Title: Analysis of Offence after Active Defence Objectives: The primary objective of this thesis is to implement quantitative and qualitative analysis of offence after reaching the ball during active defence within Bayern Munich matches. Attacks finished with a shot or a final pass. Consequently, the aims in view will be evaluated. Methods: The work uses the indirect observation method in particular matches which were available due to video records. Successful attacks were analysed according to quantity and quality. This analysis is focused on a detailed study of each attack from its foundig thanks to gaining the ball during active defence to its ending. Results: The results show the types and models realized during the monitored attacks of Bayern Munich team within the UEFA Champions League 2012/2013. Further, offensive and defensive phases of the game in the modern aspect of football are clarified. Last but not least, we are able to apply the models in question to different achievement groups. Keywords: UEFA Champions League 2012/2013, football, active defence, offence, cooperation, Bayern Munich, quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis

Diplomatic privileges and immunities of bodies and workers of the EU institutions Le sujet de ce travail est de présenter des privilèges et immunités concernant l'Union européenne en tant qu'organisation internationale, ses fonctionnaires, agents et autres personnes susceptibles d'agir dans son intérêt. À la différence des immunités des États, accordées à ces derniers au nom de leur égalité souveraine, les immunités des organisation internationales se justifient exclusivement par leur caractère fonctionnel. Elles visent en effet à assurer à l'organisation une certaine autonomie et une indépendance indispensables à l'efficacité de son action. L'Union alors jouit des privilèges et immunités nécessaires à l'accomplissement de sa mission. Le document servant de base juridique, dans lequel les privilèges et immunités de l'UE sont définie , est le Protocole du 8 avril 1965 sur les privilèges et immunités des Communautés européennes. Ce dernier a été révisé au 1er décembre 2009 par le traité de Lisbonne. L'UE remlace ainsi, par ce traité, la Communauté européenne, ainsi duquele Protocole sur les privilèges et immunités des Communautés européennes, qui devient le Protocole sur les privilèges et immunités de l'Union européenne. Ce Protocole concerne l'UE, ses organes, les représentants des États...

Ces travaux de recherche abordent un problème de défense anti-aérien, usuellement appelé problème d'allocation d'armes à des cibles dans la littérature. L'allocation d'armes à des cibles est un problème bien connu de la recherche opérationnelle militaire qui a rencontré un franc succès parmi la communauté des chercheurs, et qui aujourd'hui encore suscite un large engouement puisque sa propriété démontrée NP-difficile en fait un problème qui reste irrésolu. Que ce soit par des méthodes analytiques ou meta-heuristiques, le problème d'allocation d'armes à des cibles a fait l'objet de nombreuses propositions de résolution. Cependant, il est assez surprenant de voir que la modélisation proposée pour ce problème n'a guère évolué depuis qu'il est apparu pour la première fois dans la littérature en 1950. Cette modélisation peut être considérée comme obsolète aujourd'hui et ne répond plus aux exigences qui accompagnent les technologies modernes. En effet, en 60 ans le champ de bataille a complètement changé, et dans la littérature seulement un nombre limité d'études proposent de prendre en compte ces évolutions. L'étude menée dans cette thèse propose de s'intéresser aux systèmes de Commandes et Contrôles (C2) pour des applications anti-aériennes. Habituellement un système C2 est composé de senseurs, d'un centre d'opérations tactiques et d'un ou plusieurs lanceurs. Les senseurs alimentent le centre d'opérations tactiques à partir des informations qu'ils recueillent, puis, une fois ces informations reçues, le centre d'opérations tactiques va interpréter ces données afin de calculer l'atteignabilité des menaces. Enfin, un plan d'engagement qui comprend l'allocation des munitions disponibles aux cibles et une date de tir sont proposés à un opérateur humain qui aura pour mission de valider cette proposition en totalité ou partiellement, puis va procéder à l'engagement des menaces. Pour remplir cet objectif, une approche innovante et faisant l'objet d'un dépôt de brevet a été développée afin de répondre aux difficultés relatives aux problèmes d'optimisation multi-objectifs. Ensuite, un algorithme d'optimisation continue basé sur la combinaison de l'optimisation par essaim particulaires avec la théorie des jeux évolutionnaires est proposé pour optimiser les dates de tirs. L'allocation optimale, elle, est obtenue en adaptant cette méthode continue au cas discret. La preuve que l'algorithme développé est localement convergent est donnée dans cette thèse. D'autre part, l'aspect temps-réel a également fait l'objet d'une recherche attentive et l'algorithme précédemment cité a été hybridé avec les réseaux de neurones afin d'accélérer le temps de calcul des composants identifiés comme "lourds" en termes de charge de calcul. Enfin, cette étude ne se limite pas à une application de recherche opérationnelle militaire, mais inclut quelques concepts élémentaires de guidage et de navigation pour le calcul d'atteignabilité des menaces. Finalement, cette thèse permet d'identifier que les points suivants doivent faire l'objet d'une attention très particulière afin de développer un outil d'aide à la décision efficace. D'abord, la métrique d'évaluation d'un bon plan d'engagement doit être clairement analysée. Ensuite, le plan d'engagement proposé doit être stable et ne pas proposer de changements soudains qui pourraient perturber l'opérateur. Le troisième point concerne la robustesse de la solution proposée et sa capacité à faire face aux situations les plus compliquées. Quatrièmement, le temps et la charge de calcul sont des contraintes techniques qui ne peuvent pas être outrepassées. Finalement, les exigences posées lors de la préparation de mission et qui dépendent du contexte doivent faire l'objet d'une attention particulière. C'est pourquoi, l'outil d'aide à la décision proposé doit permettre un allègement significatif de la charge de travail de l'opérateur ainsi que la réduction considérable du stress lié à ce contexte / This research investigates a practical air defence problem, usually named Weapon Target Assignment (WTA) in the literature. The WTA problem is a well-known problem of military operation research that encountered a wide success in the research community, but still nowadays since it remains an unsolved problem because of its NP-hardness property. From analytical to heuristic methods, the WTA was deeply investigated and many attempts to solve this problem have been proposed. However, the proposed modelling of this problem is consistent with the 1950's technologies. Thus, the proposed modelling found in the literature can be considered as obsolete and cannot fit the requirement of the current technology advances. Indeed, the battle field dramatically changes over 60 years, and the recent literature proposes only few studies taking into account these amendments. The herein study proposes to investigate a Command & Control system (C2) in air defence applications. Usually a C2 system includes sensors, a Tactical Operation Centre (TOC) and one or more launchers. The sensors provide information about aerial tactical situation to the TOC. This TOC is in charge of evaluating the received information in order to compute the attainability of the targets, then an engagement plan that includes the assignment of the available weapons to the incoming targets and a date to fire for each assignment. This engagement plan is then proposed to one human operator in charge of accepting whole or part of this engagement plan and engage the targets following the received instructions. To achieve this goal, an innovative and patented approach to mitigate the issues related to multi-objective optimisation is proposed. Then, a continuous optimisation algorithm based on the combination of the Particle Swarm Optimisation and the Evolutionary Game Theory was proposed to determine the best dates to fire. The optimal assignment was obtained by adapting the aforementioned algorithm to the discrete case. This thesis also gives the proof that the designed algorithms are locally convergent and intensive benchmarking confirms the developed theory. In order to respect the real-time requirement, it was also devised to use the Neural Networks to lighten the identified burdensome parts of the algorithm and decrease computational time. Not limited to the military operation research field, the herein study reuse some basic concepts of missile guidance and navigation to compute the attainability of the targets. From this thesis, it can be identified that following aspects need to be carefully considered to provide an efficient decision making support to a human operator: First, clearly define what a good engagement plan is. Second, the engagement plan must be steady to avoid high rate changing in the assignments that could significantly disturb the operator. Third, the proposed engagement also must be reliable and robust to face any possible situations. Fourth, the computation time and computation load are technical constraints that cannot be overstepped. Finally, the operational constraints related to the mission context defined during a pre-mission stage must also be taken into account. Therefore, the proposed decision making support must help and significantly reduce the operator's work load in this situation of high stress and sensitive context

Student Number : 9908223M - PhD thesis - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / This thesis examines the status and role of parliamentary committees in democratic theory with a view to critically assessing the performance of one such committee, the South African version of the PAC, SCOPA. It advances a pluralist theory of popular sovereignty according to which there is no single institutional complex or site, which exclusively expresses the will of the people. The latter is the case in monist theories, which reduce democracy to its practice in a single site. Rousseau and Weber are critically examined in this connection. In the pluralist notion advanced in this thesis the popular will is expressed and realized in a plurality of institutional sites and modalities of exercise. On this perspective parliamentary committees perform a function vital to the constitution of popular sovereignty itself. They are indispensable to the formation by the people of an accurate perception by it of what the Executive is doing in its name. Their investigative work is thus constitutive of the formation of a democratic subject and will. Parliamentary committees are thus central to the satisfaction of the conditions of the deliberative dimension of democracy. On this definition, parliamentary committees must in addition themselves conform to the principles of deliberation in their own practice. This specifically deliberative conception of democracy is then further delineated by distinguishing it from the aggregation – majoritarian perspective and defending it against a variety of criticisms, including that of Chantal Mouffe. With this conceptual and normative framework in place, the British and American committee systems are examined in order to establish some reference points in terms of the institutional practice of parliamentary committees. The focus then shifts to the parliamentary committees of the South African Parliament. The constitutional and legal foundation for parliamentary committees (in the South African system) is examined with particular reference to SCOPA itself and the first five years of the new parliamentary committee system identified as a period during which several South African parliamentary committees, including SCOPA, effectively exercised their “oversight” function. Once the Government’s SDP entered the scene all things changed. This thesis examines the formation of the JIT, paying particular attention to the exclusion of the HSIU and the interventions of the Speaker, Hon Frene Ginwala. It identifies in close detail all the flaws in the SDP procurement process as well as the contradictions and lacunae in the final JIT Report itself. These are of such a magnitude as to render unreasonable any claim to the contrary and in endorsing the Report SCOPA thus clearly failed in its essential function. The notion of a threshold concept of reasonable adequacy is introduced as limiting the conditions under which committee decisions can legitimately be taken via majority voting. The argument is advanced that these were clearly not met in the case of the SCOPA decision under discussion. The implications of this “collapse” of SCOPA for South African democracy more broadly are then identified and discussed in terms of deliberative democratic theory.

Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à une question peu étudiée par l’historiographie de la Chine moderne et pourtant fondamentale pour la compréhension de l’impérialisme dans l’histoire de la Chine moderne. En s’inscrivant à la croisée de trois chantiers historiographiques, connexes, mais distincts, l’histoire urbaine, l’histoire des empires et l’histoire des forces de l’ordre, elle cherche à mettre en lumière la circulation des techniques et des savoirs de l’État moderne comme « statecraft » au niveau de la ville entre les empires européens et l’État chinois. Son objet central est la question de la défense et du maintien de l’ordre public dans la Concession française comme révélateur à la fois des relations entre les autorités françaises et locales, des tensions éventuelles entre les empires, de la hiérarchisation administrative de l’Empire français sur place, et la répartition du pouvoir de commandement militaire entre autorités civiles et militaires, dans le but d’éclairer la mise en place de l’administration municipale de Shanghai avant l’installation de la municipalité de Kuomintang en 1927 à trois niveaux. Comment les rapports existent-ils entre les trois municipalités au sein de la ville? Comment les autorités françaises construisent-elles une administration de la sécurité sur place? Enfin, comment cette administration de la sécurité répond-elle aux défis de la guerre et du conflit militaire ? / This doctoral thesis focuses on a question that has been little studied by the historiography of modern China but that is nevertheless fundamental to the understanding of imperialism in the modern history of this nation. By positioning itself at the intersection of three historiographical camps that are connected and yet distinct—urban history, the history of empires, and the history of the forces of law and order—this thesis will seek to emphasise the idea that the circulation of the skills and knowledge-base of a modern state were an example of “statecraft” within the city of Shanghai, which occupied an intermediary position between the European empires and the Chinese state. The primary focus of the thesis is the issue of defence and the maintenance of public order in the French Concession of Shanghai as being indicative of the relations that existed between the French and local authorities, the possible tensions between the empires, the administrative hierarchy of the French Empire on the ground, and the distribution of the power of military command between the civil and military authorities. The objective is to shed light on the shaping of the municipal administration of Shanghai before the establishment of the Kuomintang municipal authority in 1927 on three levels: what form did relations between the three municipalities within the city take? How did the French authorities build a security administration on the ground? Lastly, how did this security administration respond to the challenges of war and military conflict?

Detta självständiga arbete undersöker stridstekniska obemannade luftfarkostsystem (SUAV) och potentiella tekniska system som är motverkande mot obemannade luftfarkoster (CUAS). Nyttjandet av stridstekniska obemannade luftfarkostsystem har ökat kraftigt och har observerats i både Syrien och Ukraina. I den ryska armén har de sett framgångsrik användning i samverkan med befintliga artillerisystem. Syftet med detta självständiga arbete är att analysera och förstå de effekter som tekniken har på militära operationer. I detta arbete används det militärtekniska konceptet ’militär nytta’ Andersson m.fl. (2015) i kombination med Johnsonkriteriet som används för att beräkna räckvidden på infraröda sensorer. Tillsammans med användningen av systemanalys och scenariobaserade metoder, har stridstekniska obemannade luftfarkostsystem och tekniska system som är motverkande mot obemannade luftfarkoster värderats med konceptet militär nytta. Slutsatserna från detta arbete visar att stridstekniska obemannade luftfarkostsystem har en god militär nytta då de används mot en motoriserad skyttebataljon (militär aktör), i förberedelsefasen av en fördröjningsstrid (kontext). Vid värderingen av de två tekniska systemalternativen som motverkar obemannade luftfarkoster; eldvapensystem och robotsystem, har bärbara luftvärnsrobotsystem bedömts ha en bättre militär nytta än automatkanonsystem på grund av dess möjliga användning i avsuttna operationer. / This independent project studies Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and potential Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems. The usage of Small Unmanned Aerial Systems has grown rapidly and has seen use in warfare in both Syria and Ukraine. In the Russian armed forces, they have seen successful use when used in combination with legacy artillery systems. The purpose of this independent project is to analyse and understand the effects that technology has on military operations. In this project, a military-technology concept called ‘military utility’ Andersson et al. (2015) is used in combination with the Johnson criteria which is used to calculate infrared sensor range. Together with the use of systems analysis and scenario-based methods, Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and two identified Counter Unmanned Aerial System alternatives have been assessed with the military utility concept. The conclusions of this independent project show that Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles have a good degree of military utility when used against a motorized infantry battalion (military actor), in the preparatory phase of a delay operation (context). When assessing the two Counter Unmanned Aerial System alternatives; gun-based systems and missile air defence systems, man-portable air-defence systems have, because of their possible use in dismounted operations, been considered to have a greater military utility in comparison to autocannon systems.

Depuis les années 1970, bien avant l’entrée en vigueur du traité de Maastricht, le statut de l’UE dans les relations internationales et donc sa puissance est une source des débats conceptuels. Bien que la construction européenne soit souvent vue comme un processus de renoncement à la puissance, l’idée d’une Europe puissance qui se substitute à l’impuissance des Etats membres après la Seconde Guerre mondiale est toujours présente parmi les représentants de divers approches des relations internationales: puissance civile, puissance normative, puissance militaire, puissance douce, etc. Il faut remarquer que la recherche pour les nouveaux concepts supposés décrire toujours mieux la nature énigmatique de la puissance européenne continue. L’objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à ce débat en utilisant le concept de smart power, combinaison raisonné de hard et de soft power, pour décrire le rapport de l’UE à la puissance. Le concept de smart power parait pertinent pour expliquer le modèle de la puissance de l’Union, même si, en pratique, l’UE a des difficultés à exercer le smart power en raison du manque de volonté parmi ces pays membres. / Since the 1970s, even before the Maastricht Treaty comes into force, the status of the EU in international relations and therefore its power is a source of conceptual debates. Although European integration is often seen as a process of renunciation of power, the idea of a European power which replaces the powerlessness of member states after the Second World War is always present among the representatives of various approaches to international relations: civilian power, normative power, soft power, military power, etc. It should be noted that the search for new concepts to describe better the enigmatic nature of European power is in progress.The aim of this work is to contribute to this debate by using the concept of smart power, effective combination of hard power and soft power, in order to describe the nature of the power of the EU. The concept of smart power seems relevant to explain the model of the EU’s power, although, in practice, the EU has difficulties in exercising smart power because of the lack of will among the member countries.

Utbildningen av officerare är omdiskuterad och har kanske alltid varit det. Men de senaste årens förändringar av officersutbildningen och akademisering av yrket samt ändrade befälsstrukturer i Försvarsmakten (FM) har återigen satt fart på diskussionen. Det handlar bland annat om FM får den officer som man behöver för att kunna bygga starka krigsförband och om officeren har de kvalifikationer som detta kräver? Men vad är officersyrket för något och vad är det egentligen FM vill ha? Studien undersöker just det, vad en officer är och vilka egenskaper som en officer förväntas att ha med sig in i yrket.  Utbildningen vid Försvarshögskolan (FHS) Officersprogrammet (OP) är det som skall leda till en officer med rätt kvalifikationer och egenskaper vilket leder till den andra delen av studien, där bilden av vad en officer är jämförs med de examensmål som programmet har. Dessa examensmål framgår av förordningen för FHS och med de 17 examensmålen examinerade så skall kadetten vara klar att påbörja sitt yrke som officer. Frågan är om den förutsättningen verkligen finns?   För att kunna göra denna jämförelse har studien, genom intervjuer, tagit fram en modell av en officer från det unika med officersprofessionen, våldsmonopolet, via antagningskrav för utbildningen till egenskaper som officeren måste ha och roller som officeren utövar. Modellen har två portalparagrafer som är att betrakta som en sammanställning, vilka studien anser är nödvändiga för att hantera de mest allvarliga frågor som i förlängningen kan innebära beslut om liv eller död.  Portalparagraferna är mångsidighet och en väl utvecklad inre kompass.   I jämförelsen mellan modellen och examensmålen har studien funnit att examensmålen är avmilitariserade och har en teoretisk slagsida. Den väpnande striden har kommit i skymundan och officerares ansvar för det statliga våldsmonopolet inte finnsmed. De tydliggör inte heller en del av de egenskaper och kvalifikationer, som studien har visat, är nödvändiga för att officeren som ledare ska kunna hantera yrkesprofessionen och axla det ansvar detta kräver. Det gör att kadetten inte fullt ut får den möjlighet att bli den officer som FM behöver.   Studien visar bland annat att examensmålen bör ses över och kanske även till del skrivas om. / The training of military officers is well debated and has always been. But the recent years' changes in officer training and the academisation of the profession and also changed command structures in the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) have once again set the stage for discussion. Among other things, it is about SAF getting the officer they need to build strong units and whether the officer has the qualifications that this requires? But what is the profession as an officer and what does the SAF really wants? The study examines just that, what is a military officer and what qualities an officer is expected to bring into the profession.  The education at the Swedish National Defense University (SDU) and the military officers’ program (OP) is the education, which should lead to a profession as an officer with the right qualifications and characteristics. This leads to the second part of the study, where the image of an officer is compared to the exam objectives for the program. These exam objectives are stated in the ordinance for SDU, and with the 17 exam objectives examined; the cadet should be ready to begin his profession as an officer. The question is whether this condition really exists?  In order to make this comparison, the study, through interviews, has developed a model of an officer from the unique with the profession, the monopoly of violence, via admission requirements for the education, to characteristics that the officer must have and roles that the officer exercises. The model has two portal paragraphs that are a compilation of the model, which the study considers necessary to deal with the most serious issues that may ultimately involve decisions on life or death.   The portal paragraphs are versatility and a well-developed inner moral guidance.  In the comparison between the model and the exam objectives, the study found that the objectives are demilitarized and have a theoretical approach. The armed battle is overshadowed and the officers' responsibility for the state monopoly of violence is not included. Nor do they clarify some of the characteristics and qualifications that the study has shown are necessary for the officer to be able to manage the profession as a leader and shoulder the responsibility this requires. This means that the cadet does not fully get the opportunity to become the officer that SAF needs.  The study shows, among other things, that the exam objectives should be reviewed and perhaps even partly rewritten.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIR - Alexandre Novelli Bronzatto.pdf: 629591 bytes, checksum: 26e3619b85676024ed0d90902f913299 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-09 / The objective of this dissertation is to examine the executive (lato sensu) action and doing so in three chapters. The first covers fundamental institutes for the comprehension of this kind of civil action. The study starts with a distinction between claim and action. Following is the traditional classifications of this juridic tutelage and of the process. Thus the systematization process of the juridic tutelage is formulated: cognition tutelage and tutelage of fisical repercussion. In that one are included the declaratory, constitutive and condemnatory sentence. In this, the injunctions and executive provision. At work the executive action is recognized, consisting in the reunion of cognitive activities and fisical repercussion in the same juridic processual relation. Taking in consideration the criterion of the evolved jurisdictional activity, the syncretic process is placed side by side with the trial procedure (which in Brazilian system doesn t includes the enforcement of the decision) and executive process. The second chapter starts with the examination of the actions and their classifications. Several execution concepts are then analyzed, as are the delimitations of the executives procedural structure and juridic nature. One tries to identify what they have in common, and the main distinction between the executive and the injunctions, rejecting the limitation of the first real execution. Finally, in the third chapter the aspects of the executive procedures are studies, emphasizing on the effectivity of the jurisdictional tutelage and the right to wide defence, both predicted in the 1988 Federal Constitution / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo examinar a ação executiva lato sensu e, para tanto, estende-se por três capítulos. O primeiro aborda os institutos fundamentais para compreensão dessa espécie de ação civil. O estudo se inicia com a distinção entre pretensão e ação. Em seguida são expostas as classificações tradicionais da tutela jurisdicional e do processo. Formula-se, então, proposta de sistematização da tutela jurisdicional em duas categorias: tutela cognitiva e tutela de repercussão física. Naquela estão incluídos os provimentos declaratórios, os constitutivos e os condenatórios; nesta, os provimentos mandamentais e executivos. No trabalho, reconhece-se a ação executiva lato sensu como manifestação do sincretismo, que consiste na reunião de atividades cognitivas e de repercussão física na mesma relação jurídica processual. Levando-se em consideração o critério da atividade jurisdicional desenvolvida, o processo sincrético coloca-se ao lado dos processos de conhecimento e de execução. O segundo capítulo começa pelo exame das ações e suas classificações tradicional (ternária), quinária e quaternária. São então analisados os diversos conceitos de execução, bem como a delimitação das características das executivas lato sensu, por sua estrutura processual e natureza jurídica. Procura-se identificar os pontos em comum e as principais distinções entre as executivas lato sensu e as mandamentais, rejeitando-se a limitação das primeiras às execuções reais. Finalmente, no terceiro capítulo são estudados aspectos do procedimento das ações executivas lato sensu, com ênfase na efetividade da tutela jurisdicional e no direito à ampla defesa, ambos previstos na Constituição Federal de 1988

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Jose Gomes Correa.pdf: 623933 bytes, checksum: 351b854c38a20bd38872ed276a8f4cd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-20 / The present dissertation is intended to examine, from its beginnings, the concept of Constitution and to demonstrate its double significance, political and legal, as well as the means used to guarantee the prevalence of the Constitution in European and North American traditions. The vicissitudes of the defence of the Constitution in Brazil, the broad outlines of organisation and operation of the Judiciary - which, starting from the establishment of the Republican regime in Brazil, had a duty to analyse legislation by contrasting it with the Constitution, thereby confirming its validity - and the role of the Brazilian Public Prosecution Service as an active defender of the Constitution, are also examined. The dissertation confronts the issue of the judicialisation of politics and hopes to demonstrate that the increase in social, cultural and economical rights, in peripheral countries such as Brazil, compels the legal system to enter into contact with conflicts generated in other social systems (economy, health, education, religion, sport etc), the Public Prosecution Service being an important channel - at the same time as introducing discussions about social, cultural and economical rights - for the preservation of the judicial system code (lawful/unlawful) and its self-generating, or "autopoiético", character to keep the centre of the judicial system free of spurious interference from the other social systems / A presente dissertação destina-se a historiar o conceito de Constituição desde seus primórdios e demonstrar seu duplo significado, político e jurídico, bem como os meios utilizados para garantir a prevalência da Constituição nas tradições européia e norte-americana. As vicissitudes da defesa da Constituição no Brasil, as grandes linhas de organização e atuação do Poder Judiciário que, a partir da instauração do regime republicano no Brasil, teve a missão de analisar a legislação em contraste com a Constituição e verificar sua validade e o papel do Ministério Público brasileiro como defensor ativo da Constituição são também dissecadas. A dissertação enfrenta o tema da judicialização da política e pretende demonstrar que o incremento dos direitos sociais, culturais e econômicos em países periféricos como o Brasil força o sistema jurídico a entrar em contato com conflitos gerados em outros sistemas sociais (economia, saúde, educação, religião, esporte etc), sendo o Ministério Público um importante canal para, ao mesmo tempo em que introduz as discussões sobre direitos sociais, culturais e econômicos, preservar o código do sistema jurídico (lícito/ilícito) e manter o caráter autopoiético desse sistema, mantendo o centro do sistema jurídico livre de interferências espúrias dos demais sistemas sociais