Magistro darbe tiriami neplyni miško kirtimai, vertinama jų atlikimo kokybė ir daromos klaidos. Darbo objektas – Šiaulių ir Kuršėnų miškų urėdijos. Darbo tikslas – Nustatyti miškotvarkos projektuotų ir girininkijose vykdytų pagrindinių kirtimo rūšių atitikimą teoriniams reikalavimams (plynų ir neplynų kirtimų santykis) ir įvertinti atliktų neplynų kirtimų kokybę. Darbo metodai - dokumentų analizės, tyrimo duomenų analizės. Darbo rezultatai. Neplyni kirtimai Šiaulių miškų urėdijoje per paskutinius 3 metus sudarė 9-19 % nuo bendros pagrindinių kirtimų apimties, tai mažiau nei šiandien yra reikalaujama. 2003-2007 metais Šiaulių girininkija teoriškai plynai turėjo kirsti 91-98 % bendro pagrindiniais kirtimais kertamo ploto, o neplynai – 2-9 % bendro kertamo ploto. Miškotvarka per paskutinius 5 metus Šiaulių girininkijoje projektavo 2-7 % plynų kirtimų daugiau negu reikėtų pagal Pagrindinių kirtimų taisykles, o neplynų kirtimų apimtys sudarė tik 13-30 % nuo teorinio varianto. Tuo tarpu girininkijos per tą patį laikotarpį atlikti plyni kirtimai teorinį variantą viršijo 1-6 %, o neplyni kirtimai sudarė 32-97 % nuo teorinio varianto. 2008-2009 metams miškotvarka projektuodama Šiaulių girininkijai plynus kirtimus 2-6 % viršijo teorinį variantą, o neplyni kirtimai sudarė 29-72 % nuo teorinio varianto. Šiaulių miškų urėdijoje supaprastinti atvejiniai kirtimai medynuose su pakankamu pomiškio kiekiu sudaro net 66 % bendros neplynų kirtimų apimties. Kuršėnų miškų urėdijoje dviejų ciklų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This study contains non-clear cuttings analysis, evaluation of their quality and made mistakes. Object of the study – State forest enterprises of Šiauliai and Kuršėnai. The aim of the study – Estimate how do the main cuttings, made by the organization of forest exploration match their theoretical specifications (clear and non-clear cuttings proportion) and evaluate the quality of non-clear cuttings made. Methods of the study – document analysis, research data analysis Results of the study. During the past three years non-clear cuttings in the state forest enterprise of Šiauliai took from 9 to 19% of main cuttings made and this rate is less then it should be. During the period of 2003-2007 forestry of Šiauliai theoretically should have cut from 91 to 98% clearly and from 2 to 9 % non-clearly of main cuttings planned. During the past five years in the organization of forest exploitation plans for clear cutting were 2-7% larger than it should theoretically be and plans for non-clear cuttings were only 13-30% of the theoretical value. Whereas actual clear cuttings in the forestries were 1-6% higher and non-clear cutting took from 32 to 97% of their theoretical value. During the period of year 2008-2009 organization of forest exploitation made plans for forestry of Šiauliai, that where 2-6% higher for clear-cuttings and were form 29 to 72% from theoretical value for non-clear cuttings. In the state forest enterprise of Šiauliai the shelter wood cuttings in the stands with... [to full text]

Clones of the Eucalyptus grandis x Eucayptus nitens (GN) hybrids were produced and selected through the CSIR‟s breeding programmes for colder plantation sites in South Africa. Some GN clones consistently exhibit high and superior pulp properties, which makes them valuable for commercial plantations in South Africa. In nurseries, stockplants are usually seven cm in length and maintained at high (100 x1.5 m-2) planting density. However, rooting frequency varies with season and little is known about the impact of position of cuttings on overall rooting frequency of a clone. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of size and planting density of stockplants in mini-hedges, on the yield and subsequent rooting of cuttings from various positions of GN clones of known rooting potential (i.e. GN 018B: difficult-to-root and PP 2107: easy-to-root clones). Stockplants (10 cm vs. 20 cm) were established at high (100 x 1.5 m-2) and at low (25 x 1.5 m-2) densities for GN 018B and PP 2107 under commercial nursery conditions in a polyethylene tunnel. Cuttings were harvested every two to three weeks in September-October 2010 (spring), December 2010-January 2011 (summer), April-May 2011 (autumn) and June-July 2011 (winter). The harvested material was 5 – 7 cm in length and the light intensity received by individual stockplants at the two planting density levels was recorded. Harvested cuttings from the three positions (apical, middle and basal shoots) were used for: (i) rooting experiments under nursery conditions, (ii) bio-stimulant analysis using the mung bean bioassay, and (iii) analysis of soluble sugars. Between spring and summer 2010, the two GN clones established at low density yielded a similar number of cuttings, but differences in the rooting frequencies were significant in favour of PP 2107 clone. Similar observations were made at high density in terms of production of cuttings, but the significant differences in the rooting observations were reversed between the clones. The GN 018B clone had low rooting rates in summer under nursery conditions but its tissue extracts promoted higher rooting in the bioassay during that time, when compared to spring. Spring and summer had similar effects on rooting responses of PP 2107 cuttings in nursery and bioassay experiments. For both clones, short stockplants produced fewer cuttings but had a higher rooting frequency than cuttings from tall stockplants, with a high rooting frequency recorded from basal cuttings. Similar results were observed in the bioassay experiments which showed high rooting potential of mung bean hypocotyls cuttings using tissue extracts of PP 2107 cuttings maintained at high planting density. Although apical cutting tissues had high concentration of sugars (i.e. sucrose, glucose and fructose), their rooting rates were usually lower at high and low planting density compared to middle and basal cuttings. Sucrose concentration was the highest sugar present in stockplants grown under low planting density. A higher and lower rooting frequency was also observed in autumn although the two clones responded differently to Quambalaria eucalypti (Sporothrix eucalypti) disease infestations. Position, size and genotype had a significant impact on type and concentration of sugar (i.e. sucrose, glucose and fructose), particularly in PP 2107 clone, although rooting rates in the bioassay did not correlate with sugar contents of Eucalyptus cuttings. High carbohydrate (i.e. soluble sugar) content and auxin concentration increased production and subsequent rooting of cuttings across both clones, particularly in spring. Furthermore, rooting was enhanced by relatively higher light intensity intercepted by individual stockplants and in particular the GN 018B clone. Light intensity in the high and low planting densities caused variation in the rooting frequencies thereby increasing or decreasing soluble sugar and auxin concentrations of the two clones. Light intensity and fertiliser concentration received by tall and short stockplants impacted on endogenous hormone levels thereby increasing or decreasing rooting. High sugar concentration levels of PP 2107 clone increased its susceptibility to fungal infection thereby decreasing its rooting frequency in autumn, as its rooting rates increased in winter. Overall results of the investigation revealed that PP 2107 clone has higher rooting potential than GN 018B clone, in particular at high planting density and if stockplants are not infected by fungal diseases. Higher sugar levels were recorded in spring for PP 2107, although rooting rates of mung bean hypocotyl cuttings were higher in summer for GN 018B, suggesting that sugars have nothing to do with rooting of GN cuttings. Season, planting density and size of stockplants affect the rooting frequency of GN clone. Thus, short stockplants maintained at low and high planting densities are recommended for GN 018B and PP 2107 respectively, although the impacts of fertilisers and pathogen resistance on rooting rates still need to be investigated under similar conditions. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) has an economical and environmental importance to the southern area of Brazil. However, there is no enough technologies of vegetative propagation, which are important to improve yield and quality. This study had as objectives to evaluate the propagation of erva-mate trees trough cuttings and to establish an ex vitro acclimatization and micro-cutting rooting protocols from embryo cultures. Vegetative propagation potential was evaluated considering shading intensity of the stock plant and origin and size of the cuttings. Cuttings were grabbed from stock plants growing under light or shade conditions and prepared in two types (one-bud and regular types). The evaluations were the percentage of lived and died cuttings, cuttings unchanged, shoot and callus growth, shoot length, rooting, leaf survival, number and length of roots and number and length of leaves in new shoots. For acclimatization and ex vitro rooting were evaluated five concentrations of indol butyric acid (IBA) (0; 250; 500; 1,000 and 2,000 ppm) and five substrates (vermiculite, sand, carbonized rice hull, commercial substrate of pinus bark, and coconut bark). The evaluations were the percentage of cuttings unchanged, callus formation, rooting and mortality, number and length of roots, micro-cutting length, fresh weight of roots, and number of leaves in new shoots. The highest cutting unchanged was gotten with cuttings from plants growing in light. Callus formation, presence of leaves and new shoot growth affected rooting. Cuttings collected from vegetative propagated plants showed higher percentage of rooting and root length. The highest rooting percentage and micro-cutting growth were found with 1,000 ppm of IBA during acclimatization period. Acclimatization and ex vitro rooting of erva-mate micro-cuttings can be done in the substrate of carbonized rice hull and commercial substrate of pinus bark. / A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) assume uma importância ambiental e socioeconômica para a região sul do Brasil, porém carece de tecnologias de propagação vegetativa necessárias para o aumento da produção e da qualidade. O presente estudo teve por objetivos analisar a propagação via estaquia de material adulto e estabelecer a aclimatização ex vitro e o enraizamento de microestacas originadas de cultivo de embriões de erva-mate. Para a estaquia, analisaram-se o efeito do nível de sombreamento da planta matriz, a origem e o tamanho da estaca, avaliando o potencial de propagação vegetativa. As estacas foram coletadas de plantas matrizes de dois níveis de sombreamento (crescimento a pleno sol e sombreado), de duas origens (seminal e propagada vegetativamente) e de dois tipos (estaca convencional e de gema única). Os parâmetros utilizados para avaliar as estacas foram a porcentagem de estacas vivas e mortas, de estacas inalteradas, emissão e comprimento de brotos, formação de calos, enraizamento, permanência das folhas primárias, número e comprimento de raízes e número e comprimento de folhas dos brotos. Na aclimatização e enraizamento ex vitro de erva-mate foram testadas cinco concentrações de ácido indol butírico (AIB) (0, 250, 500, 1.000 e 2.000 ppm), e cinco tipos de substratos (vermiculita, areia, casca de arroz carbonizada, substrato comercial a base de casca de pinus e casca de coco), visando o enraizamento de microestacas. As microestacas foram avaliadas quanto a porcentagem de estacas inalteradas, de formação de calos, de enraizamento e de mortalidade, número de raízes, comprimento de raízes, tamanho total da microestaca, biomassa radicular e número de folhas dos brotos. Estaca coletada de planta matriz em pleno sol apresentou maiores porcentagens de estacas inalteradas. A presença de calo, das folhas primárias e a emissão de brotos afetaram o enraizamento. Estacas coletadas de matrizes propagadas vegetativamente apresentam maior taxa de enraizamento e comprimento de raízes. Na microestaquia, a concentração de 1.000 ppm de AIB foi eficiente para o enraizamento e crescimento de microestacas na aclimatização. Microestacas de erva-mate podem ser aclimatizadas e enraizadas ex vitro em substrato de casca de arroz carbonizada e em substrato comercial a base de casca de pinus.

No description available.

As espécies do gênero Smilax L., conhecidas popularmente como salsaparrilha, são empregadas na medicina popular desde o século XVI, porém essas plantas ainda são exploradas de maneira extrativista. Com o aumento da comercialização de plantas medicinais cresce a necessidade de trabalhos que certifiquem a qualidade da matéria prima. A caracterização anatômica e o perfil químico certamente fornecem uma base mais segura nessa certificação. Visando auxiliar no atendimento da demanda e apontar propostas do manejo sustentável em áreas de ocorrência natural de Smilax fluminensis Steud. os objetivos do presente estudo foram: a) analisar a morfoanatomia dos órgãos vegetativos e indicar as características de valor diagnóstico para essa espécie; b) analisar o perfil químico de S. fluminensis através da Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência acoplada com Detector de Arranjo de Diodos utilizando-se extratos metanólicos (EMeOH) de raízes, rizóforos e ramos aéreos; c) realizar estudos de germinação de sementes e de propagação vegetativa por estacas de ramos aéreos e subterrâneos e, d) acompanhar ao longo de um ano a capacidade de rebrotamento das plantas no campo. As análises ao microscópio de luz foram realizadas utilizando-se as técnicas usuais para o preparo de lâminas semipermamentes e permanentes. Para as análises no microscópio eletrônico de varredura, amostras de folhas foram fixadas em Karnovsky, desidratadas em série etílica e submetidas ao método do ponto crítico de CO2, montadas sobre suportes de alumínio e metalizadas. As sementes foram submetidas a diferentes temperaturas, sob fotoperíodo diário de oito horas e na ausência de luz. Para o enraizamento de estacas, foram utilizados ramos aéreos e subterrâneos com aproximadamente 20 cm, com duas regiões nodais submetidas ao tratamento com ácido indolbutírico a 100 ppm ou apenas em água destilada. Dentre os caracteres anatômicos que permitiram a delimitação da espécie destacam-se: estômatos anisocíticos e paracíticos presentes na epiderme da face abaxial; cera epicuticular na forma de grânulos globosos; mesofilo homogêneo com ampla câmara subestomática; presença da bainha amilífera nos primeiros entrenós do caule aéreo; presença de endoderme com reforço em U; ausência de meristema de espessamento no rizóforo adulto; presença de exoderme com estrias de Caspary nas raízes brancas e ausência de córtex interno nas raízes marrons. Em relação ao perfil químico, os extratos obtidos apresentaram picos correspondentes às substâncias: ácido clorogênico, ácido cafeico, rutina, ácido p-cumárico, ácido ferúlico e ácido trans-cinâmico. As melhores porcentagens de germinação foram 80% em 20-30º C no claro e 85% a 30ºC no escuro. Apenas as estacas de ramos subterrâneos enraizaram. Ao final de um ano de acompanhamento das plantas no campo, todas apresentaram em média 4.05 novos brotamentos. As espécies cujas partes utilizadas para o preparo dos medicamentos são as raízes correm maior risco de extinção como é o caso de S. fluminensis. Portanto, a capacidade de propagação por sementes, por estacas e de regeneração de ramos aéreos após a remoção de parte das estruturas subterrâneas aliada ao perfil químico confirma o seu potencial para a exploração econômica de maneira sustentável, sendo uma alternativa para reduzir o extrativismo predatório dessa espécie nativa. / The Smilax L. species, popularly known as salsaparrilha, have been used in folk medicine since the sixteenth century; however, these plants have still been handled in extractive way. With the increasing commercialization of medicinal plants, there is need to study to certify the raw material quality. Anatomical analyses and chemical profile characterization certainly provides a more secure basis to this certification. Aiming to meet the demand and to point proposals for sustainable management of natural occurrence of Smilax fluminensis Steud., the objectives of this study were: a) to analyze the morph-anatomy of vegetative organs and indicate the features of diagnostic value for this species, b) to examine the chemical profile of S. fluminensis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Diode Array Detector using methanol extracts (EMeOH) of roots, rhizophore and stems c) to conduct studies of seed germination and vegetative propagation on cuttings of aerial and subterranean stems and d) to monitor, over a year, the resprouting ability of plants in the field. We carried out the analyses under a light microscopy using the usual techniques for preparing semi-permanent and permanent slides. To perform the analyses under a scanning electron microscopy, leaf samples were fixed in Karnovsky, dehydrated in ethanol series and subjected to critical point method of CO2, mounted on aluminum supports and coated with gold. Seeds were exposed to different temperatures under a daily photoperiod of eight hours and in the absence of light. To analyze the sprouting, aerial and subterranean stems were used with about 20 cm of length, with two nodal regions subjected to treatment with IBA at 100 ppm or in distilled water. Among the anatomical features that enable delimitation of the species are: anisocytic and paracytic stomata in the epidermis of the abaxial surface, epicuticular wax in the form of granules globules, homogeneous mesophyll with large substomatal chambers, presence of starch sheath in the first internodes of the aerial stem, the presence of endoderm-reinforced U and the absence of primary thickening meristem in the adult rhizophore, exodermis with Casparian strips in roots, and the absence of inner cortex in brown roots. Regarding the chemical profile, extracts showed peaks corresponding to the following substances: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and trans-Cinnamic acid. The best germination was 80% at 20-30ºC under light and 85% at 30ºC in the dark. Only roots sprouted. After one year of monitoring the plants in the field, all had an average of 4.05 new aerial shoots. The species whose roots are used for the preparation of medicines face a greater risk of extinction as is the case of S. fluminensis. Therefore, the ability to spread by seeds, cuttings and shoots regeneration after removal of aerial stems combined with the chemical profile confirms its potential for economic use in a sustainable manner, and an alternative to reduce the predatory extraction of native species.

O Pinus elliotti representa o principal produtor atual de exploração de resina no setor florestal brasileiro. Recentemente, plantios de P. elliottii X P. caribaea vêm se destacando, principalmente, pela sua maior produtividade em biomassa. Além disto, a resina do híbrido apresenta características químicas semelhantes aos seus parentais. Porém, poucas são as informações quanto a estaquia de espécies do gênero Pinus, e se focarmos na propagação de árvores adultas, tal carência é ainda maior, principalmente ao se considerar a dificuldade de rejuvenescimento/revigoramento do material genético. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar o enraizamento adventício do P. elliottii var. elliottii e P. elliottii X P. caribaea adultos. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em três diferentes estudos. O primeiro (Capítulo 2) avaliou o enraizamento adventício de estacas das matrizes adultas de P. elliottii e P. elliottii X P. caribaea no 5° estágio de enxertia seriada com e sem podas sucessivas, sob ação do AIB, talco com fungicida Cerconil® e terebentina. O segundo (Capítulo 3) foi baseado na avaliação do enraizamento adventício de estacas no 2° estágio de enxertia seriada de uma matriz adulta de P. elliottii var. elliottii submetida a um ano de podas sucessivas, sob ação do AIB, terebentina e paclobutrazol. Por sua vez, o terceiro estudo (Capítulo 4) consistiu na avaliação do enraizamento adventício de braquiblastos e brotos de duas matrizes adulta de P. elliottii e P. elliottii X Pinus caribaea, sob ação do AIB e paclobutrazol. Os resultados permitiram inferir que a sobrevivência e o enraizamento adventício aos diferentes tratamentos variaram de acordo com o genótipo e com as características morfológicas das estacas (grau de lignificação e tipo de estacas, brotos e braquiblastos). De maneira geral, os resultados evidenciaram a atuação das enxertias seriadas e das podas sucessivas na restauração da competência rizogênica das estacas dos brotos das matrizes adultas de P. elliottii e P. elliottii X P. caribaea, promovido pelo rejuvenescimento/ revigoramento parcial das matrizes. Além disto, a estaquia de braquiblastos mostrou ser uma ferramenta promissora para a propagação de espécies do gênero Pinus. / Pinus elliottii is the main current resin extraction producer in the Brazilian forest sector. Recently, plantations of P. elliottii X P. caribaea play a great importance in the production systems mainly by its high biomass productivity. In addition, the hybrid resin has chemical characteristics similar to their parents. However, there is little information on obtaining clones, and considering the propagation of mature trees, this lack of information is even greater, mainly concerning the difficulty to achieve the rejuvenation/ reinvigoration of the genetic material. Based on theses information, the present work was aimed to evaluate the adventitious rooting of mature P. elliottii var. elliottii and P. elliottii X P. caribaea cuttings. Therefore, the work was divided into three basic studies. The first study (Chapter 2) was based on the evaluation of adventitious rooting of mature P. elliottii and P. elliottii X caribaea cuttings of grafts up five sequential grafting with and without pruning, under the action of AIB, talc with fungicide and turpentine. The second (Chapter 3) was based on the evaluation of adventitious rooting of mature P. elliottii cuttings of grafts up two sequential grafting with pruning, under the action of IBA, paclobutrazol and turpentine. The third (Chapter 4) evaluated the adventitious rooting of brachyblast and shoots of mature P. elliottii and P. elliottii X caribaea cuttings, under the action of IBA and paclobutrazol. Results showed that the cutting survival and root growth, under the action of different treatments, varied according to the genotype and morphological characteristics of the material (cutting lignifications and type, brachyblast or shoot). Overall, our results showed the performance of serial grafting and pruning on the restoration of rooting competence in P. elliottii and P. elliottii X P. caribaea stem cuttings, promoted by the rejuvenation of trees. Moreover, the cutting of brachyblast can be a promising tool for the propagation of Pinus species.

Spent oil based drilling fluid and cutting wastes are global liabilities due to their hazardous hydrocarbon content which impacts negatively on flora, fauna, and global carbon footprint. The formulation of two demulsifiers to ensure chemically enhanced phase separation of this waste into oil, water and solid components was successfully carried out in addition to recycling the solid phase into PA6 nanocomposite materials. Initial characterisation of the untreated waste was carried out by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analysis, Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES) for quantitative elemental analysis and Energy dispersive xray analysis (EDXA) for qualitative elemental composition amongst other characterisation methods. The analysis showed that the sample had a high hydrocarbon load of 662,500mg/kg and a high heavy metal load for Pb of 122mg/kg. No As, Cd, Hg were detected. The demulsifier formulations were composed of isopropanol, sodium dodecyl sulphate, poloxamer, sodium chloride, chitosan in 0.2M acetic acid and deionised water for demulsifier S4 and addition of phosphoric acid for demulsifier S3. Hydrocarbon reduction on the extracted solid phase nanofiller S3 and nanofiller S4 was 98.6% and 98.5% respectively after demulsification. The demulsified spent oil based drilling fluid solid extracts were below OSPAR regulation of < 1% oil on cutting by weight. However, recycling of the recovered solid was carried out in order to achieve environmentally sustainable management of the waste in Polyamide 6 (PA6) nanocomposite manufacture/fabrication. The formulation of different blends of PA6 nanocomposite materials from untreated, demulsifier treated and thermally treated drilling fluid and cuttings was successfully achieved. Nanocomposite leaching test showed Pb immobilisation. The flexural and compressive - modulus and strength of the PA6 were markedly improved in the presence of the nanofillers and glass fibre. This was attributed to the reinforcement, exfoliating, stiffening, rigidity effect of the nanofillers. S6 (untreated drilling fluid) nanofillers significantly improved the mechanical properties of PA6. This was attributed to the increased interfacial bonding between the fillers and the polymer matrix as a result of the petroleum hydrocarbon present in the sample. The Thermogravemetric analysis (TGA) results showed that nanocomposites PA6/S3 and PA6/S3/GF30 had improved the thermal stability of PA6 by 13.6% and 38.8% respectively compared to PA6/S2 and PA6/S2/GF30 (simulated commercial nanocomposite materials) that improved PA6 by 9.7% and 35.8% respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:08:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Breno Almeida Dornelas - parte 1.pdf: 376911 bytes, checksum: b45e88c007da3db1f74fa38428506e5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-22 / A remoção eficiente de cascalhos ainda é um desafio na perfuração de poços para produção de óleo e gás. O ponto crítico corresponde ao estágio horizontal da perfuração que intrinsecamente tende a formar um leito de partículas sedimentadas na parte inferior do poço em perfuração. A erosão desse leito de cascalhos oriundos do solo perfurado depende principalmente da tensão de cisalhamento promovida pelo escoamento do fluido de perfuração. Utilizando uma bancada experimental, composta de sistema para circulação de fluidos, caixa de cascalhos, unidade de bombeio e equipamentos de medição, investiga-se a tensão de cisalhamento mínima necessária para a erosão de um leito em função das propriedades do fluido e das partículas do leito. A área de observação consiste de uma caixa abaixo da linha de escoamento, para partículas calibradas de areia, em um duto de acrílico. Para as medições iniciam-se as bombas com baixa rotação e são feitos incrementos de freqüência. A cada patamar de freqüência são capturadas imagens de partículas carreadas pelo escoamento, registrando a vazão estabelecida. Com a análise do processamento das imagens define-se o momento em que o carreamento das partículas deixa de ser aleatório e esporádico e começa a ser permanente. A tensão de cisalhamento é determinada pela Correlação PKN (de Prandtl, von Kármán e Nikuradse) a partir da vazão mínima necessária para o arraste. Os resultados são obtidos para o escoamento de água e de solução águaglicerina / The efficient hole cleaning is still a challenge in the wellbore drilling for production of oil and gas. The critical point is the horizontal drilling that inherently tends to produce a bed of sediment particles at the bottom of the well. The erosion of this cuttings bed depends mainly on the shear stress promoted by the flow of drilling fluid. The shear stress required to drag cuttings bed is investigate according to the fluid and particles properties, using an experimental assembly, composed of a loop for circulation of fluids, of a particle box, of a pump system, camera and measuring equipment. The area of observation consists of a box below the line of flow, for calibrated sand particles, in an acrylic duct. The test starts with the pumps in low frequency and are made the increments. At each level of frequency are captured images of particles carried and it is records the established flow rate. The erosion criteria is defined when the drag particle no longer be random and sporadic, and begins to be permanent. The shear stress is determined by the PKN correlation (by Prandtl, von Kármán, and Nikuradse) from the minimum flow rate necessary to start the erosion process. Results were obtained for the flow of water; and of water and glycerin solution

Orientador: Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins / Banca: Carlos Ruggiero / Banca: João Carlos de Oliveira / Banca: João Alexio Scarpare Filho / Banca: Celio Kersul do Sacramento / Resumo: Foram estudadas a propagação de estacas caulinares de cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.) e o plantio de cacaueiro no semi-árido do estado da Bahia. Os resultados permitiram concluir que há interação entre clone e época de coleta de estaca, sendo janeiro e fevereiro os melhores meses. O plantio foi realizado em março de 2003, sob sombreamento provisório de bananeira, da variedade prata anã nos mesmos espaçamentos utilizados para o cacaueiro. Foi realizada irrigação por gotejamento e fertirrigação. As demais técnicas de manejo foram adaptadas levando em consideração as características edafoclimáticas da região. As avaliações foram realizadas a cada três meses, considerando as variáveis: altura e diâmetro das plantas, taxa de crescimento, floração, lançamentos foliares e frutificação. Dos resultados encontrados destacam-se o crescimento, vigor e início da frutificação com 1,5 ano, produção de 90 kg de amêndoas secas ha-1 aos 21 meses, com destaque para o clone PH 16 com 110 kg de amêndoas secas ha-1. A floração ocorreu de forma "gregária" em períodos trimestrais. Não foi observado efeito negativo da umidade relativa do ar e da temperatura no crescimento, polinização e frutificação do cacaueiro. / Abstract: Propagation of rooted cutting of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) and planting in the semi-arid of the state of Bahia were studied. The results permit to conclude that there is an interaction between clones and cuttings harvest period, being January and February the best months. Planting was done on March 2003 under temporary shade of prata anã (dwarf silver) banana variety at the same planting spacing used with cocoa. Water was provided by a drip irrigation system and nutrients by fertirrigation. The other management practices were adapted considering the region edaphoclimatic conditions. The evaluations were quarterly measuring: plant height and diameter, flowering, flushing and fruiting. Of the found results is worth noting the growth, vigor, average production of 90 kg ha-1 of dry beans at 21 months, with remark to PH 16 with 110 kg ha-1 of dry beans. Flowering occurred in a "gregarious" form in quarterly periods. It was not observed negative effects of air relative humidity and temperature on growth, pollination and fruiting of the cocoa plant. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre_Luiz_Piva.pdf: 811588 bytes, checksum: 97234f5dc9e691064476da1dcbc72daa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main methods of obtaining quality seedlings of cape gooseberry involve propagation by seed, softwood and micropropagation, being one of the most important factors for the establishment of new orchards. Given the above, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the soaking of seeds, germination temperature and asexual propagation of cape gooseberry, the production of quality seedlings. The experiments were conducted during the period from October/2011 to May/2012, the Station of Horticulture and Biological Control "Mário César Lopes," at the State University of West Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon Brazil. The experimental design used in the experiment with seeds was randomized with the following treatments 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C. The absorption curve was performed using three methods; paper soaked in water, seed submerged in water and paper roll chamber at 30 °C for 72 hours). In asexual propagation experiments used the experimental design in randomized blocks, factorial 3x3 (cutting length of 5, 10 and 15 cm x three species of cape gooseberry, Physalis angulate, P. peruviana and P. pubescens) and a 3x3 factorial (hardwood cuttings, semi-woody and herbaceous x three species of cape gooseberry, Physalis angulata, P. peruviana and P. pubescens), with four replications and 10 cuttings per replicate. At 60 days after implantation of the experiments were carried out assessments phytotechnical. To seeds of P. angulata, are considered optimum temperature for germination in the range 22 to 32 °C, minimum and maximum to 15 °C and 35 °C respectively. Seed imbibition present cape gooseberry raised to 10 ° hour, and early germination from the 48th hour. The size and type of cuttings affect the asexual propagation of cape gooseberry. Cuttings of 15 cm are suitable for the production of seedlings propagated asexually cape gooseberry. Hardwood cuttings show better results in the propagation of cape gooseberry / Os principais métodos de obtenção de mudas de qualidade de fisális envolvem a propagação por sementes, estacas herbáceas e micropropagação, sendo um dos fatores mais importantes para a implantação de novos pomares. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a embebição de sementes, temperatura na germinação e propagação assexual de fisális, na produção de mudas de qualidade. Os experimentos foram conduzidos durante o período de outubro/2011 a maio/2012, na Estação de Horticultura e Controle Biológico Professor Mário César Lopes , da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), Campus Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado no experimento com sementes foi inteiramente casualizado, com os seguintes tratamentos 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40°C. A curva de embebição foi realizada empregando-se três métodos, sendo papel embebido em água, semente submersa em água e rolo de papel em BOD a 30°C por 72 horas). Nos experimentos de propagação assexuada utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, fatorial 3x3 (comprimento de estacas de 5, 10 e 15 cm x três espécies de fisális, sendo Physalis angulata, P. peruviana e P. pubescens) e fatorial 3x3 (estacas lenhosas, semi-lenhosas e herbáceas x três espécies de fisális, sendo Physalis angulata, P. peruviana e P. pubescens), contendo quatro repetições e 10 estacas por repetição. Aos 60 dias após a implantação dos experimentos, realizaram-se as avaliações fitotécnicas. Para sementes de P. angulata, são consideradas como temperatura ótima para a germinação na faixa de 22 a 32°C, mínima e máxima como 15°C e 35°C respectivamente. Sementes de fisális apresentam embebição elevada até à 10° hora, e início de germinação a partir da 48° hora. O tamanho e o tipo das estacas afetam a propagação assexual de fisális. Estacas de 15 cm são apropriadas para a produção de mudas de fisális propagadas assexuadamente. Estacas lenhosas apresentam melhores resultados na propagação vegetativa de fisális