L’alliage de magnésium AZ31 présente une très faible densité. Cette caractéristique en fait un matériau apprécié pour la conception de structures légères. La limitation principale de son utilisation industrielle est sa mauvaise formabilité et ce en raison de la texture cristallographique des tôles qui s’avère être peu adaptée aux procédés de mise en forme tel que l’emboutissage. Cette texture résultant du laminage initial, l’ambition de ce travail est de la modifier en utilisant la technique de laminage asymétrique et de mesurer l’impact de cette voie sur la formabilité de l’alliage. Il a été montré que l’asymétrie, produite par un différentiel de vitesses de rotation des cylindres du laminoir, induit systématiquement de fortes instabilités plastiques sous forme de bandes de cisaillement. Des techniques de cartographie sur microscope électronique en transmission (ACOM) et à balayage (EBSD) ainsi que des analyses de texture par DRX ont été utilisées pour analyser les mécanismes physiques concourant à l’émergence de cette instabilité. Il résulte de cette analyse que l’asymétrie du laminage provoque une forte activité du système de glissement basal que ne compense ni les autres systèmes ni le maclage. Ceci conduit à une localisation marquée de la déformation plastique et à la ruine du matériau. / The low density of the magnesium alloy AZ31 makes it valuable for low weight components. The main limitation for industrial applications is the poor formability of sheets during deep drawing type processing. This is linked to the fibre crystallographic texture resulting from rolling. The objective of the present work is to modify the sheet texture through asymmetrical rolling. It has appeared that the asymmetry promoted by monitoring the roll speeds separately induces plastic instabilities through shear banding. The physical mechanisms involved in the instability were analysed with the help of orientation imaging techniques on transmission electron (ACOM/TEM) and scanning electron (EBSD/SEM) microscopes as well as with X-ray measurements. It is concluded that the shear resulting from the asymmetry in roll speeds promotes a dramatic increase of basal slip that neither twinning nor the activities of other slip systems are able to compensate. Such activity induces strain localisation and premature failure of the material.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-06-21T12:11:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5280829 bytes, checksum: 081debefa3f10398a1c9461855ba5b9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-21T12:11:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5280829 bytes, checksum: 081debefa3f10398a1c9461855ba5b9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Two series based on the structure of 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole were synthesized, 2-aryl-5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1a,h) and 2-aryl-5- trifluoromethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (2a,e), and their biological activity were investigated. These compounds had their chemical structures characterized with spectrometric methods such as IR, 1H and 13C NMR. To characterize the compound 2-(2-acetoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3,4- oxadiazole, it was necessary the use of two-dimensional NMR techniques (COSY, HMQC and HMBC) and his structural arrangement was analyzed by the crystallographic X-ray technique. Mass spectrometric investigation, unprecedented for this class of compound, was also performed. All compounds were tested against eight strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and also against strains of Aspegilles fumigatus, Aspegilles flavus, Candida albicans, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. The results showed that compounds 1b, 1c, 1e, 1g, 2a and 2c, produced inhibition on the growth of species of bacteria and fungi, where the MIC was set between 512 to 1224 mg mL-1. While the compounds 1d, 1e, 1f, 1h, 2a and 2b were inactive, the compounds 1d, 1e, 1f, 1h, 2a and 2b reported a broad spectrum. / Duas séries do heterocíclico 1,3,4-oxadiazol foram sintetizadas, a 2-aril-5-metil-1,3,4-oxadiazol (1a, h) e a 2-aril-5-trifluormetil-1,3,4- oxadiazol (2a, e), obtendo cinco moléculas inéditas (1a, 1e, 2a, 2c e 2e). Todas as moléculas obtidas foram caracterizados pelas técnicas espectroscópicas de 1D de RMN 1H e 13C, IV e realizado o estudo inédito de espectroscopia de Massas. Para a caracterização do composto 2-(2- acetoxifenil)-5-metil-1,3,4-oxadiazol se fez necessário a utilização das técnicas bidimensionais de RMN COSY, HMQC e HMBC, bem como seu arranjo estrutural foi analisado pela técnica cristalográfica de Raios-X. Os oxadiazóis obtidos foram avaliadas frente a oito cepas de Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli e oito cepas, incluindo, Aspegilles fumigatus ATCC 16913, Aspegilles flavus, Candida albicans, Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis. Os ensaios para avaliações da atividade biológica dos produtos foram realizados pela técnica de microdiluição em meio líquido, onde foi determinada a concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM). Os resultados mostraram que os compostos (1b), (1c), (1e), (1g), (2a) e (2c), produziram inibição sobre o crescimento de espécies de bactérias e de fungos, onde a CIM ficou estabelecida entre 512 a 1224 mg/ml. Enquanto que os compostos 1d, 1e, 1f, 1h, 2a e 2b se apresentaram inativos. Já os compostos 1d, 1e, 1f, 1h, 2a e 2b relataram um amplo espectro.

Este trabalho documenta o processo de desenvolvimento de um software didático-interativo para síntese e visualização de estruturas cristalinas intitulado CrystalWalk (CW). Sua criação foi justificada inicialmente pela percepção, colhida junto a atores sociais, de deficiências nas ferramentas de ensino-aprendizagem relacionadas ao estudo de estruturas cristalinas de materiais. Posteriormente, um levantamento do estado da arte dos softwares cristalográficos existentes revelou oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de um novo software com preocupação eminentemente didática. Na especificação e elaboração do CW, foram preconizados os princípios do software livre, da acessibilidade e da democratização do conhecimento. Adotou-se o estado da arte de tecnologias e serviços para desenvolvimento de aplicações web interativas, tais como plataforma HTML5/WebGL, arquiteturas orientadas a serviços (SOA) e sistemas distribuídos responsivos, resilientes e elásticos. Para facilitar o entendimento e a síntese de estruturas cristalinas, foi proposto um inédito processo passo a passo baseado no conceito \"rede + motivo = estrutura cristalina\", que exige a participação ativa e consciente do usuário. Inseriu-se também uma ferramenta denominada \"narrativa didática\", por meio por meio da qual o usuário registra sequências de visualização acompanhadas de anotações e que podem ser compartilhadas múltiplas narrativas permitem atender a diferentes perfis de aprendizagem. Também foram incorporadas com sucesso funcionalidades didáticas eficazes para garantir plena acessibilidade aos recursos do CW e para aumentar seu alcance social, tais como o suporte à interação avançada e às tecnologias de interface de realidade virtual, o suporte à impressão 3D e a oferta de uma plataforma de publicação online. Na avaliação dos produtos gerados, o principal critério foi o atendimento às demandas dos atores sociais, que foram empoderados ao final do processo. O CW é a primeira plataforma a superar a maioria dos problemas apontados e das limitações encontradas nos instrumentos didáticos existentes sobre a temática deste trabalho, impactando positivamente o acesso e a democratização do conhecimento, por meio da construção coletiva, do estímulo à colaboração e da autonomia e independência tecnológicas. / This work documents the process of development of an educational interactive software for synthesis and visualization of crystal structures (crystallographic software) named CrystalWalk (CW). The development of CW was justified by educational problems that were the identified and defined from direct stakeholders inquiry process about the lack of proper didatic tools for teaching crystal structure topic in materials science and engineering disciplines. Further, an evaluation of the existing crystallographic softwares has shown opportunities for the development of a new software, focused on the educational approach. The process of development and implementation of CrystalWalk was guided by principles of free software, accessibility and democratization of knowledge, adopting state of art technologies for the development of interactive web applications, such as HTML5/WebGL, service oriented architecture (SOA) and responsive, resilient and elastic distributed systems. CW proposes an unprecedented step-by-step crystal structure creation approach, imparting the concept of lattice and motif through active and conscious user interaction. Additionally, a comprehensive set of didactic functionalities was also successfully implemented, as an online content publication platform for sharing interactive crystal structures, a \"didactic narratives\" tool that enables users to generate interactive classes based on predefined animated sequences as well the support for advanced interaction and virtual reality technologies as Oculus Rift, Google Cardboard, LEAP Motion, multi-touch devices and 3D printing technologies. Project deliverables were evaluated under action-research premises based on identified problems resolution and overall stake-holders acquired knowledge or empowerment . CW has successfully resolved most of the identified problems identified, empowering students, professors and researchers through positive impact in the democratization of knowledge and technological autonomy and independence.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luis Teixeira Martins.pdf: 7704108 bytes, checksum: 576d699591dbb6b908403edc18197d71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / The beverage metal packaging industry figures as one of the most important worldwide aluminum consumer. A detailed knowledge of the raw material used in the beverage can body production is essential to maintain and improve the productivity levels imposed by the market. It is on this point that the present work focus, in the micro structural and mechanical characterization of three different AA 3104-H19 rolled coils, to be able to compare them in search of similarities and discrepancies. Their chemical compositions were analyzed by energy dispersion (EDS), and atomic absorption (AA) spectrometry, their micro structures were identified by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Their mechanical properties were described by tensile tests, Erichsen tests, forming limit curves (FLC), micro hardness Vickers tests, and surface roughness tests (Ra). The anisotropy coefficient R, also known as Lankford´s R, and the strain hardening exponent n were calculated using the results and specimens of the tensile tests. In addition, their crystallographic textures were analyzed by orientation distribution functions and pole figures. The experiment s results showed a strong similarity among all three rolled sheets, their properties differing only subtly. On average the yield strength of all three was found to be 265 MPa, their ultimate tensile strength 285 MPa. Elongation was very similar for all three, around 4.7%. The strain hardening exponent n averaged 0.078, a value comparable to some found in literature. The normal (R) and planar (UR) anisotropy values were found to be 0.77 and 0.22, respectively, indicating a slight tendency to form ears at 45o and good deep drawing formability. The microstructure analysis of all three sheets revealed two kinds of intermetallic compounds with distinct morphology, Al6(Fe,Mn) and Al12(Fe,Mn)3Si, not scattered homogeneously, together with well distributed dispersoids in the aluminum matrix. The crystallographic texture of the three sheets also exhibited similarities; all had the same dominant components with comparable intensities. On all three it was possible to notice that the typical strain hardening textures, Brass {110}<112> and Copper {112}<111>, together with Goss {110}<001>, were balanced by the Cube {001}<100> component, typical of recrystallization. The notable differences found could be summarized in slightly higher mechanical properties for one of the sheets and smaller and less widespread intermetallic compounds for another. / A indústria de embalagens metálicas para bebidas se destaca como uma das mais importantes no consumo mundial de alumínio. O conhecimento detalhado da matéria prima utilizada para a produção de latas para bebidas é essencial para manter e melhorar os níveis de produtividade impostos pelo mercado. O foco do presente trabalho encontra-se na caracterização microestrutural e mecânica de três diferentes laminados da liga de alumínio 3104-H19, a fim de compará-los em busca de similaridades e discrepâncias. As suas composições químicas foram avaliadas através de espectroscopia de dispersão de energia (EDS-MEV) e de absorção atômica (AA). Suas microestruturas foram analisadas através de microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Suas propriedades mecânicas foram apuradas pelo uso de ensaios de tração uniaxiais, ensaios Erichsen, curvas limite de conformação (CLC), microdureza Vickers, e rugosidade (Ra). O coeficiente de anisotropia, R de Lankford, e o expoente de encruamento (n), foram calculados através dos resultados dos ensaios de caracterização mecânica.Em adição, uma análise da textura cristalográfica dos laminados foi realizada através do uso de funções de distribuição de orientação e figuras de polo. Os resultados demostraram semelhança entre os três laminados, suas propriedades e características diferindo apenas sutilmente. Na média o limite de escoamento dos três ficou em 265 MPa e o limite de resistência a tração em 285 MPa. Os alongamentos percentuais ficaram todos ao redor de 4,7%. O expoente de encruamento n ficou na média em 0,078, valor próximo a alguns encontrados na literatura. Os índices de anisotropia normal (R) e planar (UR) ficaram próximos a 0,77 e -0,22, respectivamente, indicando uma leve tendência ao orelhamento a 45º e boa conformabilidade em repuxo profundo. A análise microestrutural dos três laminados revelou dois tipos de compostos intermetálicos com morfologia distinta, Al6(Fe,Mn) e Al12(Fe,Mn)3Si, espalhados não homogeneamente, junto à dispersoides bem distribuídos na matriz de alumínio. A textura cristalográfica dos três laminados também exibiu similitudes, todas com as mesmas componentes dominantes em intensidades parecidas. Nos três notou-se que a textura típica de deformação para ligas de alumínio, latão {110}<112> e cobre {112}<111>, junto a textura Goss {110}<001>, estavam balanceadas pela textura cubo {001}<100>, típica de recristalização. As diferenças encontradas resumiram-se a propriedades mecânicas sutilmente superiores em um dos laminados e compostos intermetálicos menores e em menor volume em outro.

Mechanical fatigue is a failure phenomenon that occurs due to repeated application of mechanical loads. Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) is considered as the domain of fatigue life greater than 10 million load cycles. Increasing numbers of structural components have service life in the VHCF regime, for instance in automotive and high speed train transportation, gas turbine disks, and components of paper production machinery. Safe and reliable operation of these components depends on the knowledge of their VHCF properties. In this thesis both experimental tools and theoretical modelling were utilized to develop better understanding of the VHCF phenomena. In the experimental part, ultrasonic fatigue testing at 20 kHz of cold rolled and hot rolled stainless steel grades was conducted and fatigue strengths in the VHCF regime were obtained. The mechanisms for fatigue crack initiation and short crack growth were investigated using electron microscopes. For the cold rolled stainless steels crack initiation and early growth occurred through the formation of the Fine Granular Area (FGA) observed on the fracture surface and in TEM observations of cross-sections. The crack growth in the FGA seems to control more than 90% of the total fatigue life. For the hot rolled duplex stainless steels fatigue crack initiation occurred due to accumulation of plastic fatigue damage at the external surface, and early crack growth proceeded through a crystallographic growth mechanism. Theoretical modelling of complex cracks involving kinks and branches in an elastic half-plane under static loading was carried out by using the Distributed Dislocation Dipole Technique (DDDT). The technique was implemented for 2D crack problems. Both fully open and partially closed crack cases were analyzed. The main aim of the development of the DDDT was to compute the stress intensity factors. Accuracy of 2% in the computations was attainable compared to the solutions obtained by the Finite Element Method. / Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) is considered as the domain of fatigue life greater than 10 million load cycles. Structural components that have service life in the VHCF regime include wheels and axles of high speed trains, gas turbine disks, and components of paper production machinery. Safe and reliable design, and the longevity, of these components depends on the knowledge of their VHCF properties. The overall aim of the experimental portion of this thesis was to gain in-depth knowledge of the VHCF properties of stainless steels. Fatigue test data in the VHCF regime was generated for different stainless steel grades using ultrasonic fatigue testing. The mechanisms for fatigue crack initiation and short crack growth were investigated using electron microscopes. Theoretical modelling of complex crack geometries involving kinks and branches was carried out by using the Distributed Dislocation Dipole Technique (DDDT). The main aim of this development was to compute the stress intensity factors and to analyse the stress state around the cracks. The results showed that accuracy of 2% was attainable compared to the solutions obtained by Finite Element Method (FEM). / <p>Artikel 4 publicerad i avhandlingen som manuskript</p>

There has been in the past ten to fifteen years a surge of activity concerning the cohomology of semi-direct product groups of the form $\mathbb{Z}^{n}\rtimes$G with G finite. A problem first stated by Adem-Ge-Pan-Petrosyan asks for suitable conditions for the Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre Spectral Sequence associated to this group extension to collapse at second page of the Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence. In this thesis we use facts from integer representation theory to reduce this problem to only considering representatives from each genus of representations, and establish techniques for constructing new examples in which the spectral sequence collapses.

Les effets des nanoparticules (cisaillables et non-cisaillables) sur l’évolution microstructurale et l'évolution de la texture cristallographique des deux alliages à base d’aluminium après laminage à froid ont été étudiés dans cette thèse. Un alliage Al-Sc contenant des nanoparticules cisaillables de Al3Sc et un composite Al-TiB2 contenant des nanoparticules non-cisaillables TiB2 sont étudiés. La microscopie électronique en transmission (MET), la diffraction d'électrons rétrodiffusés (EBSD) et l’analyse de la texture par la diffraction de neutrons sont utilisées pour caractériser le développement de la microstructure et la texture cristallographique lors du laminage à froid des 2 alliages.La restauration dynamique pendant laminage a été inhibée dans la matrice contenant des Al3Sc nanoparticules cisaillables et TiB2 non-cisaillables. Par conséquent, peu de cellules de dislocation ont été générées dans la matrice, ce qui limite la diminution de la taille des grains.Le développement de la texture de laminage est retardé par les nanoparticules cisaillables ou les particules non-cisaillables. Des bandes d’orientation de cube résiduelles se trouvent dans les matériaux contenant des particules cisaillables dans une matrice très déformée en raison de la limitation du glissement croisé. La réduction de la proption volumique des composantes de texture du laminage se produit dans les matériaux contenant de grandes particules non-cisaillables (de l’ordre d’un micromètre) en raison de la recristallisation dans les PDZs (Particle Deformation Zones), ce qui contribue également à la diminution des grains.De plus, le cisaillement de nanoparticules favorise le glissades en plan, ce qui conduit à une forte localisation des déformations et à l'apparition de bandes de cisaillement. La génération de bandes de cisaillement dépend de l'orientation et est dû au changement soudain des chemins de déformation et et de l'inhibition de la récupération dynamique. Les nanoparticules non cisaillables ont probablement pivoté avec la matrice environnante, ce qui pourrait constituer un nouveau mécanisme de déformation. / The effects of shearable and non-shearable nanoparticles on the microstructure and crystallographic texture evolution of two Al-based alloys after cold rolling have been studied in this thesis. An Al-Sc alloy containing shearable Al3Sc nanoprecipitates and Al-TiB2 composite containing non-shearable TiB2 nanoparticles are investigated, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and neutron diffraction texture analysis are employed to characterize the microstructure and texture development of the two alloys during cold rolling.Dynamic recovery has been inhibited in the matrix containing both shearable (Al3Sc) and non-shearable (TiB2) nanoparticles due to the pinning effects. Hence, few dislocation cells are generated in these matrices that impedes the grain refinement.The development of rolling texture is retarded by either shearable nanoprecipitates or non-shearbale particles. Obvious residual Cube orientation bands are found in materials containing shearable precipitates at the deformed states due to the limitation of cross-slip. Volume reduction of rolling texture components occurs in materials containing large non-shearable particles (about 1 micrometer) due to the recrystallization at PDZs (Particle Deformation Zones), which contributes to grain refinement.In addition, the shearing of nanoprecipitates promotes planar slip leading to strong strain localization and the occurrence of shearbands. The generation of shearbands is orientation dependent and results from the sudden change of deformation paths and inhibition of dynamic recovery. The non-shearable nanoparticles probably have rotated together with the surrounding matrix, which could be a new deformation mechanism.

Transparent polycrystalline aluminum oxide is a promising optical material, particularly in applications that require ballistic protection. However, the rhombohedral crystal structure of alumina limits its transparency due to birefringent scattering. One method of reducing birefringent scattering is to align the particles along the same crystallographic direction, minimizing the refractive index mismatch. This dissertation explores the use of high aspect-ratio platelet-morphology alumina powder in order to process a crystallographically aligned polycrystalline alumina part, with improved optical properties. The optimal hot-pressing parameters of non-pre-aligned platelet alumina were explored, showing that a low pre-load pressure (0MPa), a high maximum temperature (1800°C), a low maximum pressure (10MPa), and a long isothermal hold time (>5hrs) yields dense, transparent parts. These parameters resulted in samples with a high in-line transmission (>65%) despite a large grain size (>60μm). This is due to a high degree of crystallographic orientation, which minimizes the refractive index mismatch between grains, reducing birefringent scattering. Pre-alignment resulted in a further increase in crystallographic orientation, indicating that the pre-alignment procedure effectively aligns the platelets along the same crystallographic orientation. However, pre-alignment resulted in a minimal improvement in optical properties due to the pre-aligned platelets decreasing the densification. Mechanical properties were characterized, resulting in a flexure stress and Vickers hardness of approximately 175MPa and 17GPa, respectively. These low mechanical properties are due to the large grain size. The Vickers hardness was also characterized along different alignment/hot-pressing directions, showing that the hardness matches that of sapphire along corresponding crystallographic directions. Modifications to the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye model were made, accounting for crystallographic orientation. The modified model more closely matches the experimental optical data, illustrating the importance of accounting for crystallographic alignment. This dissertation emphasizes the importance of characterizing optical losses in transparent ceramics and how they relate to the microstructure, as well as the significance of crystallographic alignment in a birefringent transparent ceramic like alumina.

Hafnium oxide is widely used for resistive switching devices, and recently it has been discovered that ferroelectricity can be established in (un-)doped hafnium oxide as well. Previous studies showed that both switching mechanisms are influenced by oxygen vacancies. For resistive switching, typically amorphous oxide layers with an asymmetric electrode configuration are used to create a gradient of oxygen vacancies. On the other hand, ferroelectric switching is performed by having symmetric electrodes and requires crystalline structures. The coexistence of both effects has recently been demonstrated. In this work, a detailed analysis of the reversible interplay of both switching mechanisms within a single capacitor cell is investigated. First, ferroelectric switching cycles were applied in order to drive the sample into the fatigued stage characterized by increased concentration of oxygen vacancies in the oxide layer. Afterwards, a forming step that is typical for the resistive switching devices was utilized to achieve a soft breakdown. In the next step, twofold alternation between the high and low resistance state is applied to demonstrate the resistive switching behavior of the device. Having the sample in the high resistance state with a ruptured filament, ferroelectric switching behavior is again shown within the same stack. Interestingly, the same endurance as before was observed without a hard breakdown of the device. Therefore, an effective sequence of ferroelectric—resistive—ferroelectric switching is realized. Additionally, the dependence of the forming, set, and reset voltage on the ferroelectric cycling stage (pristine, woken-up and fatigued) is analyzed giving insight into the physical device operation.

<p>    </p> <p>Electrical steels are one type of soft magnetic material. They are based on Fe-Si alloys and are widely used for magnetic cores in transformers and electric motors. It is well known that Fe- 6.5Si wt% is the most efficient composition; however, at such a high silicon concentration (6.5wt.% = 12.1 at.% Si in Fe), the poor workability of the alloy makes it unacceptable for industrial production via conventional sheet steel rolling processes. This problem was approached in two different ways. First, a machining-based approach that suppresses the mechanisms that lead to cracking during conventional rolling was implemented for processing of thin metal strips. Two related machining-based sheet production technologies called free machining (FM), and hybrid cutting extrusion (HCE) were used to produce strips of high resistivity electrical steel. The maximum strip width achieved was 50 mm, and it was produced with a combination of FM and light rolling with a surface roughness comparable to cold-rolled sheet surfaces. Second, a new experimental alloy Fe-4Si-4Cr wt% was developed with improved magnetic properties compared to ~ Fe-3.2Si wt% and outstanding workability. Results report that the new experimental alloy has an electrical resistivity of 85 ± 3 𝜇Ω ∙ 𝑐𝑚 which is higher than Fe-6.5%Si. Also, the results on the Fe-4Si-4Cr workability show that this new alloy can withstand 75% cold-rolled reduction. The magnetic properties characterization was done via standard stacked toroid testing, and results show that Fe-4Si-4Cr experimental alloy exhibits excellent magnetic performance with a reduction in core losses of 33% at 400 Hz compared to commercial alloys with ~ Fe-3.2Si wt%. Recrystallization kinetics and texture evolution in the experimental alloy were evaluated for traditionally rolled and machining-based samples. Results were used to construct annealing maps. These maps represent the stages of the annealing process for a range of temperature versus time conditions, i.e., the annealing maps are a graphical summary showing the different stages of the annealing process for the Fe-4Si-4Cr experimental alloy in the two conditions. Despite the significant differences in the deformation texture of the two conditions, the recrystallization kinetics were similar. Finally, the two conditions retained the as-deformed texture in the intermediate annealing but to a lesser degree after completing a full anneal. In the case of the rolled sample, it is possible to trace the original texture fibers (γ-fiber, the partial α-fiber, and the θ -fiber) in the fully annealed data, but the texture intensity is just 2.5 mrd. On the other hand, the texture of the fully annealed HCE sample changes as compared to the as-deformed condition, located close to (110)[112] with a surprisingly strong peak of ~ 25 mrd. </p>