This study investigates two questions about anti-predator behaviour of the red-backed shrike. 1) Is the red-backed shrike able to assess the differing dangers represented by various types or species of predators? 2) How does the red-backed shrike recognize the predator? We found, that the red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) adjusts its anti-predator behaviour by assessing the potential threat to themselves from different predator species and by assessing the chance of a successful attack. Further, we found that the presence of general raptor salient features is absolutely necessary for proper categorisation of the intruder as a predator, whereas the natural species-specific colouration in itself is an insufficient cue.

L'enjeu principal de cette recherche est de questionner ce que l'analyse psychodynamique du travail peut apporter à l'anthropologie psychanalytique du sens moral. Une explicitation des références doctrinales est un préalable nécessaire pour discuter la façon dont la psychanalyse et la psychodynamique du travail conçoivent les réquisits du sens moral. La démarche clinique et critique adoptée au cours de cette thèse tend conjointement à décrire et comprendre l'expérience vécue des sujets rencontrés, et à discuter les constructions métapsychologiques censées rendre compte de cette même expérience. Selon notre point de vue, la psychodynamique du travail apporte des éléments de discussion essentiels, et pourtant insuffisamment pris en compte par la psychanalyse, pour élucider les conditions de construction et de suspension du sens moral. Nous développerons l'idée qu'en sus d'une théorie du corps affecté dans le rapport au réel, une anthropologie du sens moral ne peut se passer d'une théorie du travail. / The main purpose of this research is to question what the analaysis of psychodynamics of work can bring to the psychoanalytical anthropology of moral sense. An clarification of doctrinal references is a necessary prerequisite to discuss how psychoanalysis and psychodynamics of work conceive the foundations of moral sense. The clinical and critical approach adopted in this thesis tends jointly to describe and to understand the experience lived by the subjects we met, and to discuss the metapsychological constructions supposed to report the same experience. In our view, psychodynamics of work provides some essential elements of discussions, and nevertheless insufficiently taken into account by psychoanalysis, to clarify the conditions of construction and suspension of the moral sense. We will develop the idea that in addition to a theory of the body affected in relation to the real world, an anthropology of the moral sense cannot do without a theory of work.

Text in Afrikaans / The focus of this qualitative study was the perceptions of parents regarding their toddlers' regressive behaviour. For the purposes of this study the term perceptions relates to both the impressions in a persons' consciousness as well as the result thereof. The researcher compiled a conceptual framework from the existing literature and then carried out the empirical study. A focus group of four parents' whose toddler or toddlers showed regressive behavior at the time of the study was compiled. A focusgroup discussion was held where the parents described their perceptions of their toddlers' regressive behaviour. The focus group discussion was recorded both by video camera as well as a digital recorder with the consent of all focus group participants, after which it was transcribed. Recurring themes were identified from the transcribed data and verified with literature. Qualitative data were obtained that answered the research question. / Social work / M.Diac.

The software development continues to become more competitive and demanding, placing pressure on developers. Changes in the international political climate have resulted in shrinking military budgets, putting developers of defence software under further pressure. At present, systematic reuse is probably the most realistic way of addressing this pressure by improving software development productivity and quality. Software product line (SPL) engineering provides a comprehensive approach to systematic software reuse and is becoming widely accepted. The focus of this interpretive case study was ground station software development in a small multidisciplinary project-centric company which produces avionics systems for military aircraft. The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential implementation of systematic software reuse in the company. The study consisted of three phases, a literature study, a contextualisation and a set of field interviews, and used elements of the Carnegie-Mellon Software Engineering Institute (SEI) Product Line Practice Framework to examine the suitability of SPL engineering for the company. The findings of the study highlight the potential challenges that SPL engineering poses for the company, and emphasise how the company's project-centric structure could impede its implementation of systematic software reuse. / Computing / M.Sc. (Information Systems)

The purpose of this study was to examine the life satisfaction of the wives of naval non-commissioned officers living in an isolated military suburb. As little is known about this phenomenon an exploratory design was used. A sample group of 81 wives was selected by means of stratified random sampling. Measuring instruments used were the Heimler Scale of Social Functioning and a needs assessment. The results of the study indicated that although a small majority of the wives experience their lives as satisfactory they have a great deal of frustration. The two largest areas of low satisfaction was work and finances. It seems that these wives have sufficient support systems. The lack of transport seems to be a problem for these wives. The needs assessment identified a great interest in, and a need for certain courses, hobbies, aerobic classes and a daycare centre. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Science (Mental Health))

Text in Afrikaans / OPSOMMING: In 'n transformerende samelewing waar die klem is op die realisering van die individu se potensiaal en erkenning van alle vaardighede teen 'n Nasionale Kwalifikasie Raamwerk, verkeer ook die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag in 'n staat van verandering. Die diverse menslike hulpbron - burgerlikes en 'n uniformdraende komponent van ge'integreerde magte - vereis opleiding om effektiewe verdediging aan Suid-A:frika en sy inwoners te bied. Nie net die permanente komponent moet die nodige vaardighede ontwikkel nie, maar ook die Deeltydse Mag ('n totaal van meer as 140 000 lede). Hierdie opleidingsbehoefte en die krimpende begroting, noop die Weermag om koste-effektiewe menslike hulpbronontwikkelingstrategiee toe te pas. Afstandsonderrig, met veral die nuwe interaktiewe karakter daarvan, kan 'n lewensvatbare strategie wees. 'n Vraelystudie na die stand van afstandsonderrig in die Weermag het getoon dat afstandsonderrig reeds op beperkte skaal bedryf word, maar met leemtes in die leermateriaal en 'n gebrek aan noodsaaklike ondersteuning van die bevelstruktuur. Die skep van leerbevorderlike leermateriaal met 'n interaktiewe karakter, soos dit in resente literatuur beskryfword en in algemene afstandsonderrig sigbaar is, kan 'n effektiewe didaktiese leeroordragstelsel vorm. Van die verskeidenheid nuwe mediategnologiee wat tans in die makro-afstandsonderrigomgewing benut word, kan veral rekenaargebaseerde opleiding en oplyn-opleiding in die Weermag aangewend word. Gedrukte materiaal sal steeds die basis vorm en kan aangevul word met interaktiewe televisie-uitsendings - wat tydens 'n loodsaanbieding aan Weermaglede oorweldigend positief ervaar is, om wisselwerking tussen die instrukteur en die leerder, en die leerders onderling te verhoog. vu 'n Afstandsonderrigmodel, gerig op die spesifieke situasie van 'n organisasie soos die Weermag wat self verantwoordelik is vir die ontwikkeling van sy menslike hulpbron, is ontwerp as hoofriglyn vir die ontwikkeling van 'n afstandsonderrigstelsel. Dit beklemtoon die basiese opleidingskomponente van die leerder, die instrukteur en die leermateriaal wat gesien moet word binne die spesifieke omgewing waarbinne hulle funksioneer. Die essensiele rol van die beleidmakende komponent is ook bespreek, aangesien die afstandsonderrigstelsel slegs suksesvol bedryf kan word as daar beleid gepromulgeer is wat die afstandsonderrigstelsel bemagtig. Ontwikkelingsriglyne en implementerinsgriglyne vir 'n afstandsonderrigstelsel in die Weermag sluit ook 'n voorgestelde ontwikkelingsprogram van die afstandsonderriginstrukteurs in. / Summary : In a transforming society where the emphasis is on realizing the potential of the individual and accrediting all competencies against a National Qualifications Framework, the South African National Defence Force is also in a state of change. The diverse human resources demand training in order to effectively defend South Africa and its inhabitants. Competency development is needed by both the permanent component and the Part-time Force. This training requirement and the shrinking budget impel the Defence Force to apply cost-effective human resource development strategies. Distance learning, especially with its new interactive nature, can be a viable strategy. A questionnaire study of the status of distance learning in the Defence Force showed that it is already practised on a limited scale, but with deficiencies in the learning material and a lack of support from the command structure. The creation of interactive learning materials that enhance learning as described in current literature and found in general distance learning practice, can form an effective didactical learning transfer system. Of the various media technologies presently utilised in the macro-distance learning environment, computer-based training and on-line training can be applied in the Defence Force. Printed materials forms the basis and can be supplemented with interactive television broadcasts - which were overwhelmingly positively accepted by Defence Force members during a pilot presentation. - to improve the interaction between the instructor and learner and between learners. A distance learning model focussed on the specific situation of an organisation such as the Defence Force, which is responsible for the development of its own human resources, was designed as main guideline for the development of a distance learning system. It emphasizes the basic components of the learner, the instructor and the learning material that have to be seen within the specific environment in which they operate. The essential role of the policy making component is discussed, since a distance learning system can only be applied successfully if there is promulgated policy to empower the distance learning system. Development and implementation guidelines for a distance learning system in the Defence Force also include a suggested development program for distance learning instructors. / Didactics / D. Ed. (Didactics)

This dissertation is an exploratory study aimed at empirically identifying and examining manifestations of communication barriers in the South African National Defence Force. A convergence model of communication is presented, describing the stages involved when individuals share the same information. The convergence model of communication delineates the relationship among the physical, psychological, and social aspects of communication. Two complementary theorems deduced by Kincaid (1988) from the convergence principle and the basic cybernetic process involved in information processing are applied in the analyses. The theorems specify the conditions under which intercultural communication will lead to convergence between members of different cultures involved. An empirically testable model was developed to collect information about possible communication barriers. The barriers are an indication of the restrictions on communication in the system and therefore indicate the possibility of restricting cultural convergence. / Communication / M.A. (Communication)

This thesis is a critical examination of the UK defence discourse. It is an exploration of the dominant explanation of defence in the UK in 2015, as evidenced by the artefacts of the discourse - most importantly, by the voices of those within the community. In doing so, this thesis seeks to challenge the notion that there is only one right way to manage and judge the notion of defence, highlighting the cultural and contextual dependence of such ideas, and the dangers which arise from it. In asking the simple question what is defence? I have aimed at identifying the references and experiences, through the deployment of an ethnographic approach, which are drawn on to construct the dominant understanding. In doing so, I have sought to distinguish that which is considered legitimate by the dominant managerial narrative and in what contexts. My findings are illustrated in the form of a power structure within which language and symbolism, and their influence on practice, together build the defence community's expression of identity. The predominance of managerialism in today's explanation of defence in the UK and the failings I have identified as a result, are perceivable throughout the UK public sector. Therefore, the restrictive nature of the narrative in excluding creativity and innovation in the defence sector, also has implications for wider public sector reform in the UK and abroad. The primary contribution this thesis makes rests in the application of the ethnographic approach and a post-structuralist three-pillared framework to a discipline which has traditionally been analysed from an organisational or political perspective. The hope is that, in applying this same approach in multiple contexts, a greater understanding of the mechanisms sustaining dominant explanations can be gained, as well as of the importance of legitimised spaces for innovation and creativity in reform processes.

La thèse propose une approche pluridisciplinaire, mêlant l’analyse de la topographie et la lecture minutieuse du bâti, avec relevés à l’appui, à l’exploitation de nombreuses comptabilités et des sources iconographiques. Les ensembles architecturaux profondément modifiés d’Amboise − et de ce fait très complexes à appréhender − ont en effet demandé une analyse conjointe du château et de la ville.D’une ampleur jamais encore égalée, le chantier de construction royal, initié par Louis XI en 1463, eut des répercussions immédiates sur l’économie et l’urbanisme de cette petite « ville-Pont » de 300 à 400 feux. En 1498, les chantiers étaient lancés et Amboise avait tous les atouts pour devenir une cité d’importance mais à cette date, la mort accidentelle de Charles VIII en arrêta l’essor. Toutefois, le dynamisme du chantier d’Amboise sur une quarantaine d’années constitua le laboratoire de nouvelles solutions architecturales qui influencèrent les chantiers princiers du début de la Renaissance. / This thesis presents a multidisciplinary approach, it consists in the study of topography, of buildings, thanks to layouts, and of the existing accounts and iconography. Because the architecture has changed a lot it has required analyzing both the castle and the town. From 1463, Louis XI’s huge magnificent project had repercussions on the economy and the development of this small “bridge-Town”. In 1498, the building sites were set up and the town was to become a city but Charles VIII’s unexpected death stopped its expansion. However, this dynamic building period, over 40 years, has to be considered as an experiment of new architectural forms which would impact princely buildings in the early Renaissance.

A cooperação em defesa na América do Sul é explicada pela Teoria Realista Ofensiva de Cooperação em Defesa sob a Unipolaridade - aqui introduzida. Identificada uma lacuna significativa nas teorias de Relações Internacionais e nos trabalhos que buscam explicar, de forma ad hoc, a cooperação em defesa em outras regiões do mundo, nossa teoria traz explicações para (1) a motivação dos Estados para cooperar em defesa; (2) as variáveis independentes que afetam a cooperação em defesa; (3) um modelo amplo de cooperação em defesa que possa ser replicado em diferentes regiões do mundo. Demonstramos que cooperar em defesa serve para aumentar a posição relativa dos Estados participantes tanto frente aos demais Estados quanto frente à potência unipolar, sem, contudo, aumentar as pressões do dilema da segurança. Esse suposto reafirma o princípio egoísta dos Estados, de buscarem maximizar o seu poder para melhor garantir a sua sobrevivência, mas mostrando que novos tempos exigem novas formas de maximização de poder. Para tanto, demonstramos a continuidade da unipolaridade dos Estados Unidos na balança de poder global e apontamos, via 15 indicadores diferentes, que a polaridade sul-americana encontra-se em um momento de transição entre uma multipolaridade desequilibrada e uma unipolaridade brasileira, sofrendo pressões sistêmicas de ambas as configurações e corroborando as expectativas de nossa teoria. Conclui-se que o reaparelhamento ou não das Forças Armadas brasileiras levará à definição do sobe e desce das pressões sistêmicas regionais para a cooperação em defesa: se confirmada a unipolaridade, haverá maiores incentivos para as iniciativas em andamento criadas e mantidas pelo protagonismo brasileiro, como a UNASUL e o CDS. Contudo, se configurada a multipolaridade desequilibrada, os incentivos sistêmicos serão para a manutenção de uma integração baixa e instituições fracas na área de cooperação em defesa na América do Sul. / The defence cooperation in South America is explained by the Offensive Realist Theory of Cooperation in Defence under Unipolarity - hereby introduced. After identifying a meaningful gap in international relations theories and in ad hoc works which tryed to explain defence cooperation in other parts of the world, our theory brings explanations for (1) states' motivations to cooperate in defence; (2) the independent variables that affect defense cooperation; (3) a comprehensive model of defense cooperation that can be applied to different regions of the world. We have shown that cooperating in defence works for improving the relative position of the participating states vis-a-vis either the other states or the unipole without increasing the pressures of the security dilemma. This requisite reaffirms the selfish principle of states of maximising their power to better ensure their survival, but showing that new times demand new ways of power maximisation. To do so, we have demonstrated the maintenance of the United States' unipolarity at the global balance of power and shown, through 15 different indexes, that the South-American polarity finds itself in a transitory moment between an unbalanced multipolarity and a Brazilian unipolarity, suffering then pressures from both configurations and thus corroborating our theory's expectations. Our conclusion is that the refitting or not of the Brazilian Armed Forces will lead to the definition of the ups and downs of the sistemic regional pressures on defence cooperation: if it is confirmed the Brazilian unipolarity, there will be greater incentives for the ongoing initiatives created and maintened by Brazil, such as UNASUR and SDC. Nevertheless, if the unbalanced multipolarity is confirmed, the sistemic incentives will be for the maintenance of a low regional integration and weak institutions on the South American defence cooperation field.