The idea of developing cultural and creative industries has been putting forward by the government in recent years. As the result of regarding virtual channel and fashion flea market as a place to test market and well conditions to start an enterprise, there are more and more designers build their own manufacture's brand in the cultural and creative field. However, there are just a few brands can stand out from the crowd. This study was carried by case study and regarded 5 small-and-medium-sized enterprises in cultural and creative industries branding successfully as its sample. Use different dimensions to probe into the stage from case company¡¦s brand building, brand positioning to brand¡¦s marketing strategies drafting. Through the categorization and contextualization analysis establish a theoretical framework. According to this study, the power of self-actualization and dissatisfaction of industry conditions push designers to build a brand as a medium of living, creating and self-expression. To the small-and-medium-sized brands that own mostly 1 or 2 designers, the look of a brand is the style the designers have. Brand¡¦s designers use their prior knowledge and experiences to form the brand¡¦s spirit with their frame of mind. The process of brand position is the pattern or works added company¡¦s competitive advantages, launched differential products and consumed by customers. On the other hand, brand owners hook up with consumers by exhibition, blog or each channel to pass product concept and brand spirit to. Consumers will combine and assimilate the perception of the brand while they buying and the meaning of the brand they realize while interacting with brand owners, then feedback to the brand owners. Such a feedback mechanism can help brand owners adjust the way they do to meet their ideal brand position with consumers¡¦ perception. Furthermore, case companies set a niche market position into market. In the virtuous circle, brand community management lead companies and brand close to their customers and build an inseparable relationship.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Freie Univ, Berlin, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-140).

The main goal of this thesis is to evaluate and compare the efficiency of cultural and creative industries in Latin America and Venezuela in particular, hence its growing potential. The introductory part refers to the geographic and socio-economic definition of Venezuela, on which the work is more focused. The following part is a quick overview of the theory of cultural and creative industries, so that this concept could be subsequently adapted to the Latin American region. The next section is devoted to selected examples of countries and projects that significantly transformed the socio-cultural environment of the country. The second half of the thesis focuses on the cultural and creative industries in Venezuela. The various categories of the sector and cultural institutions that are dedicated to them or shielded are specified. The last two chapters of practical part focus on the current situation in the phenomenon of cultural and creative industries and events, which can currently change the whole functioning of the Venezuelan state.

在全球的經濟型態逐漸將重心由知識經濟轉向創意經濟的背景下，台灣政府也開始正視文化創意產業的發展，並於2010年通過文化創意產業發展法。另外，文化創意產業中的商業運作過程與價值網絡的建構，也從如何自個別企業「點」的效應，擴散成完整產業的「面」效益。因此，使文化創意產業持續擴張，是現階段台灣所面臨的關鍵。 在專業分工的策略、知識與創意工作者的高度流動的考量下，委外成為企業可取得資源的方式之一，過去在製造業以成本為考量的委外思維的下，創意該如何委外，可以複製過去經驗或是開創新局是本論文之研究動機。 個案選擇上，由於文化創意產業類別差異極大，本研究選取設計產業的代表：廣告設計與工業設計產業進行個案交叉比對，期望能夠透過創意與委外流程的關係（包含動機、決策點與執行）欲探討在文化創意產業中：（1）在廣告設計與工業設計中，其委外的動機與創意的關係是什麼?在此兩產業中有何異同? （2）在廣告設計與工業設計中，委外的執行與創意的關係是什麼?其關鍵成功因素是什麼? （3）在廣告設計業與工業設計中創意能被持續委外的關鍵因素是什麼? 本論文的研究結論包含：（1）企業欲將創意委外的動機來自於內部認定之創意價值低、專業能力缺乏，或與所占產業位置有關，視產業別不同而有所差異。此外，創意需可於市場取得且具成本效益時，企業才有將創意委外的可能（2）委外創意的動機在於其委外利益與組織目標能相符合（3）創意能被持續委外的關鍵在於廠商認知創意本質具收斂性，透過委外雙方的有形與無形的契約與信任，為終端市場客戶提供完整的服務。 / Under the type of global economics transferred from knowledge economics into creativity economics, Taiwan government has begun to take serious and to focus on the development of creative industry, and also passed the law of creative industry development as well in 2010. At the mean while, the business model and the construction of value network of creative industry, has expanded from individual enterprise to whole industry. Therefore, how to enlarge the boundary of creative industry is the key issue that Taiwan is facing right now. Considering the strategy of specialization and the highly transferring of knowledge and creativity human resource, outsourcing has become one way of getting resources in the enterprise. Cost down is the major cause of outsourcing in the traditional industry, so the motivation of this thesis is how to outsourcing the creativity? Is it possible to copy the past successful experience? Or it should be done by another brand new way? Due to the category of creative industry is very different, so in this thesis, it chose the most two representative design industries belong to creative industry, which are advertising design and industrial design, to compare cross over each other. Expecting through the relationship (including motivation, strategy and execution) between creativity and outsourcing, to discuss in creative industry and find out: (1) What is the relationship between motivation of outsourcing and creativity in both advertising design industry and industrial design industry. And what is the difference in these two industries. (2) What is the relationship between execution of outsourcing and creativity in both advertising design industry and industrial design industry? And what is the key successful point? (3) What is the key reason of creativity outsourcing continuously in advertising design industry and industrial design industry? The conclusions of this thesis are: (1) The motivation of creativity outsourcing is relevant in valueless creativity inside the enterprise, poor of professional ability, and different positions in the value network in the creative industry. (2) The motivation of creativity outsourcing is that the benefit of outsourcing can match the goal of organization. (3) The key point that creativity can be outsourced continuously is because it is realized in the enterprise that creativity has the convergence nature. So by the trust of tangible or intangible contracts, it will supply complete service to the end customer in the market.

當創新不再被視為全新的發明，而更近似於既有資源的重新組合，資源重組（recombination）便成為創新的重要來源。當企業的資源有限時，有一派學者主張運用隨創（bricolage）概念，就地取材地為既有資源賦予全新價值。不過，當組織內部的資源不多，重組之後所得到的創新也相對有限。因此，另一派學者主張從組織外部連結跨域資源，整合各方之長的仲介（brokerage）觀點，在許多知名企業紛紛採用之後，霎時之間蔚為主流。然而，過去對於仲介的研究，大多聚焦於資源重組的過程，卻忽略了企業所面臨的情境制約（constraint）。 有別一般的困難，制約根深蒂固於情境（context）之中，涵蓋的範圍極廣，單一企業往往難以獨力排除，故問題解決（problem-solving）的思維不易奏效。企業如何在制約之下發展創新，是過去的研究較少著墨之處，因此我們對於企業如何回應制約的瞭解相當有限。本研究由制約對創新者的影響切入，強調創新者如何在制約之下仲介資源，並且創意地回應制約，進而發展出「借力使力」的仲介方式，不僅化解制約的阻礙，也透過資源的重新整合，從既有的資源中創造新的價值。 本研究選擇國內某知名媒體集團A公司旗下的B集團為個案公司，B集團深耕活動事業多年，媒體背景為其建立廣博的社會網絡，使其在仲介各方資源時更加順利，因而發展出與眾不同的創意回應。本論文的研究問題為：「企業在面臨制約的情況下，如何仲介資源以回應制約？」本研究以個案公司在2009年底至2010年初所舉辦的梵谷畫展作為研究個案，深入企業以訪談法蒐集資料，採用詮釋型的質性研究方法，分析策展人如何仲介各方資源，借力使力地回應情境制約，使展覽順利舉辦。最後，本研究從策展人回應制約的仲介歷程中，歸納出三種創意回應的設計原則。本研究於學理上的貢獻有二：首先，本研究呈現創新者在制約之下的仲介歷程，補強過去研究較少著墨之處，進而豐富仲介理論的內涵；其次，本研究將創新者透過仲介作為回應制約的過程，作為一種創意回應的形式，進而豐富了創意回應的理論意涵。 / When innovation is regarded as resources combination rather than novel invention, recombination therefore becomes the origin of innovation. One school demonstrated the concept of 『Bricolage』, which transfers existed resources into new values, however, it would be limited if resources are insufficient. The other school referred to 『Brokerage』, which brokers the resources outside the organization and creates new combinations through diversified resources. Nevertheless, most of relative researches focus on the process of recombination, which led to disregarding the constraints met by enterprises. Unlike normal barriers or challenges, constraints in the context are hard to removed for enterprise with insufficient resources. Due to the pervasive effectiveness of constraints, the problem-solving concept may not work well when it is applied to this issue. That is to say, how enterprises innovate under constraints is the issue neglected by past researches. Hence, this research mainly focuses on how innovator brokers diversified resources to respond to constraints creatively. Then we find that a type of brokerage named 『leverage through brokerage』. By this type of brokerage, innovators could respond to the effectiveness of constraints, and create new values through the recombination of existing resources. This research chooses B group, which belongs to a leading media company in Taiwan, as our research case. Rather than ineffective problem-solving ability of enterprise, this research cuts to the point from the effects to innovators in such constraints. B group has devoted into curation industry for many years, it tends to be easier to broker resources from different stakeholders and develop unique creativity since its media background and wide social networks. This research explains: When an enterprise confronts constraints, how does it broker resources to respond such constraints? This research chose 『Van Gogh exhibition』 held from 2009 to 2010 as a case study, adopting deeper research by interviews and using interpretation as qualitative research method, trying to analyze how curator broker resources from different stakeholders and leverage them to respond constraints. Finally, this research generalizes three creative responses as design principles from the curator's responding process to the constraints. The findings of this research demonstrate two academic contributions: (1) Different from past research, this case focuses more on the process of the brokerage when an enterprise try to innovate under constraints, therefore enriches the Brokerage theory. (2) This case concludes the process of curator's responding to constraints through brokerage as a way of creative response, hence complements the creative response theory.

Abstract The economical pioneer of new era ¢w The cultural and creative industries become the chief pattern in New Economy. I take the example of ¡§bridal photography industry¡¨ which is deep into the Chinese culture, and still act as a role model after going through industry life cycle, to found a successful pattern for cultural and creative industries. The applications to the cultural and creative industries from the key success factors in bridal photography Industry are as follow¡G 1. The cluster effect is shown not only in the ¡§bridal photography street¡¨ but other kinds of cultural and creative industries. 2. The vertical and horizontal integration concepts in the wedding industryi chain can be applied to cultural and creative industries, it can create more production value for the firm ¢w for the cultural and creative enterprises, ¡§industrialization¡¨ is the key point, to make it work, the enterprises should dropped their preconceived ideas and cross their limitation, thus they could compete with each other under the developing process of industry. 3. Value-added application ¢w First--Differentiation¡Git makes the bridal photography industry become the specialty in Taiwan; Second--Duplication¡Xstandardization¡Bhigh level expression and module¡Gwhile considering the booming expansion, cultural and creative industries can learn from the concept of cost-down in mechanical industry, that is, make their product duplicable, come off the hand-made, and develop successful module; third ¡V Authorization. The original creation process of cultural and creative industries is extremely tough, if they can use the authorization well, then they should create more production value and influence. 4. The technology urged the industry to go for two extremes¡GThe very few artists standing on the top, and the main stream of industry which caters to trend; embracing technology is the best option when cultural and creative industries confront new era. 5. Open up the exporting and tourism markets. 6. The blue ocean strategy for individualization era ¡V The new consumption stage¡Gselling the wonderful lifestyle, customer-orientation¡Bemotional marketing¡Bsymbolic economic and luxury marketing; using the human resources well and creating high value-added. Other warnings are about the difficult financing policy, the over-supply after industrialization, the competitor after globalization and the extra pressure problems from social economic state. The cultural and creative enterprise and the industry should drop the preconceived ideas or take others to slightly, they should learn the advantages from each other¡GThe cultural and creative enterprise should emulate the concepts of standardization¡Bhigh level expression¡Bmodule or cost-down from industry, and the industry can observe the variation ability of duplication form The cultural and creative enterprise, and create high value-added by authorization.

The dissertation is an attempt to culturologically view the development of cultural policy in the context of the knowledge society and the related socio-economic processes of the knowledge and creative economy that are part of the new economy. The new economy is a term that encompasses specific types of economies whose common denominator is a combination of a new form of organization and decision-making processes of economic subjects with links to technological and non-technological innovation as well as the development of human resources. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the development of cultural and creative industries concepts and their application to cultural policy and other related public policies. At the same time, the aim of this work is a case study on the current situation in the development of the concepts of cultural and creative industries in relation to the analyzed concepts and their reflection in public policies in Slovakia.

當製造業面臨產業瓶頸，最早見於40年代法蘭克福學派的「文化」結合產業手法訴求夕陽工業轉型，我國參考歐美等國開放工廠或建立觀光園區等為知識觀光景點之作法，於2003年以「推動製造業發展觀光休閒產業計畫」為主，佐以〈工廠兼營觀光服務作業要點〉之相關規定，協助製造業工廠轉型產業文化資產觀光。 「文化」是生活的表述，於社會結構中區分個人或群體所表現出之價值；「文創」在「文化」的主要和次要特徵元素上做創新發揮，在知識經濟時代透過文化產品的符號網絡達成文化傳遞流行化的成果；觀光工廠的品牌塑造便如同任何一類文化創意活動：在一定的知識背景下，依靠人的創新與想法，加上現代科技提升傳統文化要素的內涵和品質，並非單單對傳統文化的簡單複製、加工和移植，而是文化個性特質的最大發揮。 本研究以宜蘭縣內之觀光工廠為主要研究對象，分析整理廠區DM、觀光工廠官網與觀光工廠旅遊專書等文獻，輔以筆者現場進行深度訪談，針對觀光工廠如何推展觀光行銷，做到企業、文化傳承，同時尋求建立百年企業之可能。對於近年來公部門輔導下面臨的市場困境，也逐一發掘整理，期能為後續的改善提供方向。 / When the manufacturing industry was faced with industrial bottlenecks, as early as the combination of "culture" and "industry" of the Frankfurt School emerged in the 1940s, it sought the transformation of industrial development from the declining situation. Taiwan refers to the experience of the tourism factories in Europe and the United States, establishing the cultural and creative places as the knowledge tourist attractions. The Ministry of Economic Affairs has been actively coaching the management of tourism service and the restructuring of domestic conventional factories since 2003, to assist manufacturing factories in transforming industrial cultural assets and sightseeing. "Culture" is the expression of life, distinguishing the values shown by individuals or groups in the social structure. Cultural and creative resources make innovations in the main and secondary characteristic elements of "culture," and achieve the popularity of cultural transmission results through cultural products with their symbolic network in the era of knowledge. Tourism factory’s brand building is like any kind of cultural and creative activities: The process rely on human’s innovations and ideas in a certain knowledge background, coupled with modern science and technology to enhance the traditional cultural elements of the content and quality. It’s not the simple reproduction, processing and transplanting of traditional culture, but the greatest manifestation of the special characteristics of culture. This study set the tourism factories in Yilan County as the main research object, discussed with analyzing tourism factories’ DM, official website, tourist book and other literatures, supplemented with depth interviews on the way of how to promote tourism marketing by the author, explored the strategy of the conduction of business management, cultural heritage, and even the possibilities of seeking to establish a centennial shop. The research also sorted out one after another to provide the direction for subsequent improvement for the market dilemma under the guidance of the public sector in recent years.

The cultural and creative industries worldwide have seen an enormous increase in revenue and growth, and the prosperous development of these industries in Thailand presents a particularly successful case. Government policy interventions have introduced Thai creative products to the international market, and support from the private sector has bolstered Thailand’s cultural and creative industries, particularly through the multiple coups that Thailand has faced. This study therefore examined Thailand’s cultural and creative industries from the perspectives of politics and private society, probing into relevant policies between 1997 and 2017. Finally, because Thailand’s film industry enjoys a great global reputation, this industry was selected as a case to examine the specific measures of the Thai public and private sectors facilitating its development.

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