This text discusses final results from empirical studies, scientific articles and literature from the period 1990-2023, concerning teachers’ knowledge, students’ misconceptions and various teaching methods related to geometric objects. The results highlight challenges for both teachers and students in understanding and defining geometric shapes and figures. The work elucidates students in grade 4-6 difficulties and knowledge in identifying geometric objects in varied positions, as well as their understanding of the properties of geometric shapes and figures. The teacher’s understanding is crucial för imparting accurate information to students in instruction. Therefore, effective teaching methods such as practical activities, everyday connection and Van Hiele’s instructional model are suitable to apply in practice. This instructional model has been effective in students education and is therefore a good example for a teaching method.  In summary, the results are based on the abilities of teachers and students and their abilities can be enhanced by adapting teaching methods related to geometric objects, and how misconceptions are something that should be taken seriously and be prevented.

Abstrakt   Bakgrund: Reumatoid artrit (RA) är en progressiv, långvarig och systemisk autoimmun sjukdom som kännetecknas av fluktuerande symtom som smärta, trötthet och svullna leder. Sjukdomen kan lindras men inte botas. RA är ett folkhälsoproblem, där den vanligaste åldern för utbrott är vid 40 års ålder och uppåt. Sjukdomsaktiviteten har stor inverkan på de drabbade individerna och deras förmåga att utföra aktiviteter i det dagliga livet. Många känner sig begränsade av smärtan. Upplevelsen av smärta gör att många personerna blir socialt isolerade, då de inte längre kan ägna sig åt de aktiviteter som de upplever som meningsfulla. Många påverkas i sitt arbete, då sjukdomen orsakar både smärta samt minskad handstyrka.  Syftet: I denna studie var syftet att genom en Scoping review kartlägga vad tidigare forskning säger om smärtans påverkan på dagliga aktiviteter hos personer med Reumatoid Artrit.    Metod: Studien är utformad som en scoping review. Artiklarna var framtagna i databaserna Cinahl, Medline och PsycInfo. Totalt inkluderades 14 artiklar i studien.    Resultat: Forskningsresultaten indikerar att personer med RA begränsas i sina dagliga aktiviteter på grund av smärtan. Trots detta väljer många personer att delta i olika aktiviteter som en distraktion från smärtan. De hittar andra alternativa sätt att utföra aktiviteterna på för att få aktiviteterna att fungera för dem. En stöttande omgivning och en tillåtande miljö visar sig ha en positiv inverkan på aktivitet engagemanget och kan minska begränsningarna.   Slutsats: Att leva med RA kan vara en utmaning, smärta begränsar personer från att delta i aktiviteter de upplever som meningsfulla. Detta kan leda till social isolering och ibland tvingas personer med RA att gå i förtidspension eftersom de inte klarar av att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter.  Nyckelord: Aktiviteter i dagliga livet, Arbetsterapi, Reumatoid artrit, RA, Smärta. / Abstract  Background:    Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive, chronic, and systemic autoimmune disease characterized by fluctuating symptoms such as pain, fatigue, and swollen joints. The disease can be relieved but not cured. RA is a public health problem, with the most common age of the outbreak being 40 years and older. Disease activity has a significant impact on affected individuals and their ability to perform daily activities. Many feel limited by pain. The experience of pain causes many individuals to become socially isolated, as they can no longer engage in the activities they find meaningful. Many are affected in their work, as the disease causes both pain and decreased hand strength.   Aim: The aim of this study v is to map what previous research says about the impact of pain on daily activities in people with the diagnosis Rheumatoid Arthritis.    Method: The study is a scoping review. The articles were produced in the databases Cinahl, Medline and PsycInfo. A total of 14 articles were included in the study.    Results: The research results indicate that individuals with RA are limited in their daily activities due to pain. Despite this, many individuals choose to participate in different activities as a distraction from the pain. They find alternative ways to engage in occupations/activities.  A supportive environment and permissive setting have been shown to have a positive impact on activity engagement and can reduce limitations.   Conclusion: To live with RA can be a challenge and it is clear how pain limits people from engaging in activities that they consider meaningful and/or give them joy. This can contribute to social isolation and sometimes individuals are forced to take early retirement because they can not perform their work tasks anymore.   Key words: Activities in daily life, Occupational therapy, Pain, Rheumatoid arthritis, RA.

Benign prostatahyperplasi (BPH) är ett tillstånd som drabbar nästintill samtliga män över 80 år och vilket medför urologiska besvär som kan ha inverkan på livs¬kvaliteten och det dagliga livet. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att redogöra för hur män med benign prostatahyperplasi upplever sitt dagliga liv samt hur deras livskvalitet påverkas. En litteraturstudie gjordes utifrån ett systematiskt tillväga¬gångssätt. Litteratursökningen utfördes i databaserna Cinahl, PsycInfo, PubMed samt The Cochrane Library. Både kvantitativa och kvalitativa studier inkluderades vilka kvalitetsgranskades av båda författarna oberoende av varandra med hjälp av ett modifierat granskningsprotokoll. Resultatet visar på att män med BPH har en störd sömn på grund av nykturi, begränsar sitt sociala liv och upplever genans över de urologiska symtomen och en negativ påverkan på det sexuella samlivet. Män med BPH tycks också utveckla copingstrategier för att bemästra sin vardag som att t ex reducera vätskeintaget, prata om besvären och acceptera tillståndet. Det verkar också vara vanligt förekommande att livskvaliteten hos män med BPH är sämre än hos män utan BPH. Fler studier med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ metodansats behövs för att finna en djupare förståelse för män med BPH och för att stärka evidensen avseende livskvalitet och dagligt liv. / Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition which causes urology bother that might have an impact on quality of life and daily living in almost all men over the age 80. The aim of this study was to report on how men with benign prostatic hyperplasia experiencing their daily lives and how their quality of life is affected. A systematic review was made in accordance to a systematic procedure. The literature searching was made in the databases CINAHL, PsycInfo, PubMed and The Cochrane Library. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included and the quality was assessed by both authors independently of each other using a modified audit protocol. The results show that men with BPH have disturbed sleep due to nocturia, limiting their social lives and experiencing embarrassment over the urological symptoms and a negative impact on the sexual life. Men with BPH also seems to develop coping strategies to overcome their daily lives such as reducing fluid intake, talk about the complaint and accept the condition. It also seems that it is more common for men with BPH to rank their quality of life lower than men without BPH. More studies using both qualitative and quantitative approach are needed to find a deeper understanding of men with BPH and to strengthen evidences about quality of life and daily life.

Bakgrund: Diabetes typ 2 är en kronisk sjukdom vars prevalens ökar varje år, som bidrar till ett omfattande folkhälsoproblem. Förändrade levnadsvanor och egenvård är av stor betydelse vid behandling av typ 2-diabetes. För att säkerställa att personen får god individuell vård och behandling, är det viktigt att undersöka personens upplevelser av att leva med typ 2-diabetes i vardagen. På så sätt kan sjuksköterskan erbjuda vård utifrån den unika individens behov. Syftet:Syftet var att belysa personers upplevelser av att leva med diabetes typ 2 i det dagliga livet. Metod: En litteraturstudie som är baserad på sammanställning av 12 vetenskapliga primära artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Artiklarna inhämtas genom strukturerad sökning i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Artiklarna granskades med hjälp av en granskningsmall för kvalitativa studier och analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier och nio underkategorier identifierades. Huvudkategorierna var: känslomässiga reaktioner, Upplevelser av livsstilsförändringaroch Upplevelser av stöd. Underkategorierna var: upplevelser av oro och rädsla, upplevelser av stress och psykisk påverkan, upplevelser av kostförändringar, upplevelser av fysisk aktivitet, upplevelser av medicinering och blodsockermätningar, utmaning till följd av komplikationer, betydelsen av familjens stöd, upplevelser av möten med sjukvården och samhällets attityd. Konklusion: Personer med diabetes typ 2 upplevde olika grader av utmaningar i det dagliga livet. Utmaningar förknippade med det nya sättet att leva med hänsyn till den kulturella aspekten. Det förekom att personens kunskap och tillgång till information om diabetes typ 2 är en viktig faktor till följsamheten till behandling och egenvård. Genom personcentrerad vård och individuellt anpassad information kan följsamheten förbättras. För att främja personcentrerad vård hos personer med diabetes typ 2, krävs kunskap och förståelse om deras vardag. / Background: Diabetes type 2 is a chronic disease with prevalence increasing every year. The disease contributes to a major public health problem. Lifestyle changes and self-care are of major importance in the management of type 2 diabetes. To ensure that the person receives good care and treatment, it is important to explore the person's experience with type 2 diabetes in everyday life. In this way nurses will be able to provide care based on the unique individual's needs. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to highlight persons’ experiences of living with type 2 diabetes in a daily life. Method: A literature study which is based on a compilation of 12 scientific primary articles with a qualitative approach. Articles were obtained through a structured search in the databases Cinahl and Pubmed. The articles were reviewed using a review template designed for qualitative studies and analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Results: Three main categories and 9 subcategories were identified. The categories were: emotional reactions, experiences of lifestyle changes and experiences of support. The subcategories were: experiences of anxiety and fear, experiences of stress and psychological impact, experiences of dietary changes, experiences of physical activity, experiences of medication and blood sugar measurements, challenge due to complications, the importance of family support, experiences of meetings with healthcare and society’s attitude. Conclusion: Persons with type 2 diabetes experienced varying degrees of challenges in their daily life. Challenges associated with the new way of life with regard to the cultural aspects. It appeared that the person's knowledge and access to information about type 2 diabetes is an important factor in adherence to treatment and self-care. Through person-centered care and individually adapted information, compliance can be improved. In order to promote person-centered care in persons with type 2 diabetes, knowledge and understanding of their everyday life is required.

<p>Rad istražuje alternativne kulturne prakse arhitekture i<br />urbanizma u Jugoslaviji, nastale u periodu 1945. i 1980.<br />Teorijske, edukativne, kustoske, umjetničke i profesionalne<br />arhitektonske prakse su sagledane u kontekstu socijalističke<br />svakodnevice i modernizma. Obja&scaron;njene su osnovne<br />karakteristike fenomena alternativnih kulturnih praksi,<br />prostora i autora, njihova reprezentativna moć kao sastavni<br />dio reprezentacije moći države, njihova posebnost kao<br />prostorno-kulturnog fenomena i trajne posljedice nezavisno<br />od izmjenjenih uslova i okolnosti u kojima danas postoje.</p> / <p>The paper explores alternative cultural practices of architecture<br />and urban planning in Yugoslavia, from the period 1945 and<br />1980. Theoretical, educational, curatorial, artistic and<br />professional architectural practices have been viewed in the<br />context of everyday life and socialist modernism. Explains the<br />basic characteristics of the phenomenon of alternative cultural<br />practices, space and authors, their representative power as an<br />integral part of the team and not the state, their uniqueness as<br />spatially-cultural phenomenon and lasting effects<br />independently of the changed conditions and circumstances<br />exist today.</p>

La présente étude propose d’éclairer la dynamique interactive de construction quotidienne de la culture du travail de rue. Tel qu’elle est présentée au premier chapitre, cette piste de recherche fait écho à différentes préoccupations soulevées par l’indétermination des conditions d’existence et d’exercice du travail de rue aux niveaux de la légitimation sociale de cette pratique, de sa consolidation organisationnelle, de son articulation méthodologique et de l’identification professionnelle de ses praticiens. Après avoir mis en relief les contraintes et défis engendrés par ces différentes formes d’incertitude, la problématique met en lumière l’opportunité de voir dans cette indétermination un révélateur des processus quotidiens de construction culturelle du travail de rue. Un deuxième chapitre présente le cadre théorique constructiviste, interactionniste et ethnométhodologique qui a inspiré la conception de la culture adoptée dans cette recherche. Un troisième chapitre résume la stratégie ethnographique de l’enquête de terrain menée dans l’univers du travail de rue par le biais d’une démarche d’observation participante d’une année au sein d’une équipe locale de travailleurs de rue et des espaces associatifs fréquentés par ces acteurs à l’échelle régionale, provinciale et internationale. Empruntant la métaphore dramaturgique d’Erving Goffman pour décrire « la mise en scène de la vie quotidienne » des travailleurs de rue, une deuxième section d’analyse des données décrit en trois chapitres les interactions sociales des travailleurs de rue dans les « coulisses » de leurs espaces entre pairs, « dans le décor du milieu » à la rencontre de leurs « publics » ainsi que lors de « représentation de leur rôle » en situation d’intervention. Recourant à des récits d’observation et à divers exemples, chacun de ces chapitres explicite les activités routinières et les conversations ordinaires qui prennent forme dans ces différents contextes d’interaction sociale. Le quatrième chapitre décrit la quotidienneté de ma propre incursion comme chercheure dans l’univers des travailleurs de rue et celle dont j’ai été témoin dans la dynamique de l’équipe qui m’a accueillie pendant une année sur une base hebdomadaire. Le cinquième chapitre raconte la vie de tous les jours ayant cours à travers l’intégration des travailleurs de rue sur le terrain et l’activation de leur rôle dans le milieu. Le sixième chapitre reflète différentes manières dont les travailleurs de rue s’inscrivent au quotidien dans des situations d’intervention avec les personnes du milieu et avec les acteurs de la communauté. Un septième chapitre dégage de la description de cet assemblage de routines et de codes de langage des travailleurs de rue une interprétation des processus et des produits de la « culturation » de cette pratique, c’est-à-dire une certaine lecture des processus interactifs de production de cette culture et de la constellation de significations produites et mobilisées par les acteurs impliqués. / The present study proposes to explore the dynamic interaction of the daily cultural construction of street work. The first chapter illustrates the various concerns that emerge from some of the uncertainties related to the experience of practice as well as the various conditions of street work. In particular, the practice’s social legitimacy, the organizational context, its approach to intervention and the practitioner’s professional identity will be explored. After having highlighted the constraints and challenges posed by these different forms of uncertainties, those are exposed again, but from a perspective of an opportunity to understand the cultural construction of street work. The second chapter presents the theoretical framework for the research, which is based on a constructivist, interactionist and ethnomethodological perspective. A third chapter summarizes the strategies for ethnographic fieldwork as undertaken during a one year process of data collection. This chapter also explores the research method which draws from participant observation, which was undertaken within a local team of street workers and their various associative contexts at regional, provincial or international levels. In borrowing from the dramatic metaphor of Erving Goffman to describe "the stages of everyday’s life" of the street workers, the data analysis will then be presented in three distinct sections, highlighting Goffman’s components, that is the social interactions of street workers "backstage" between peers; "in the setting" to meet their "public"; and finally, during "representation of their roles" in interventional situations. Using case observations and drawing from various examples, each section explains how the routines and ordinary conversations shape the social interactions in those work contexts. The fourth chapter describes my daily research involvement, in the world of street workers as well as my role as an observer which was to witness the dynamics of the team who had welcomed me weekly during a period of one year. The fifth chapter illustrates everyday experiences of street workers as seen through their activities and conversations as well as the actualization of their roles in their practice environment. The sixth chapter reflects on ways in which street workers are involved in different types of interventions and with people and actor they accompany in the community. A seventh chapter outlines the description of a set of routines, the language codes the street workers use and the interpretation they give and produce through the process of "culturation" of street work. In other words, we explore how workers read the interactive processes of this culture and how the meanings are produced and mobilized by the actors involved.

Nous analysons cette thèse au travers de quatre grandes échelles d'observation : macrosociale, mésosociale, microsociale et micro-individuel. Dans le premier temps, pour comprendre le contexte de la gestion et l'utilisation de l'eau potable, nous allons présenter d'abord le contexte environnemental pour rappeler l'importance géopolitique par rapport à l'eau au niveau internationale, montrer progressivement le développement du pays accompagnant « une crise de l'eau » au niveau national, et au niveau régional notre exemple de Guangzhou, ainsi que les solutions et les conflits de cette crise dans une échelle macrosociale. « La maîtrise de l'eau » en quantité et en qualité est toujours un enjeu particulièrement important au niveau national et international. En second, nous allons montrer une évolution de la qualité et de la gestion de l'eau courante à Guangzhou. Dans cette partie, nous allons rappeler d'abord la cause principale d'une pollution importante nuisant à la qualité de l'eau courante à cause d'un développement d'urbanisation très rapide, pour comprendre comment l'eau courante est devenue non potable. Dans l'échelle d'observation mésosociale, nous pouvons observer les réactions et les coopérations des différents secteurs publics et privées autour de la production et de la distribution de l'eau courante. Dans la troisième partie, nous allons mobiliser notre perspective à l'échelle d'observation microsociale. Ici nous nous intéresserons particulièrement à l'usage de l'eau dans la vie quotidienne chez les individus, notamment dans le cadre de l'alimentation. Nous allons présenter d'abord une évolution et une diversité de l'eau dans la famille chinoise citadine contemporaine, de manière plus ancienne comme l'eau des puits vers plusieurs types d'eau commerciale. En face des choix, comment les individus expertisent et choisissent leur(s) eau(x) ? Comment les individus utilisent et transforment les sens de l'eau dans l'espace domestique ? Ensuite, nous analyserons les occasions de consommation et les représentations des eaux potables (l'eau courante, ainsi que des autres eaux sans goût ou avec du goût (des boissons non alcoolisées) dans les familles chinoises dans quatre grandes villes (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou et Chengdu) en Chine à l'échelle d'observation microsociale et micro-individuel. C'est dans cette partie que nous voyons les différentes pratiques entre les chinois les plus traditionnels qui pratiquent la philosophie chinoise du qi, du yin et du yang dans la consommation des eaux dans leur vie quotidienne et les chinois plus modernes qui ne pratiquent pas du tout la tradition, ou bien entre les deux. C'est aussi dans cette partie, où nous voyons le lien interrelationnel dans la société chinoise au travers de la consommation des eaux. À la fin, nous avons travaillé sur le goût, surtout le sucré dans les boissons non alcoolisées en montrant les occasions, les pratiques et les représentations et la gestion du corps par rapport au sucre et au sucré. / We will analyze this topic based on four major scales of observation: macrosocial, mesosocial, microsocial and micro individual. Firstly, in order to understand the context of drinking-water usage and management, we will present the environmental context and the geopolitical importance of water at the international level. We will then demonstrate China's development following a "water crisis" at the national level. Finally, we will present the regional-level example of Guangzhou, along with the solutions to and conflicts within this crisis on a macrosocial scale. "Water management", in terms of quantity and quality, continues to be a particularly important issue on the national and international stage. Secondly, we will examine the changes in the quality and management of running water in Guangzhou. In this second section, we will first show that running water in the region has become undrinkable due to severe pollution stemming from rapid urbanization. On a mesosocial level, we can observe the reactions of and cooperation between various segments of the public and private sector with respect to the production and distribution of running water. In the third section, we will examine the issue on the microsocial scale. Here, we will be focusing on water usage in individuals' daily lives, especially in the context of food and eating habits. We will first describe the changing role and diversity of water usage in the modern urban Chinese household, from historic usage of well-water to various types of commercially produced water. How do individuals select their preferred water source(s) based on the available options? How do they use and transform the meaning of water within the domestic realm? Next, we will analyze the forms of consumption and the representations of drinking water (including running water as well as other types of non-alcoholic water beverages, both flavored and unflavored) within Chinese households in four major Chinese cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu on the microsocial scale and micro individual. In this section, we outline the differences between the habits of more traditional Chinese, adherents of the Chinese philosophy of qi, yin, and yang, and those of more modern, non-traditional Chinese, as well as those in between the two extremes. This section also explores the relationships inherent in Chinese society though the lens of water consumption. Lastly, we address the issue of flavor, especially sugar in non-alcoholic drinks, by outlining the forms, practices, representations, and management of the body in relation to sugar and sweet drinks.

Tell 'Abr 3 notre sujet d’étude est un site néolithique du dixième millénaire av. J.C (Mureybétien, horizon PPNA) situé sur la rive gauche de l’Euphrate en Djézireh syrienne. Il a révélé une documentation riche sur l'architecture et l'expression symbolique, ce qui nous a permis d’imaginer un lien entre les deux aspects Ces informations et leurs interprétations ont été replacées dans le contexte plus général du PPNA au Levant nord. Ils ont été à la base de notre réflexion de la société PPNA ; vie quotidienne et vie symbolique en ont été le fil conducteur. Le site de Tell ‘Abr 3 a fourni six bâtiments pouvant répondre à la notion de bâtiment communautaire en raison de leurs dimensions, de leurs hautes qualités architecturales, de leur richesse ornementale, enfin des outils et des objets décorés retrouvés à l’intérieur. Les objets qui se trouvent dans ces bâtiments ne s’y trouvaient pas par hasard et leur rôle est déterminant pour le fonctionnement de ces espaces. En outre, les objets retrouvés sous forme de dépôts intentionnels ou abandonnés suggèrent fortement la pratique de rituels liée à la vie communautaire et symbolique à Tell 'Abr 3. Trois types de bâtiments communautaires ont été définis à partir de leurs morphologies et de leurs aménagements. Le premier, début de PPNA, est non subdivisé, à plateforme (M1a, M1b, M10b) ; le deuxième, fin Mureybétien, est subdivisé en cellules à plateforme (M3 et M10b) ; et le troisième, transition PPNA/PPNB ancien, est non subdivisé, avec des dalles ornées (B2). Les derniers Deux types seulement étaient déjà connus sur d'autres sites en Syrie du Nord tandis que le – type 1 – n’est en effet attesté que sur notre site.La présence des types des bâtiments communautaires identiques selon notre définition (morphologique et temporelle) sur un vaste zone géographique entre Mureybet au sud jusqu’à Göbekli au nord, en passant par Jerf el-Ahmar et Dja’de el-Mughara, cette répartition renforce ce que l’on savait sur l’unicité de la culture PPNA dans cette zone de la Syrie du Nord et de la Turquie du Sud.Une diversité des thèmes symboliques liée aux types de bâtiments communautaires à Tell 'Abr 3 a été révélée. Les plus fréquemment sont les représentations animalières du monde sauvages. Les thèmes récurrents sont le taureau, la panthère, le rapace, et le serpent. Les représentations humaines prennent une place importante assez explicite. Les représentations masculines sont dominantes dans les bâtiments de types 1 et 3, tandis que les représentations féminines sont dominantes dans les bâtiments de type 2. Si nous combinons l’aspect fonctionnel et l’aspect symbolique, nous constatons entre ces sites, une parenté des thèmes symboliques liée aux bâtiments de chaque type. Mais il faut noter, en même temps, une variabilité qui doit tenir aux singularités du rituel dans chaque communauté. L’ensemble de ces phénomènes s’accompagne d’une transformation du mode de vie social, aussi bien sur le plan quotidien que symbolique. Cela peut être le résultat d’une diffusion du phénomène à travers les périodes et les sociétés du PPNA. / Tell 'Abr 3 our subject of study is a Neolithic site of the tenth millennium B.C (Mureybetien, horizon PPNA) which is located on the left bank of the Euphrates in Syrian Jezirah. This site reveals a rich documentation in architecture and symbolic expression. This information and their interpretations were placed back in the more general context of the PPNA in the Northern Levant. They have been the basis of our reflection of PPNA society; the guiding principle was symbolic and daily life.The site of Tell ' Abr 3 has provided six buildings characterize the concept of communal building due to their sizes, their high architectural qualities, their richness in ornamental, and finally the decorated objects and tools founded inside. The objects that are located in these buildings were not by chance and their role is crucial for the functioning of these spaces. Furthermore, the objects found in the form of intentional deposits or abandoned strongly suggest the practice of rituals related to communal and symbolic life to Tell ' Abr 3.Three types of communal buildings have been defined from their morphologies and arrangements. The first, beginning of PPNA, is not subdivided with platform (M1a, M1b, M10b); the second, finale Mureybetien, is divided into cells with platform (M3 and M10b); and the third one, transition PPNA/PPNB, is not subdivided, with ornate slabs (B2). The last two types were already known on other sites in northern Syria while - type 1 - is indeed attested only on our site.The presence of types of identical communal buildings according to our definition (morphological and temporal) over a large geographical area from Mureybet in the South to Göbekli to the North, passing through Jerf el-Ahmar and Dja'de el-Mughara, This distribution reinforces what was known about the uniqueness of the PPNA culture in this area of southern Turkey and Northern Syria. A variety of symbolic themes related to the types of communal buildings were revealed in Tell ' Abr 3. Most frequently, the representations of wild animals. Recurring themes are the bull, the panther, the eagle and snake. Human representations take a strong and important place. The male representations are dominant in buildings of types 1 and 3, while women's representations are dominant in buildings of type 2.When we matched between the functional and symbolic aspects of these three types of buildings, we establish a liaison in symbolic themes that gather between all these sites. But we have to mention that although each community had its own singularity in ritual. All these phenomena lead to a transformation in social lifestyle, in its both sides quotidian and symbolic. This transformation might be the result of the phenomena diffusion during the periods between societies in PPNA.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-12T09:29:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Eugênia Nunes de Andrade.pdf: 38275031 bytes, checksum: 3b05061acfcd27a46755b2e41e143d6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-12T09:29:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Eugênia Nunes de Andrade.pdf: 38275031 bytes, checksum: 3b05061acfcd27a46755b2e41e143d6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The research titled the daily life in the Central streets of Pouso Alegre-MG (1880- 1920) aims to reflect on the dynamics of the city dipping in the network of social signals in order to understand the trajectories of the subject in everyday life in Pouso Alegre, Minas Gerais, enabling a new historiographical approach. In this research we seek to understand the daily life of various social subjects through the Organization of local urban core and consequently, the social conflicts experienced in the Central streets of the city. As well as understand the ways of life permeated by new urban templates deployed by local governments and the different uses of public spaces for social actors reflecting the ressignificações of the city that have changed through time. From the interpretation of historical sources (newspapers, ads, official documents, photography and works memorialistas) seek to think in existence of a social field where the hegemonic and alternative memories are produced by everyday life. So we understand that memories are social, because they carry the groups organize particularities and share in different ways / A pesquisa intitulada O cotidiano nas ruas centrais de Pouso Alegre/MG (1880 – 1920) tem como objetivo refletir sobre a dinâmica da cidade mergulhando na rede de sinais sociais com o intuito de compreender as trajetórias dos sujeitos na vida cotidiana em Pouso Alegre/MG possibilitando uma nova abordagem historiográfica. Nesta pesquisa buscamos compreender o cotidiano dos diversos sujeitos sociais mediante a organização do núcleo urbano local e consequentemente, os conflitos sociais vivenciados nas ruas centrais da cidade. Buscamos entender os modos de vida permeados pelos novos moldes urbanísticos implantados pelas administrações municipais e os diferentes usos dos espaços públicos pelos atores sociais refletindo as ressignificações da cidade que foram alteradas pelo tempo. A partir da interpretação das fontes históricas (jornais, anúncios, documentos oficiais, fotografia e obras memorialistas) buscamos pensar na existência de um campo social onde as memórias hegemônicas e alternativas são produzidas pela vida cotidiana. Assim entendemos que as memórias são sociais, pois carregam particularidades de grupos que a organizam e compartilham de diferentes formas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:57:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_revisada_para_encadernacao.pdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-26 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / This study is characterized as an intervention research that had as focus violence in the schools. It is common that, in discussions on violence, the biological aspects are emphasized, printing in it an inatist character. We defend, however, the thesis that violence is not innate in the individuals, that they appropriate themselves of violent forms of relationship in the development process. Therefore, the school and the teachers, that play the basic role of mediators in the construction of the process of sociability of the individuals, can contribute in the construction of relations that do without violence. For the accomplishment of this work, we used the theoretical contributions of the dialectical and historical materialism, historical and cultural Psychology and the theory of the daily life of Agnes Heller. We investigated, by means of questionnaires, interviews and group processes, the following aspects: 1 -) the reality of violence in schools and its implications in the daily activity of the teacher; 2 -) the concept of violence underlying teacher s practices; 3 -) how the teachers think that people learn (if they learn) to relate by means of violence; and 4 -) which conceptions of development were underlying to the representation they had of violence. The intervention carried through during the development of this research, related to the process of continued formation of teachers, had as objective to offer theoretical-methodological subsidies to assist them in overcoming the daily-life representations of violence, in direction to a critical concept that contributed for confrontation, in the scope of the teacher s activity, of the situations permeated by the use of violence. In the group processes, it was possible to face many of the immediate questions in relation to violence in the school. However, for the construction of social relations in schools that do without the use of violence, it becomes necessary to develop formative actions to all the actors of the school: teachers, students, parents, direction, employees, and external agents: family, community agents, etc. In the research process, it was confirmed that teachers bore concepts of violence based on inatist or religious perspectives, that made it impossible for them to face it, even in those situations where we could intervene. One concludes, also, that it is possible to extend the limits of understanding of the phenomenon of violence by means of the appropriation of scientific knowledge that show that violence is historically and socially conditioned, or either: men, in its relations, are the ones who determine its use and reach. We observed that, in the path in direction to the abolition of violence, we will face the need to overcome alienation, given that, objectively, is has its roots in the economic and social structure and is not, therefore, a metaphysical entity. This work presented a concrete contribution of researchers, research assistants, professors, school board, family members and students who think it is possible to do without the use of the violence in the school and social relations / Este estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa intervenção que teve como foco a violência nas escolas. Em reflexões sobre violência, comumente são enfatizados aspectos biológicos, imprimindo ao fenômeno caráter inatista. No entanto, partimos do princípio de que a violência não é inata, os indivíduos se apropriam de formas violentas de se relacionar durante o processo de desenvolvimento. A escola e o professor, que desempenham papel fundamental de mediadores na construção do processo de sociabilidade dos indivíduos, podem contribuir na construção de relações que prescindam da violência. Para realização deste trabalho, valemo-nos de contribuições teóricas do Materialismo histórico-dialético, da Psicologia histórico-cultural, da Pedagogia histórico-crítica e da teoria da vida cotidiana de Agnes Heller. Foram investigados, por meio de questionários, entrevistas e pelo processo grupal decorrente da intervenção realizada em uma unidade escolar, os seguintes aspectos: 1- a realidade da violência nas escolas e suas implicações no cotidiano da atividade do professor; 2- o conceito de violência subjacente à prática dos professores; 3- a concepção dos professores sobre o processo de aprendizado, pelas pessoas, de formas violentas de se relacionar; 4- as concepções de desenvolvimento que estavam subjacentes à representação que tinham de violência. A intervenção realizada durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, relacionada ao processo de formação continuada de professores, teve como objetivo oferecer subsídios teórico-metodológicos para superação das representações cotidianas sobre violência, em direção a uma concepção crítica que contribuísse para o enfrentamento, no âmbito da atividade do professor, das situações permeadas pelo uso da violência. No processo grupal foi possível enfrentar muitas das questões imediatas em relação à violência na escola. No entanto, para a construção de relações sociais na escola que prescindam do uso da violência, faz-se necessário desenvolver ações formativas junto aos atores da escola: professores, alunos, pais, direção, funcionários e aos agentes externos a ela: família, agentes comunitários, etc. No processo de pesquisa confirmou-se que os professores possuíam concepções de violência fundamentadas em perspectivas inatistas ou religiosas, que os impediam de enfrentá-la, mesmo em situações nas quais poderiam intervir. Conclui-se, também, que é possível ampliar os limites de compreensão sobre o fenômeno da violência por meio da apropriação de conhecimentos científicos que mostrem que a violência está condicionada histórica e socialmente, ou seja: são os homens, nas suas relações, que determinam seu uso e alcance. Observamos que, no caminho em direção à abolição da violência, nos depararemos com a necessidade da superação da alienação, posto que, objetivamente, esta tem suas raízes na estrutura econômica e social, não é uma entidade metafísica. Este trabalho apresentou uma contribuição concreta de pesquisadores, auxiliares de pesquisa, professores, dirigentes escolares, familiares e discentes que pensam ser possível prescindir do uso da violência nas relações escolares e sociais