This thesis is rooted in the research tradition known as coalition politics, where governments, political parties and political institutions are the central focus. The main emphasis here is on government instability and the question of why governments in modern parliamentary democracies often come to an end before the next regular election. In five distinct but interrelated papers, the thesis explores the issue of early government termination and how it is affected by public support, economic developments and the functioning of the state apparatus. The studies included in this thesis generally take a quantitative approach and make use of a dataset that contains 640 governments in 29 European democracies. Their joint goal is to improve our understanding of when early termination happens by introducing and testing new explanatory factors as well as by improving how previously identified factors are modelled. The first paper focuses on Central and Eastern Europe. It shows that the stability of governments in that region is affected by slightly different factors than those that impact on governments in Western Europe. In particular, ideological factors and political institutions are found to be less important in Central and Eastern Europe while the formal power basis of the government and the country’s economic performance matter more. In the second paper, co-authored with Professor Torbjörn Bergman, the state is brought into government stability research. The paper shows that countries with a lower quality of governance and a less efficient public sector have less stable governments. This is mainly because government parties struggle to achieve their policy goals when the state apparatus is inefficient and corrupt. Paper 3, co-written with Associate Professor Johan Hellström, looks at how different types of governments respond to economic challenges. In particular, this paper demonstrates that the same changes in economic circumstances (e.g. increases in unemployment or inflation) have different effects on cabinet stability depending on which type of government is in charge. Single party governments are better equipped to deal with economic changes, because they are better positioned to devise new policy responses without having to compromise with other parties. Coalition governments, in contrast, become significantly more likely to terminate early when the economy takes a turn for the worse. Finally, over the course of two papers I first explore new techniques for analysing polling data and then use them to empirically test whether governments sometimes choose termination as a way to cope with bad poll numbers. Most of the existing techniques for pooling polls and forecasting elections were explicitly designed with two party systems in mind. In Paper 4, I test some of these techniques to determine their usefulness in complex, multiparty systems, and I develop some improvements that enable us to take advantage of more of the information in the data. In the final paper, I combine the two themes of polling and government stability by looking at how changes in government popularity affect the likelihood of premature dissolution. I find that governments, particularly single party governments, do, in fact, use terminations as a strategic response to changes in their popularity among the public. When support is high, governments tend to opportunistically call an early election, whereas they tend to abandon or reshuffle the government when support is low.

The object of this work is to obtain a fundamentalunderstanding of the principal issues concerning the handlingof an aqueous WC-Co powder suspension. The WO3 surface layer on the oxidised tungsten carbidepowder dissolves at pH&gt;3 with the tungsten concentrationincreasing linearly with time. Adding cobalt powder to thetungsten carbide suspension resulted in a significant reductionof the dissolution rate at pH&lt;10. Electrokinetic studiesindicated that the reduced dissolution rate may be related tothe formation of surface complexes; the experiments showed thatCo species in solution adsorb on the oxidised tungsten carbidepowder. The surface forces of oxidised tungsten and cobalt surfaceswere investigated using the atomic force microscope (AFM)colloidal probe technique. The interactions at various ionicstrengths and pH values are well described by DLVO theory. Theadsorption of cobalt ions to tungsten oxide surfaces resultedin an additional non-DLVO force and a reduced absolute value ofthe surface potential. It was shown that the adsorption ofpoly(ethylene imine) (PEI) to the WO3 surfaces induces anelectrosteric repulsion. The properties of spray-dried WC-Co granules were related tothe WC primary particle size, and the poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) binder and PEI dispersant content in aqueous WC-Cosuspensions. The granule characterisation includes a new methodfor measuring the density of single granules. The increase inthe fracture strength of granules produced from suspensionsthat were stabilised with PEI was related to a more densepacking of the WC-Co particles. The AFM was used to study the friction and adhesion ofsingle spray-dried WC-Co granules containing various amounts ofPEG binder. The adhesion and friction force between two singlegranules (intergranular friction) and between a granule and ahard metal substrate (die-wall friction) have been determinedas a function of relative humidity. The granule-wall frictionincreases with binder content and relative humidity, whereasthe granule-granule friction is essentially independent of therelative humidity and substantially lower than the granule-wallfriction at all PEG contents. Key words:Hard Metal, Cemented Carbide, WC-Co, TungstenCarbide, Cobalt, Oxidation, Dissolution, Surface Complexation,XPS, AFM, Colloidal Probe, Hamaker Constant, Cauchy, WO3,CoOOH, ESCA, Zeta-Potential, Surface Potential, Poly(ethyleneimine), PEI, Suspension, van der Waals, Steric, Spray-Dried,Poly(ethylene glycol), Strength, Density, Friction, Adhesion,Granule, PEG, Pressing, FFM. / <p>QC 20161027</p>

This thesis deals with the liquidation of legal persons. It deals with the demands of the liquidator to enter into liquidation. It describes the registration requirements, accounting and tax obligations. The output is an example of completing the processing of tax return.

The thesis is aimed at the comparison of legal regulations of the private limited company in spanish and czech law, especially because this type of company belongs currently to one of the most wide-spreaded forms of business associations and as such creates the legal framework for the development of small and medium enterpreneurship. The thesis is divided into several thematic parts describing particular features of private limited company. This way I tried to find the most important differences between these two systems of law with the intention of clearing their advantages and also disadvantages.

O presente trabalho é composto por 4 capítulos distintos. No primeiro intitulado \"Ciclodextrinas: tecnologia para melhoria da solubilidade de fármacos pouco solúveis\" aborda-se uma revisão das ciclodextrinas e de seus derivados, como também a formação dos complexos de inclusão. No segundo capítulo, \"Obtenção e caracterização de complexos ternários de saquinavir, &#946;-ciclodextrina e polivinilpirrolidona\", foram avaliadas condições que poderiam influenciar na obtenção dos complexos, tais como: tempo de agitação na formação dos complexos, proporção equimolar de fármaco e ciclodextrina, solvente para solubilização do fármaco e porcentagem de polímero hidrossolúvel, concluindo-se que as melhores condições para obtenção dos complexos são 48 horas de agitação, razão equimolar 1:2 e 1:4, água para solubilização do fármaco e acréscimo de1% de polímero ao sistema. O terceiro capítulo, \"Influência do método de secagem na obtenção de complexos ternários de saquinavir\", teve o objetivo de obter e caracterizar complexos ternários de saquinavir, &#946;-ciclodextrina e polivinilpirrolidona pelos métodos de secagem em estufa e liofilização, bem como, comparar a influência dos métodos de obtenção na solubilidade do fármaco, chegando-se ao aumento de 44 vezes da solubilidade do fármaco quando na forma de complexo SAQ:&#946;CD:PVP de proporção equimolar 1:2 obtido por liofilização. O quarto, \"Perfil de dissolução de cápsulas e comprimidos contendo complexos ternários de saquinavir, ciclodextrina e polivinilpirrolidona\", teve o objetivo de comparar o perfil de dissolução de cápsulas de gelatina dura e comprimidos contendo sistemas ternários SAQ:&#946;CD:PVP, obtidos pelos métodos de secagem em estufa e liofilização e o produto referência (Fortovase®). Os resultados indicam que os perfis de dissolução das formas farmacêuticas contendo complexos liofilizados apresentaram melhores resultados de eficiência de dissolução e que as cápsulas liberam mais prontamente o ativo que os comprimidos. / The present study has 4 captions. The first is called \"Cyclodextrins: Technology to improve the solubility of the little soluble drugs\" show a review of the cyclodextrins and its derivates, as well the formations of inclusion complexes. At the second caption, \"Preparation and characterization of the ternary complexes of the saquinavir, &#946-cyclodextrin and polyvinylpyrrolidone\", were evaluated some conditions that could influence in an obtention of the complexes like stirring time at the formation of the complexes, equimolar ratio of the drug and cyclodextrin, solvent for the solubility of the drug and percentage of the hydrosoluble polymer concluding that the best conditions for the formation of the complexes are: 48 hours of the stirring, equimolar ratio 1:2 and 1:4, water to solubilize the drug and addition of 1% of the polymer in the system. The third caption, \"Influence of the drying method at the formation of the ternary complexes of the saquinavir\", had the aim to prepare and characterize ternary complexes of the saquinavir, &#946-cyclodextrin and polyvinylpyrrolidone by the method of drying in equipment and lyophilization, as well to compare the influence of the methods of the obtention at the solubility of the drug, reaching the increasing of 44 times the solubility of the drug when at the form of the ternary inclusion complex (SAQ:&#946;CD:PVP) at the equimolar ratio 1:2 obtained by lyophilization. The fourth and the last caption, \"Dissolution rate of the capsules and tablets of ternary complex of the saquinavir, cyclodextrin and polyvinylpyrrolidone, had the aim to compare the dissolution profile of capsules of the hard gelatine and tablets of ternary complexes SAQ:&#946;CD:PVP obtained by the method of drying in equipment and lyophilization and the reference product (Fortovase®). The results indicate that the dissolution profiles of the pharmaceutical forms of lyophilized complexes show better results of the efficience of the dissolution and that the capsules liberate more efficient the active than the tablets.

Em muitos países e principalmente no Brasil, compostos oxigenados tais como etanol e metil terta-butil-éter (MTBE) têm sido adicionados à gasolina em cerca de 26% do seu volume para aumentar a octanagem do motor e diminuir a emissão de monóxido de carbono e os níveis de ozônio na atmosfera. O derramamento de tais gasolinas, referidas como gasolina oxigenada tem um efeito cosolvente, provocando um aumento da concentração dos hidrocarbonetos na água subterrânea. A taxa de dissolução em água da gasolina oxigenada, que é dependente das propriedades químicas dos compostos orgânicos, determinam o grau e a severidade de contaminação da água subterrânea nas vizinhanças do derramamento. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar e quantificar o potencial de contaminação da água subterrânea e de solos arenosos residuais dos arenitos da Formação Botucatu por derramamento de gasolina oxigenada. As análises realizadas buscam fornecer dados para a modelagem numérica em casos envolvendo derramamento de gasolina. Ensaios de equilíbrio em lote e de dissolução em colunas foram realizados objetivando a determinação da concentração aquosa de hidrocarbonetos da gasolina em equilíbrio de fases e a avaliação do tempo estimado para total dissolução em água dos hidrocarbonetos da gasolina pura. Ambos os ensaios analisaram também o efeito cosolvente do etanol na mistura. Verificou-se a validade da lei de Raoult e do modelo log-linear na determinação da concentração aquosa da gasolina pura e oxigenada. Em colunas de solos não saturados avaliou-se a difusão na fase vapor dos compostos orgânicos da gasolina em função do tempo. Finalizando as análises, fez-se uma simulação numérica do transporte da gasolina em zonas não saturadas fazendo-se uso do programa R-UNSAT. / In many countries and mainly in Brazil oxygenated compounds such as ethanol and MTBE have been added to gasoline up to 26% to increase the octane level and to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels in the air. The spill of such gasolines, referred as oxygenated gasoline has a potential cosolvent effect, resulting in an increased groundwater concentration of hydrocarbons. The rate of oxygenated gasoline dissolution, which is dependent of the chemical properties of the compounds, determines the degree and severity of groundwater contamination in the vicinity of the spill. The goal of this research was to analyze and to quantify the potential of contamination of the groundwater and of the residual sandy soils from Botucatu sandstone due to the spill of oxigenated gasoline. The performed analysis supply data to the numerical model in case of gasoline spills. Laboratory batch and column leaching tests were carried out in order to determine the equilibrium aqueous concentration of the hydrocarbons compounds of gasoline and to evaluate the time scale for aqueous dissolution of the hydrocarbons compounds. Both tests have analyzed the cosolvent effect of ethanol in the mixture. It was verified the validity of the Raoult's law and the log-linear cosolvency model to estimate the solubility of the hydrocarbons compounds from unamended gasoline and from oxygenated gasoline. Column tests with unsaturated undisturbed soil samples were carried out to investigate the vapor-phase diffusion of aromatic hydrocarbons compounds with time. Finally the transport of gasoline in unsaturated zones was simulated with the R-UNSAT model.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caesar Augustus Rocha da Silva.pdf: 1134891 bytes, checksum: 625aebe29bff41571017580ea27e12a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-30 / The theme of this monograph is, in my modest opinion, maybe one of the most interesting in Commercial Law. The goal of the study was to discuss the article 206, II, B, law number 6404/76 in the code, as well as restore its application. With the advent of the concept enterprise preservation , the article mentioned above - that determines the dissolution of companies- has been no longer used nowadays. According to the study, such article should never be put aside, in as much as it is an important tool that the minor shareholders have to fight against the major shareholders´ oppression. Besides, the study analyses and shows the characteristics that make companies differ from one another, proving the need and the urge of the reintroduction of such article in court. Another concern was to show that the requirement of corporation dissolution that did not meet its end can live in perfect harmony with the theory of enterprise preservation and that on no account does the decision of corporation dissolution go against the concepts of social purpose, social role and social responsibility, such in vogue terms nowadays / O tema objeto desta monografia é, na minha modesta opinião, talvez um dos mais palpitantes do direito societário. Pretendeuse, precisando o alcance da expressão fim que consta no artigo 206, II, b da Lei nº 6.404/76, revigorar a aplicação do referido dispositivo. Com efeito, com o surgimento do conceito do instituto da preservação da empresa, a disposição legal que determina a dissolução da sociedade por não preenchimento do fim deixou de ser aplicada. O que se pretendeu demonstrar foi que o artigo em questão não poderia, jamais, ter se tornado letra morta, posto que se trata de uma importante arma que os acionistas minoritários têm contra a opressão praticada pelos controladores. O estudo analisa e demonstra também as particularidades que distinguem as sociedades anônimas umas das outras, tudo a corroborar a necessidade e urgência de o texto da lei das Sociedades Anônimas ter sua aplicação ressuscitada nos Tribunais. Uma outra preocupação foi a de mostrar que o pedido de dissolução da sociedade anônima por não preenchimento do fim pode conviver em perfeita harmonia com a teoria da preservação da empresa e, que o acolhimento do mesmo de modo algum vai de encontro com os conceitos de função social, papel social e responsabilidade social, hoje tão em voga entre os operadores do Direito

Nesta investigação será analisada a reconfiguração político-territorial do Vice-Reino do Novo Reino de Granada, no final do século XVIII e nas duas primeiras décadas do século XIX. Em primeiro lugar, examinar-se-á a organização político-territorial do Vice-Reino, estabelecida pela monarquia espanhola. Em segundo lugar, analisar-se-á a formação de juntas de governo, congressos, Estados provinciais e confederações, que, após a dissolução da monarquia, em 1808, foram legitimadas por meio de atas, constituições de tipo moderno e guerras. Esses acontecimentos modificaram a organização política e territorial do antigo Vice-Reino, entre 1809 e 1816. / This research analyzes the political and territorial reconfiguration of the Viceroyalty of New Kingdom of Granada, in the late eighteenth century and the first two decades of the nineteenth century. In the first place, the political and territorial organization of the Viceroyalty established by the Spanish monarchy will be examined. Secondly, the formation of governments juntas, congress, provincial States and confederations after the dissolution of the monarchy in 1808 will to be analyzed, as well as how they were legitimated by actas, constitutions of modern type and wars that changed political and territorial organization of the former Viceroyalty, between 1809 and 1816.

Várias ligas de Al em cavacos, com diferentes granulometrias foram dissolvidas de modo convencional, com ataque por água régia. Este tipo de decomposição resulta, muitas vezes, em resíduos sólidos, cujas quantidades dependem dos teores de silício. A fim de se comparar os resultados, procedeuse, com esses resíduos, de dois modos distintos: ou foram desprezados ou foram decompostos com ácido fluorídrico, eliminando-se o silício, dissolvendo-se o restante com ácido nítrico e agrupando-o à primeira solução para a determinação de Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, Sn, Ti e Zr por ICP-OES. Foi avaliada a influência de quantidades crescentes de Al na determinação destes elementos e, também, a provável interferência espectral de Cu na determinação do Zn (com e sem separação eletrolítica de Cu). A dissolução eletrolítica de ligas de alumínio em cavacos foi estudada pressionando-os contra um eletrodo de platina para que se comportassem como se fossem o próprio ânodo e a eletrólise ocorresse. Uma célula foi construída utilizando-se um tubo (corpo de seringa de 2,5 mL) com perfurações ao redor da base aberta, onde foi colocada uma malha sintética (perlon) no fundo e, sobre esta, a amostra. Na parte superior foi introduzido um pequeno tarugo de acrílico com um fio de platina passando pelo seu interior e com um orifício por onde passava o fluxo (4,5 mL min.-1) da solução eletrolítica (ácido nítrico diluído). Na extremidade inferior, prendeu-se, com o fio, uma plaquinha, também de platina, que pressionava a amostra. A solução saía pelos orifícios inferiores para um béquer de onde era recirculada e onde estava colocado o cátodo, um fio de Pt (de forma de losango), sendo novamente captada e introduzida na parte superior do tarugo do ânodo. Com esse circuito, foram obtidos bons resultados utilizando-se ácido nítrico 1 mol L-1, corrente de 0,6A e tempo de eletrólise de 10 minutos. Sendo a dissolução parcial, é necessário que se conheçam as porcentagens dos elementos por dissolução ácida total de uma liga de composição similar ou por um material de referência certificado. Normalizaram-se os dados pelas porcentagens conhecidas dos constituintes das ligas. Compararam-se os cálculos feitos dos seguintes modos: 1-) pela razão entre a concentração do elemento com a do Al, também determinada; 2-) pela a razão entre a concentração do elemento com a soma das concentrações de todos os elementos determinados, inclusive o Al; 3-) pela razão entre a concentração do elemento e a soma das concentrações só dos outros elementos, sem o Al. O desvio padrão e o erro relativo para os elementos Fe, Cu, Mg, Ni e Cr, quando em teores > 0,1%, foram < 10%; para teores de Zn < 0,2%, foram menores de 10% e para teor de 4,8% foram < 15%. Já para o Mn, quando em teor > 0,2% foram <10% (exceto para a liga B.C.S.268/1). O desvio padrão relativo para o Zr, com teor ao redor de 0,002% foi <10%. Os resultados para o elemento Pb nas ligas B.C.S. 216/1 e 380 tiveram desvio padrão e erro relativo <10%, mas o mesmo não ocorreu na liga B.C.S. 268/1. O elemento Sn apresentou resultados piores, ao redor de 20%. O elemento Ti só deu bons resultados quando em teor de cerca de 0,2%. Para estas determinações foram avaliadas as dissoluções químicas dos metais nas ligas pelo ácido nítrico em diferentes concentrações e temperaturas. Além disso, foram avaliadas duas outras células para a verificação da possibilidade de dissolução eletrolítica das ligas de Al on-line com a determinação por ICP-OES. / Several aluminum alloys with different chips size were dissolved using aqua regia (HCl:HNO3,3:1). The residues of the dissolution procedure were either rejected or used in silicon volatilization with hydrofluoric acid before determination of Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, Sn, Ti and Zr by ICP-OES. The influence caused by crescent amounts of aluminum in the determination of other elements and the probable spectral interference by Cu in determination of Zn (with or without electrolytic separation of Cu) was evaluated. The electrolytic dissolution of aluminum alloys was performed by pressing chips against a platinum electrode for the electrolysis to occur, so that way the chips behaved as the anode. A tube (body of syringe of 2.5mL) with perforations around the open base was used to contain the sample and Pt electrode. The alloy was placed on synthetic wool (perlon) in this tube. An acrylic dowel with a platinum wire across its interior was fixed in the superior part a tube with Teflon film, with an orifice through which the electrolytic solution flowed (HNO3 1 mol L-1; 4.5mL min-1). A platinum dish was fixed at the inferior extremity of the platinum wire to press the sample. The solution came out through the inferior orifices of the tube to a flask, from where it was again captured (with a peristaltic pump) to go into the superior part of the tube. In this flask, a Pt wire cathode was also placed. A current of 0,6A and ten minutes of electrolysis provided good results. Due to the partial dissolution, the knowledge of percentages of previous elements analyzed after total dissolution, or using certified reference material are necessary. The results were normalized by known percentages. The calculations were made by: 1-) the ratio between the concentration of the element determind, with the determined concentration of aluminum; 2-) the ratio between concentration of the element and the sum of the concentrations of the elements determined, including Al; 3-) the ratio between the concentration of element and the sum of the concentrations of the elements determined, without the aluminum. The relative standard deviations and accuracy were <10% for the elements Fe, Cu, Mg, Ni and Cr when the concentrations were >0.1%; for the Zn were 15%, when the concentration >0.2%, and <10% for concentration <0.2%. For Ti with concentration of about 0.1%, were 15%. Relative standards deviations for the Zr, with concentration of 0.002%, were always <10%. The element Pb, Sn and Mn didnt provide good results. For these determinations, the chemical dissolution of the elements with different nitric acid concentrations and temperature was evaluated. Two other cells for the electrolytic dissolution of Al alloys followed by online ICP-OES determination were examined.

Environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC) phenomena affect the in-service behaviour of austenitic stainless steels in nuclear power plants. EAC includes such degradation phenomena as Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and Corrosion Fatigue (CF). Factors affecting EAC include the material type, microstructure, environment, and stress. This is an important degradation issue for both current and Gen III+ light water reactors, particularly as nuclear power plant lifetimes are extended ( > 60 years). Thus, it is important to understand the behaviour of the alloys used in light water reactors, and phenomena such as SCC to avoid failures. Although there is no agreement on the mechanism(s) of SCC, the importance of localized electrochemical reactions at the material surface is widely recognised. Considerable research has been performed on SCC and CF crack growth, but the initiation phenomena are not fully understood. In this project, novel in situ analytical TEM techniques have been developed and applied to explore localised reactions in Type 304 austenitic stainless steel. In situ transmission electron microscopy has become an increasingly important and dynamic research area in materials science with the advent of unique microscope platforms and a range of specialized in situ specimen holders. In metals research, the ability to image and perform X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XED) analyses of metals in liquids are particularly important for detailed study of the metal-environment interactions with specific microstructural features. To further facilitate such studies a special hybrid specimen preparation technique involving electropolishing and FIB extraction has been developed in this thesis to enable metal specimens to be examined in the liquid cell TEM specimen holder using both distilled H2O and H2SO4 solutions. Furthermore, a novel electrode configuration has been designed to permit the localized electrochemical measurement of electron-transparent specimens in the TEM. These novel approaches have been benchmarked by extensive ex situ experiments, including both conventional electrochemical measurements and microcell measurements. The results are discussed in terms of validation of in situ test data as well as the role of the electron beam in the experiments. In situ liquid cell TEM experiments have also explored the localized dissolution of MnS inclusions in H2O, and correlated the behaviour with ex situ experiments. Based on the research performed in this thesis, in situ liquid cell and in situ electrochemical cell experiments can be used to study nanoscale reactions pertaining to corrosion and localized dissolution leading to "precursor" events for subsequent EAC phenomena.