basing ourselves on spatial concepts borrowed from Henri Lefebvre (the tripartite space), Michel de Certeau (the space, the place and the spatial practices) and Marc Augé (the place and the non-place), we wish to show how and to what extent those different spaces express, consolidate or obliterate the distinct identity of Chamoisian characters, in other words their “creoleness”.

L’exotisme primaire, tel que décrit par Victor Segalen, est toujours très prégnant dans la société contemporaine, surtout quand il est lié à l’insularité. Ce phénomène est entretenu non seulement par les nombreuses productions littéraires des périodes de conquête coloniale et de création des empires mais aussi par les médias et le cinéma galvaudant inlassablement l’imagerie idyllique de l’île. En revanche, ce type de représentation s’estompe largement dans la littérature de l’océan Indien où la seconde génération d’écrivains notamment s’affranchit des canons coloniaux encore perceptibles chez la première génération. L’objectif initial de notre étude est donc de mettre en exergue les archétypes insulaires forgés pendant la colonisation et de démontrer les différents processus de leur effritement dans la littérature indianocéanique au fil des générations. Il s’agit ensuite de comprendre pourquoi les parangons insulaires sont déconstruits dans ce champ littéraire. À travers leur démarche, les auteurs indianocéaniques veulent-ils exprimer le désir d’une réappropriation identitaire, linguistique, territoriale et historique ? Souhaitent-ils par ailleurs affirmer leur inscription dans une littérature régionale pour mieux s’ouvrir à la mondialité, comme définie par Édouard Glissant ? En ayant pour support les théories, mouvements et concepts postcoloniaux parallèlement repris par les différentes recherches menées sur l’Exotisme, l’Insularité, la Créolité et la Littérature-Monde, nous voulons ainsi proposer des pistes d’analyse et de réflexion menant à une meilleure appréhension si ce n’est compréhension des univers esthétiques présents dans le bassin de l’océan Indien. / Primary exoticism as defined by Victor Segalen is still very relevant to the modern society mainly when it refers to insularity. This phenomenon is not only maintained by the numerous literary productions of the periods of colonial conquest and the establishment of empires but also by the media and the cinema overusing indefatigably the idyllic imaging of the island. However, this representation recedes widely in Indian Ocean literature where the second generation of writers in particular frees itself from the colonial ideals always perceptible in the first generation. The initial objective of our study is therefore to highlight the insular archetypes forged during the colonial period and to demonstrate the various processes of their erosion in the literature of the Indian Ocean over the generations. It is then a question of understanding why are the island paragons deconstructed in this literary field. Through their approach, do the authors of the Indian Ocean want to express the desire of an identity, linguistic, territorial and historic reappropriation ? Do they besides wish to assert their inscription in a regional literature to open better to the mondialité as defined by Édouard Glissant ? With the support of postcolonial theories, mouvements and concepts at the same time taken up by different studies on Exoticism, Insularity, Creoleness and Littérature-Monde, we so want to propose avenues for analysis and reflection leading to a better comprehension if not apprehension of the aesthetic universes found in the Indian Ocean basin.

L'esclavage constitue le chronotope de "Tituba" de M. Condé et de "Beloved" de T. Morrison. Il est un héritage paradigmatique dans les autres œuvres de ces auteures, ainsi que chez Alice Walker et Gisèle Pineau, déterminant les rapports raciaux contemporains. La fragmentation du corps esclave convoque le motif de la couture, entre tissage conteur, re-membrement du corps social, et reconfiguration d'une tâche traditionnellement féminine. La mise en exergue du pouvoir performatif des mots des maîtres rappelle l’historicité et la dimension politique de l'invention du racisme dans le régime plantocratique. L'exemple de la beauté féminine et de sa racialisation illustre l'intrication complexe de la construction du genre et de la race. Mais le récit du passé esclavagiste, s'il peut éclairer et expliquer le présent, n'est fait qu'au prix d'un combat douloureux contre divers processus de refoulements, individuels et collectifs. Si "Beloved" et "La couleur Pourpre" rappellent le rôle essentiel de la réminiscence, "Paradis", "Morne Câpresse" et "Heremakhonon" mettent en scène des hypertrophies mémorielles problématiques ou drolatiques. La critique de la prétention historienne à l'objectivité y participe d'une remise en cause globale de la scientificité et de l'héritage des Lumières. Les ambivalences de la postmémoire s'opposent à la sacralisation contemporaine de la littérature mémorielle ou testimoniale, et la hantise postcoloniale se donne à voir sous un jour nouveau, ironique. L'analyse des maternités dialectiques dans "Beloved", "Tituba" ou "Rosie Carpe" permet de réfléchir le lien entre narration de la nation, racialisation de la maternité et contrôle du corps des femmes. Une lecture des œuvres du corpus à l'aune du concept d'intersectionnalité permet d'envisager une déconstruction globale de la féminité libérée de l'injonction à la sexualité reproductive. Au croisement du pouvoir de donner la vie et de son refus, le personnage de la sage-femme est récurrent. Souvent accusée de sorcellerie, elle nourrit une mythologie féminine qui peut retourner le stigmate magique. Fruit de rivalités dans les champs médicaux et religieux, la figure de la sorcière chez Toni Morrison, Maryse Condé ou Marie NDiaye est une invention interculturelle dont la force performative et parodique ébranle les catégories littéraires. Issus du traumatisme de l'esclavage, les romans étudiés esquissent les contours d'utopies concrètes. Leur dimension totalitaire et séparatiste cependant se révèle dans le visage grimaçant de l'espérance eschatologie contemporaine : la secte. Si la projection dans le futur semble ainsi dérisoire, le retour en un espace premier, refuge utérin et remontée dans le temps, s'abîme dans l'impossibilité du retour en Afrique. La Négritude césairienne est ainsi mise à distance, tandis que les espoirs de la Créolité semblent battus en brèche par une littérature récusant l'utopie post-raciale. Les migrations contemporaines et les douleurs de la condition exilique sont narrées sans idéalisation de la mobilité, tandis que les stratégies narratives des auteures diffèrent, tout en se retrouvant dans un désir de révéler en même temps que de dépasser la ligne de couleur. / Slavery is the chronotope of "Tituba" by M. Condé and "Beloved" by T. Morrison. Slavery is a paradigmatic heritage in other novels by these authors, as well as in Alice Walker's and Gisèle Pineau's art ; it determines the contemporary racial relationships. The splitting up of the slave's body calls to mind the pattern of sewing, narrative weaving, re-membering of the social body, and reinventing a traditionally feminine work. The highlighting of performative power of the master's words reminds us the historicity and the politic aspect of the invention of racism in the plantation system. The example of women's beauty and its racialization illustrates the complicated co-construction of gender and race. The writing of past history of slavery points out and explains the present time, but it requires a painful fight against various processes of individual and collective repression. "Beloved" and "The Color Purple" remind us of the importance of rememory, while "Paradise", "Morne Câpresse" and "Heremakhonon" tell about memory in excess. The criticism of historian claim for objectivity belongs to a global questioning of science on the one hand, and of the heritage of Enlightenment on the other. The ambivalences of postmemory confront the contemporary sacralization of memorial and testimonial literature. Postcolonial haunting is seen in a nex light, quite ironic. The analysis of dialectic motherhood in "Beloved", "Tituba" or "Rosie Carpe" allows us to conceptualise the link between national storytelling, racialization of motherhood and political control of women's bodies. Reading and analysing the novels with the concept of intersectionality shows a global deconstruction of womanhood, freed from the stress of reproductive sexuality. At the crossroad of women's power to give birth and death, the midwife is a recurring character. The midwife is often accused of being a witch, and she belongs to a feminine mythology that can turn the stigma around. The witch is born from rivalry in both religious and medical fields. In Toni Morrison's, Maryse Condé's or Marie Ndiaye's novels, the witch is an intercultural invention ; her parodic and performative strength undermines literary categories. Born from the trauma of slavery, the novels outline the pattern of concrete utopias. The totalitarian and separatist aspect of these utopias appears in the grinning face of the contemporary eschatological hope: the sect. Therefore any hope of a better future seems to be ridiculous ; when the return to a primary space, turning back in time, is dying in the impossible way back to Africa. The "Négritude" of Aimé Césaire is dismissed, and so are the hopes of "Créolité", by a literature that rejects post-racial utopia. There is not any idealization of movement in these novels, which tell contemporary migrations and pains of exile condition. Although the narrative strategies are different, they all intend to expose and overcome the color line.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julio Eduardo dos Santos Ribeiro Simoes.pdf: 572619 bytes, checksum: 7c2e4225d64080687d6a231f0d969555 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-27 / This dissertation aims to investigate the mechanisms of liturgical adaptation happening on the Roman Catholic Church in Brazil using a punctual investigation of the Commentator (or Animator) liturgical function on the location of Juiz de Fora MG, inserted on the ecclesial context known as Renovação Carismática Católica (a local translation and adaptation of the American Charismatic Renewal) The prime hypothesis is that the historical development of Brazil as a State allowed the arising of a cultural expression common to this country and also the Cultural Subcontinent in which it is inserted, that is Latin and Caribbean America. Trying to confirm this hypothesis, Creoleness (or Creolization) theory, composed on Caribbean America, is used to enlighten the object (which is the Litugical Animator in charge of it s functions), expanding the creolization question far beyond from mere literary theory, reaching the ritual language level. The cited theory breaks with the illusions of purity when proposes a Latin American notion not as a chunking between cultural and ritual identities, but as a meeting of these formed from loans constituted over the centuries of coexistence between cultures on the cited subcontinent. This work is justified on the necessity of the Church s academic and pastoral environments to enplane what is Brazilian culture in a more valid manner, not resorting generalizing subterfuges, that have been producing a image and self-image of Brazilian church and culture as a relatively sealed values overlapping. The text was build from a deliberated option in favour of comparison between texts about Brazilian culture and the ones about cultural adaptation on Brazil, establishing similarities and disparities between both. On a second overview, there is a comparison between these and the directives on magisterial documents concerning adaptation. These texts, we suppose, guide the liturgical practice in Brazil, and at last overcomes a comparison between the proposed and delimited on the same texts and the practised by Comentator on concrete reality, using Renovação Carismática Católica as a model. Results suggest that the Comentator is correspondent to the cultural between existing between the winners rite (the white Christians) and the rites from the subdued peoples (the interbred mass), being the manifestation prime location of creoleness on Brazilian Catholic celebrations. Nevertheless, further research over the theme is necessary in order to confirm or refute this hypothesis. / Esta dissertação de Mestrado tem como objetivo investigar os mecanismos de adaptação litúrgica presentes na Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana no Brasil utilizando-se de uma investigação pontual do desempenho da função litúrgica de Comentarista (ou Animador) Litúrgico na localidade de Juiz de Fora MG, dentro do contexto eclesial da Renovação Carismática Católica. Parte-se da hipótese de que o desenrolar histórico da constituição do Brasil como estado possibilitou o aparecimento de uma expressão cultural comum ao país em questão e ao subcontinente cultural no qual se insere, que é a América Latina e Caribenha. Para a confirmação da hipótese, lança-se mão da teoria de Crioulização, oriunda da América caribenha para lançar luz sobre o objeto pesquisado (que é o Animador Litúrgico no desempenho de suas funções), ampliando a questão da crioulização para além da mera teoria literária, alcançando o nível de linguagem ritual. Rompe a citada teoria com as ilusões de pureza ao propor uma noção de latinoamericano não como confronto entre identidades culturais e rituais, mas como encontro das mesmas em uma identidade formada de empréstimos constituídos ao longo dos séculos de convivência entre as culturas no subcontinente em questão. Justifica-se o presente trabalho na necessidade dos ambientes acadêmicos e pastorais da citada Igreja em estabelecer o que seja a cultura brasileira de uma maneira plenamente válida, sem mais lançar mão de subterfúgios generalizantes, que têm produzido uma imagem e auto-imagem da igreja e da cultura brasileira como sobreposição de valores relativamente estanques. O texto foi construído a partir da escolha deliberada da comparação entre os textos sobre cultura brasileira e os sobre adaptação cultural no Brasil, estabelecendo as similaridades e disparidades entre os mesmos. Num segundo momento, há uma comparação entre estes conteúdos e as diretrizes presentes nos documentos magisteriais, que supostamente norteiam o desenrolas da prática litúrgica no Brasil, e por fim a comparação entre o proposto e delimitado nos mesmos textos e o praticado pelo Comentarista na realidade concreta, utilizando a Renovação Carismática Católica como modelo para tal. Os resultados sugerem que o comentarista corresponda ao entrelugar cultural entre o rito dos vencedores (os cristãos brancos) e os ritos dos povos vencidos (a massa miscigenada), sendo o lugar da primazia da manifestação da crioulização nas celebrações católicas no Brasil, certamente são necessários estudos posteriores para confirmar ou refutar esta mesma hipótese.