Users are shifting from traditional TV to video streaming platforms because of the flexibility of using these media. However, most studies on accessibility in media streaming platforms explore physical impairments. Despite ADHD and dyslexia affecting around 5 and 10 percent of the population, studies combining the experience in streaming services and this neurodiverse group are still limited. This study aims to understand how people with ADHD and dyslexia experience video streaming platforms. The investigation involved recruiting people from this neurodiverse population who consume streaming and facilitate sessions with semi-structured interviews and co-design. The results show that the participants did not always show empowerment to express their needs. The study suggests an explanation of the topics that will be covered during the sessions to prepare the participant for the co-design. By doing so, the participants can reflect on their experiences beforehand. Similarly, sending them a summary of how the design methodology works might help participants understand the importance of the process, giving them more empowerment before the session starts. These suggestions can support future studies involving this neurodiverse group to be more inclusive. / Mediakonsumenter flyttar från traditionell TV till streamingplattformar eftersom de är mer flexibla. De flesta studierna om tillgänglighet på streamingplattformar handlar däremot enbart om fysiska funktionsnedsättningar. Trots att ungefär 5 till 10 procent av befolkningen antingen har ADHD eller dyslexi är de få studier som tar upp neurodiversitet i samband med streamingtjänster. Den här studien försöker förstå hur personer med ADHD eller dyslexi upplever videostreamingplattformar. Undersökningen gick ut på att personer från den neurodiversa gruppen som använde streamingplattformar fick delta i semi-strukturerade intervjuer och co-design-sessioner. Resultaten visar att deltagarna ibland inte kände att de hade möjligheten att säga vad de tyckte. Den här studien föreslår att de ämnen som ska behandlas förklaras på förhand så deltagarna kan förbereda sig inför sessionen. Deltagarna kan på så sätt reflektera över sina egna erfarenheter på förhand. Att skicka en sammanfattning av hur designmetodik fungerar kan också hjälpa deltagarna förstå vikten av designprocessen, vilket stärker dem innan sessionen börjar. Den här förslagen är några sätt att öka gruppens makt i design-sessioner som möjliggör att framtida studier kan bli mer inkluderande.

Dyslexic and control first-grade school children were compared in a Symbol-to-Sound matching test based on a non-linguistic audiovisual training which is known to have a remediating effect on dyslexia. Visual symbol patterns had to be matched with predicted sound patterns. Sounds incongruent with the corresponding visual symbol (thus not matching the prediction) elicited the N2b and P3a event-related potential (ERP) components relative to congruent sounds in control children. Their ERPs resembled the ERP effects previously reported for healthy adults with this paradigm. In dyslexic children, N2b onset latency was delayed and its amplitude significantly reduced over left hemisphere whereas P3a was absent. Moreover, N2b amplitudes significantly correlated with the reading skills. ERPs to sound changes in a control condition were unaffected. In addition, correctly predicted sounds, that is, sounds that are congruent with the visual symbol, elicited an early induced auditory gamma band response (GBR) reflecting synchronization of brain activity in normal-reading children as previously observed in healthy adults. However, dyslexic children showed no GBR. This indicates that visual symbolic and auditory sensory information are not integrated into a unitary audiovisual object representation in them. Finally, incongruent sounds were followed by a later desynchronization of brain activity in the gamma band in both groups. This desynchronization was significantly larger in dyslexic children. Although both groups accomplished the task successfully remarkable group differences in brain responses suggest that normal-reading children and dyslexic children recruit (partly) different brain mechanisms when solving the task. We propose that abnormal ERPs and GBRs in dyslexic readers indicate a deficit resulting in a widespread impairment in processing and integrating auditory and visual information and contributing to the reading impairment in dyslexia.

This thesis project explores and investigates the potential benefits of implementing AR as an educational support tool for dyslexic students in higher education. This was conducted through three design explorations which investigate if the characteristic of AR holds any potential benefits for the participants while reading academic papers. These design explorations were created in the form of prototypes which explore and investigate how well AR could increase the readability in comparison to already existing technology, applications, and physical tools which is currently being used by dyslexic students. Main findings from the user-testings, indicate that augmented reality could allow the students to maneuver easily through multiple papers, increase readability of different texts, and that AR holds multiple benefits compared to traditional more commonly used educational support tools.

This study investigated the cognitive, linguistic, and reading skills of 79 Russian-speaking first and second graders to determine the strongest concurrent predictors of reading achievement. The children were administered a battery of 15 tests from which nine objective, interval-scale measures were derived: phonological awareness, verbal short-term memory, decoding accuracy, listening comprehension, reading comprehension, nonverbal ability (IQ), vocabulary, decoding rate, and rapid naming. In a series of multiple regression analyses, phonological awareness accounted for a small amount of unique variance in both decoding accuracy and decoding rate whereas rapid naming was a unique predictor of decoding rate only. Neither verbal short-term memory nor IQ accounted for any variance in decoding. For reading comprehension, IQ and linguistic comprehension contributed a substantial amount of variance to the prediction of achievement whereas decoding rate did not. However, in a series of direct discriminant function analyses, reliable differences emerged between good and poor decoders on reading comprehension, indicating that decoding <italic> is / CITE/Language Arts

Denna litteraturöversikt syftar till att utforska hur läs- och skrivsvårigheter yttrar sig hos elever, mer specifikt flerspråkiga elever, och hur detta kan identifieras. Ett urval av fem relevanta forskningsartiklar analyserades och möjliggjorde att vi kunde identifiera och utforska olika aspekter av hur läs- och skrivsvårigheter yttrade sig hos flerspråkiga elever och hur lärare möter dessa svårigheter. I vår litteraturöversikt framkom det att det finns olika typer av läs- och skrivsvårigheter, både generella läs- och skrivsvårigheter och specifika läs- och skrivsvårigheter, som benämns som dyslexi. Resultatet visade att olika faktorer har en avgörande roll i flerspråkiga elevers läs- och skrivutveckling, bland annat samarbetets betydelse, ordförrådets storlek, identifiering genom kartläggning och vikten av tidiga insatser.   Vår litteraturöversikt bidrar till en ökad förståelse för de komplexa utmaningar som lärare står inför i arbetet med elever från olika språkliga och kulturella bakgrunder och ger insikter som kan vara användbara i förbättringen av undervisningspraxis och stödstrukturer för flerspråkiga elever. / This literature review aims to explore how reading and writing difficulties present in students, specifically multilingual students, and how these difficulties can be identified. A selection of five relevant research articles was analyzed, allowing us to identify and explore various aspects of how reading and writing difficulties present in multilingual students and how teachers address these challenges. Our literature review revealed that there are different types of reading and writing difficulties, both general reading and writing difficulties and specific reading and writing difficulties, referred to as dyslexia. The results showed that various factors play a crucial role in the reading and writing development of multilingual students, including the importance of collaboration, vocabulary size, identification through mapping, and the significance of early interventions. Our literature review contributes to an increased understanding of the complex challenges that teachers face when working with students from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds and provides insights that can be useful in improving teaching practices and support structures for multilingual students.

Dyslexia is a difficulty in learning to read and write, with many implications for the children because of emotional and behavioral problems. The suspicion that they might experience problems with sensory integration as well, is confirmed in the literature. The purpose of sensory stimulation in Gestalt playtherapy is to raise the level of awareness of themselves and in this research, playtherapy was done with three primary school children with dyslexia. Information was further obtained through a literature study, semi-structured interviews and observations. It was clear that the sensory stimulation was part of the therapeutic sessions and led to thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. The qualitative characteristics which the sensations had for the children were observed and confirmed by the literature. Conclusions and recommendations were made according to the objectives of the study and this research made an important contribution to understanding the sensory awareness of children with dyslexia. Opsomming Disleksie is `n leergeremdheid met baie implikasies vir die kinders en wat kan lei tot emosionele en gedragsprobleme omdat hulle nie altyd aanvaar word deur hul portuurgroep nie. Die vermoede dat kinders met disleksie ook probleme ondervind met sensoriese integrasie, is in die literatuur bevestig. In hierdie navorsing is Gestaltspelterapie gedoen met drie laerskool kinders met disleksie om die kinders se bewussynsvlak van hulself te verhoog. Inligting is verder ingesamel deur `n literatuurstudie, waarneming en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met kundiges en ouers. Die kwalitatiewe kenmerke wat die sensasies vir die kinders gehad het is waargeneem en dit was duidelik dat die sensoriese stimulasie wat deel van die spelterapiesessies was, aanleiding gegee het tot voorgrondse gedagtes, gevoelens en gedrag. Hierdie waarnemings is in die literatuur bevestig en gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings is volgens die doelwitte gemaak. Gevolglik het hierdie navorsing `n belangrike bydrae gelewer om die sensoriese belewenis van kinders met disleksie beter te verstaan. / Social Work / M.Diac. (Spelterapie)

Dyslexia is a difficulty in learning to read and write, with many implications for the children because of emotional and behavioral problems. The suspicion that they might experience problems with sensory integration as well, is confirmed in the literature. The purpose of sensory stimulation in Gestalt playtherapy is to raise the level of awareness of themselves and in this research, playtherapy was done with three primary school children with dyslexia. Information was further obtained through a literature study, semi-structured interviews and observations. It was clear that the sensory stimulation was part of the therapeutic sessions and led to thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. The qualitative characteristics which the sensations had for the children were observed and confirmed by the literature. Conclusions and recommendations were made according to the objectives of the study and this research made an important contribution to understanding the sensory awareness of children with dyslexia. Opsomming Disleksie is `n leergeremdheid met baie implikasies vir die kinders en wat kan lei tot emosionele en gedragsprobleme omdat hulle nie altyd aanvaar word deur hul portuurgroep nie. Die vermoede dat kinders met disleksie ook probleme ondervind met sensoriese integrasie, is in die literatuur bevestig. In hierdie navorsing is Gestaltspelterapie gedoen met drie laerskool kinders met disleksie om die kinders se bewussynsvlak van hulself te verhoog. Inligting is verder ingesamel deur `n literatuurstudie, waarneming en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met kundiges en ouers. Die kwalitatiewe kenmerke wat die sensasies vir die kinders gehad het is waargeneem en dit was duidelik dat die sensoriese stimulasie wat deel van die spelterapiesessies was, aanleiding gegee het tot voorgrondse gedagtes, gevoelens en gedrag. Hierdie waarnemings is in die literatuur bevestig en gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings is volgens die doelwitte gemaak. Gevolglik het hierdie navorsing `n belangrike bydrae gelewer om die sensoriese belewenis van kinders met disleksie beter te verstaan. / Social Work / M.Diac. (Spelterapie)

Developmental dyslexia is a specific reading and spelling disability with several explanatory proposals. Previous research has shown that there is a strong relation between developmental dyslexia and difficulties in phonological processing, which has resulted in the theory that the cause of developmental dyslexia is a specific weakness in phonological awareness. However, such a specific weakness does not explain the non-linguistic difficulties that are also common in developmental dyslexia. According to the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis (PDH), several (both linguistic and non-linguistic) difficulties that are observed in developmental dyslexia can be explained by abnormal development of the procedural memory system. Moreover, this hypothesis implies that the declarative memory system remains intact and may have a compensatory role for the reading disabilities in developmental dyslexia. In this study, the aspect of declarative memory that is visual recognition memory after incidental encoding was examined. 10 children with diagnosed developmental dyslexia and 10 typically developed children participated in the study. The results indicated an intact declarative memory in children with developmental dyslexia. However, no significant correlation between declarative memory and reading ability was found. Thus, the prediction that declarative memory can serve a compensatory role in developmental dyslexia was not supported. / Dyslexi är en specifik läs- och skrivsvårighet med flera förklaringsmodeller. Tidigare forskning har visat på ett starkt samband mellan dyslexi och svårigheter med fonologiskt processande, vilket har lett fram till hypotesen att orsaken till dyslexi är en specifik svaghet i fonologisk medvetenhet. En sådan specifik nedsättning kan dock inte förklara de icke-språkliga svårigheter som också är vanligt förekommande vid dyslexi. Enligt the procedural deficit hypothesis (PDH) kan många (både språkliga och icke-språkliga) svårigheter vid dyslexi förklaras av en nedsättning i det procedurella minnet. Vidare innebär hypotesen att det deklarativa minnet är intakt och kan fungera som kompensation för svårigheterna vid dyslexi. I denna studie undersöktes det deklarativa minnet i form av visuellt igenkänningsminne efter oavsiktlig inkodning. I studien deltog 10 barn med dyslexi och 10 barn utan dyslexi. Resultatet indikerade att det deklarativa minnet var intakt hos barnen med dyslexi. Däremot kunde inget signifikant samband mellan deklarativt minne och läsförmåga ses. Antagandet att deklarativt minne kan fungera som kompensation vid dyslexi kunde därför inte stödjas.

Although previous research has been done on adolescents with learning difficulties or barriers to learning such as dyslexia and ADHD, no research has been done in South Africa on their self-perceptions of these difficulties. A phenomenological study was conducted through means of semi-structured, individual, face-to-face interviews. Self-perceptions that adolescents with dyslexia and ADHD form were explored. Selfperceptions are formed through comparisons with other learners and friends. Self-perceptions were left as an open-term in order to investigate the adolescents' own idiosyncratic interpretations of dyslexia and ADHD. From the interviews themes could be identified concerning their understanding of dyslexia and ADHD, feelings and cognitions associated with dyslexia and ADHD, the importance that significant others such as educators, parents and friends play, as well as the adolescents' way of coping with dyslexia and ADHD. Selfperceptions were both negative and positive and found to be influenced by factors such as age, type of support systems and sufficient coping strategies. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)

Abstract The present study reports the results of an intervention in year two based on proven methods to enhance students decoding and reading speed. Since a slow and uncertain decoding can affect reading comprehension. I have conducted tests in two classes in year 2, in decoding, and reading comprehension. I identified 16 students who received results stanine 1 to 3 on one or both tests. These students were given further tests in listening comprehension and in decoding. A standardized test was used both as a pretest and as a posttest, measuring literally awareness, decoding of the content, form and nonsense words and RAN. Five of the students become members in the intervention group, denoted The reading club.  Four students got constitute a control group. Another four pupils lacked sufficient prerequisites for participation, and three students received too high results of decoding test for participation in the study. Should the intervention study, which lasted for 45 minutes three times a week for five weeks, enhance the students decoding skills and reading speed? After completion of the intervention I compared the results from the intervention group with the pupils from the control group and the students who normed the test. The students who participate in The Reading club enhance the reading speed compare to the control group.