Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o contemporâneo movimento sociopolítico do Decrescimento, partindo das ideias inaugurais de Serge Latouche, economista e filósofo francês responsável pela criação deste termo, sua historicidade, premissas de análise, e novas formas de subjetivação que propõe, cuja argumentação se sustenta e deriva também, dentre outros autores - como Castoriadis, Gorz e Mészáros - da tese de David Harvey que estabelece que desenvolvimento não é o mesmo que crescimento, e que é possível promover desenvolvimento nas dimensões das relações pessoais, sociais do cotidiano e das relações com o meio ambiente sem as orientações que favoreçam o capital e sua máxima de acumulação. Trata-se, segundo os autores, de um movimento anticapitalista que busca denunciar questões críticas contemporâneas e contradições e crises do capitalismo, apontando um conjunto de passos a serem dados para o lado de fora desta lógica que valoriza e incentiva o desejo e a necessidade do excesso. Em diálogo pleno com a Ética e seus mais recentes estudos, nos quais desponta a autora Victoria Camps, o Decrescimento se preocupa com as escolhas do indivíduo, com o que as mobiliza e com as maneiras pelas quais devemos viver. Segundo esta autora o reconhecimento em torno de nossa não autossuficiência faz com que nos percebamos vulneráveis e o espírito do que a maioria dos autores do Decrescimento chama de espírito do Dom do Decrescimento e de a Economia da Felicidade dialoga diretamente com a busca do homem por governar estas vulnerabilidades, compreender suas virtudes, desenvolvê-las e praticar o bem e seu senso coletivo. Sua contribuição por sua vez para a construção contínua e transformadora de uma Psicologia Social Crítica deve-se à busca por um novo sujeito, e cuja subjetividade possa ser ressignificada e emancipada, neste exercício alguns conceitos nos foram muito caros, como por exemplo, o conceito de liberdade. Discutiu-se o Decrescimento destacando suas viabilidades práticas, importância, dimensões planetárias e aquilo que particularmente mais me chamou atenção em relação ao movimento a partir de minha própria experiência na 3 Conferência Internacional do Decrescimento que ocorreu em Veneza em setembro de 2012. A espinha dorsal deste trabalho foi o próprio discurso do Decrescimento e o discurso construído em torno dele, e suas vozes que foram dispostas e organizadas em análise nesta pesquisa em forma de interlocução e diálogos abertos, interdisciplinares, teóricos e práticos. A interlocução foi exercício metodológico capaz de reunir as vozes do Decrescimento e transportá-las para dentro do texto desta pesquisa, sendo a própria pesquisa em si, pelo dar a conhecer deste sujeito e que pode ser outro e mediar sua existência com o mundo de outras maneiras, e pelo dar a conhecer em torno do próprio movimento, e sobre o qual não se pretende conclusões, pois não se trata de encerrar a discussão trata-se de valorizá-la por ela mesma e potencializar possibilidades dialéticas, críticas e reflexivas, ficando, portanto ao leitor o convite a problematizar-se diante das questões aqui destacadas, em busca de si, para si e pelas alternativas existenciais mais diversas, dentre elas, o Decrescimento. / The goal at this research is present the contemporary social and political Degrowth Movement, starting with the originator idea from Serge Latouche, French economist and philosopher, who is responsible for term Degrowth, and also present the movements history, premises of analyses and the new subjectivity it proposes. This discussion is based among different authors as Castoriadis, Gorz, Mészáros, on David Harvey thesis that establishes that development is not the same as growth, that is possible to achieve development in dimensions of social personal daily relations, in relations within the environment without the actual oriented behaviors that favors capital logic and its premise of continuous accumulation. According these authors Degrowth is an anticapitalistic movement looking for announcing critical contemporary questions, contradictions and capital actual crises, pointing a whole set of steps to be walked towards outside capital logic and ideology that values, incentivize desire and exceeding necessity. In dialogue with Ethics as science and its most recent studies, in which we mark the author Victoria Camps, Degrowth is worried with individuals choices and what mobilizes them, ways through which we should be living. According the author individual recognition towards its on not auto sufficient condition helps individual recognizing we are all vulnerable and in this context the spirit the majority of authors discussing the Degrowth so call as Gifted Degrowth Spirit and Economy of Happiness dialogues directly within individual search for governing his own vulnerabilities, comprehending, developing his virtues and practicing the good and his collective sense. This research and the movements contribution to the continuous and transforming construction of a Critical Social Psychology comes from the seek for a subject, whose subjectivity can be resigned, made free. According this exercise a real important worked concept was liberty. The movement was discussed focusing on its practical viabilities, importance, planetary dimensions and based on what most called my attention during the 3 International Conference on Degrowth, and which I had the chance to visit, that happened last September, 2102, in Venice. The main stream at this research was the own discussion towards Degrowth movement, its so called voices, and that were displayed and organized through analyses in this research from interlocution exercises and open, interdisciplinary, theorical and practical dialogues. This interlocution was methodological exercise capable to sum up the Degrowth voices and transport them inside the text, which became the research itself, so to give knowledge of this speaking subjects, that can be someone else and mediate his living in the world differently, and so to give knowledge of the movement itself. I do not intend to arrive at a specific conclusion towards this movement, because the goal is not to close and put an end on the debate, in the other hand the goal is to strength dialectics possibilities, critics, reflections, leaving to the reader the invitation to question himself when facing the so marked questions during the research, looking for himself, to himself and for the various existing alternatives possible, among them, the Degrowth.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o contemporâneo movimento sociopolítico do Decrescimento, partindo das ideias inaugurais de Serge Latouche, economista e filósofo francês responsável pela criação deste termo, sua historicidade, premissas de análise, e novas formas de subjetivação que propõe, cuja argumentação se sustenta e deriva também, dentre outros autores - como Castoriadis, Gorz e Mészáros - da tese de David Harvey que estabelece que desenvolvimento não é o mesmo que crescimento, e que é possível promover desenvolvimento nas dimensões das relações pessoais, sociais do cotidiano e das relações com o meio ambiente sem as orientações que favoreçam o capital e sua máxima de acumulação. Trata-se, segundo os autores, de um movimento anticapitalista que busca denunciar questões críticas contemporâneas e contradições e crises do capitalismo, apontando um conjunto de passos a serem dados para o lado de fora desta lógica que valoriza e incentiva o desejo e a necessidade do excesso. Em diálogo pleno com a Ética e seus mais recentes estudos, nos quais desponta a autora Victoria Camps, o Decrescimento se preocupa com as escolhas do indivíduo, com o que as mobiliza e com as maneiras pelas quais devemos viver. Segundo esta autora o reconhecimento em torno de nossa não autossuficiência faz com que nos percebamos vulneráveis e o espírito do que a maioria dos autores do Decrescimento chama de espírito do Dom do Decrescimento e de a Economia da Felicidade dialoga diretamente com a busca do homem por governar estas vulnerabilidades, compreender suas virtudes, desenvolvê-las e praticar o bem e seu senso coletivo. Sua contribuição por sua vez para a construção contínua e transformadora de uma Psicologia Social Crítica deve-se à busca por um novo sujeito, e cuja subjetividade possa ser ressignificada e emancipada, neste exercício alguns conceitos nos foram muito caros, como por exemplo, o conceito de liberdade. Discutiu-se o Decrescimento destacando suas viabilidades práticas, importância, dimensões planetárias e aquilo que particularmente mais me chamou atenção em relação ao movimento a partir de minha própria experiência na 3 Conferência Internacional do Decrescimento que ocorreu em Veneza em setembro de 2012. A espinha dorsal deste trabalho foi o próprio discurso do Decrescimento e o discurso construído em torno dele, e suas vozes que foram dispostas e organizadas em análise nesta pesquisa em forma de interlocução e diálogos abertos, interdisciplinares, teóricos e práticos. A interlocução foi exercício metodológico capaz de reunir as vozes do Decrescimento e transportá-las para dentro do texto desta pesquisa, sendo a própria pesquisa em si, pelo dar a conhecer deste sujeito e que pode ser outro e mediar sua existência com o mundo de outras maneiras, e pelo dar a conhecer em torno do próprio movimento, e sobre o qual não se pretende conclusões, pois não se trata de encerrar a discussão trata-se de valorizá-la por ela mesma e potencializar possibilidades dialéticas, críticas e reflexivas, ficando, portanto ao leitor o convite a problematizar-se diante das questões aqui destacadas, em busca de si, para si e pelas alternativas existenciais mais diversas, dentre elas, o Decrescimento. / The goal at this research is present the contemporary social and political Degrowth Movement, starting with the originator idea from Serge Latouche, French economist and philosopher, who is responsible for term Degrowth, and also present the movements history, premises of analyses and the new subjectivity it proposes. This discussion is based among different authors as Castoriadis, Gorz, Mészáros, on David Harvey thesis that establishes that development is not the same as growth, that is possible to achieve development in dimensions of social personal daily relations, in relations within the environment without the actual oriented behaviors that favors capital logic and its premise of continuous accumulation. According these authors Degrowth is an anticapitalistic movement looking for announcing critical contemporary questions, contradictions and capital actual crises, pointing a whole set of steps to be walked towards outside capital logic and ideology that values, incentivize desire and exceeding necessity. In dialogue with Ethics as science and its most recent studies, in which we mark the author Victoria Camps, Degrowth is worried with individuals choices and what mobilizes them, ways through which we should be living. According the author individual recognition towards its on not auto sufficient condition helps individual recognizing we are all vulnerable and in this context the spirit the majority of authors discussing the Degrowth so call as Gifted Degrowth Spirit and Economy of Happiness dialogues directly within individual search for governing his own vulnerabilities, comprehending, developing his virtues and practicing the good and his collective sense. This research and the movements contribution to the continuous and transforming construction of a Critical Social Psychology comes from the seek for a subject, whose subjectivity can be resigned, made free. According this exercise a real important worked concept was liberty. The movement was discussed focusing on its practical viabilities, importance, planetary dimensions and based on what most called my attention during the 3 International Conference on Degrowth, and which I had the chance to visit, that happened last September, 2102, in Venice. The main stream at this research was the own discussion towards Degrowth movement, its so called voices, and that were displayed and organized through analyses in this research from interlocution exercises and open, interdisciplinary, theorical and practical dialogues. This interlocution was methodological exercise capable to sum up the Degrowth voices and transport them inside the text, which became the research itself, so to give knowledge of this speaking subjects, that can be someone else and mediate his living in the world differently, and so to give knowledge of the movement itself. I do not intend to arrive at a specific conclusion towards this movement, because the goal is not to close and put an end on the debate, in the other hand the goal is to strength dialectics possibilities, critics, reflections, leaving to the reader the invitation to question himself when facing the so marked questions during the research, looking for himself, to himself and for the various existing alternatives possible, among them, the Degrowth.

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como tema central a mobilização políticoecológica de Decrescimento na França. Com o argumento de que o crescimento econômico destrói o meio ambiente, militantes do decrescimento acionam uma diversidade de coletivos, ações e ideias para construir uma mobilização política em forma de nebulosa. Diferente de um movimento social, de um partido político ou de um grupo com contornos bem estabelecidos, uma nebulosa é uma mobilização descentrada e aberta, que coloca em relação iniciativas distribuídas pelo território francês com a preocupação de garantir a autonomia e a particularidade de cada grupo local. A fim de discutir as implicações dessa forma de fazer política que é frequentemente considerada inovadora, esta dissertação toma como ponto de partida a nouvelle gauche, nascida em meados dos anos 1950 na França. Por meio do levantamento de algumas questões que aparecem nessa nova esquerda, discute-se as implicações do aparecimento de novas maneiras de conceber o social e agir politicamente em detrimento do marxismo, da contradição de classes e da noção de exploração por meio do trabalho. Diante da problematização do conjunto de ideias e práticas que tomava corpo naquele período, parte-se para uma discussão das continuidades e descontinuidades instauradas pelo decrescimento com relação aos movimentos precedentes, através da descrição etnográfica das relações estabelecidas pelos militantes franceses. Por fim, as novas formas de fazer política desenvolvidas pelo decrescimento são problematizadas na medida em que são aproximadas das novas formas do capitalismo. Muitas análises sugerem que a crítica tornou-se o motor do capitalismo por meio da incorporação de formas de organização social e ideológica que tem profundas afinidades com o movimento decrescimento. Dessa forma, são discutidas as contradições de um movimento que tenta colocar o crescimento em xeque. / The aim of this thesis is to discuss the degrowth movement in France. Considering that economic growth leads to environmental damages, degrowth activists state that it is necessary to create new forms of political action. Thus, many informal collectives, practices and ideas are mobilized in order to built what is called nebula of degrowth. Different from a social movement, a political party or a well defined group, a nebula is a non-centered and opened mobilization, that establishes many relations between collectives and groups spread all over the French territory. While the connections are created, many efforts are made to guarantee the differences and autonomy of the groups joined together. To discuss the implications of the nebula form of degrowth, this thesis goes back to the emergency of the nouvelle gauche, during the 1950s. Some issues that usually have shown up in this moment allows us to discuss how society and political action was reconceptualized, for example by the expulsion of marxist ideas such as class struggle and labor exploitation. The mapping of the main points of the new left in France leads us to discuss the continuities and discontinuities introduced by degrowth movement in the political scenery. After an ethnographic presentation of degrowth nebula, the conclusion is that there are many contradictions in the form the movement states social criticism. To explain what are the meanings of such contradictions, a final topic is presented: the contradictions of the contemporary capitalism. By bringing capitalism and degrowth movement aside, it is possible to see that both have similar but opposite forms.

Dagens samhälle bygger på ett kapitalistiskt system utefter en så kallad linjär ekonomi där resurser utvinns, produkter produceras, för att sedan konsumeras och slängas. Detta system har genererat en ekonomisk tillväxt på bekostnad av vår miljö. För att skapa ett hållbart system som inte medför farliga utsläpp och andra miljöproblem har Sverige tillsammans med andra länder påbörjat ett arbete mot ett hållbart samhällsekonomiskt system, en cirkulär ekonomi. I och med den stora samhällsomställning som den cirkulära ekonomin innebär är det relevant att studera vilken miljöpolitik detta samhällsekonomiska system förmedlar. Studien använder ideologierna degrowth, ecological modernization och ecomodernism utifrån en idéanalys i syfte att analysera de bakomliggande miljöideologiska antaganden som den svenska staten förmedlar i och med omställningen mot en cirkulär ekonomi. Studiens visar att Sveriges cirkulära ekonomi kan identifieras med ideologin ecological modernization som anser att det ekonomiska system vi har  dag behöver inkludera en miljöfaktor för att nå ett grönare samhälle som inte skadar miljön. Tidigare forskning visat på att Sverige sedan en tid tillbaka redan bedriver en miljöpolitik enligt ideologin ecological modernization. Detta tyder på att ecological modernization tagit fäste i Sveriges miljöpolitik.

This project is a book which facilitates thinking about the ongoing climate crisis from a Degrowth perspective. Methods are to the greater part reading literature, watching interviews and also to a lesser extent conducting a survey, contacting a researcher and holding a workshop. The key visual tools that are used in this book are typography, infographics, illustration, layout and bookbinding. Firstly, the connection between personal experience and global warming is illustrated. Secondly, based on the severity and scope of the crisis, it is argued that radical societal change is required. Thirdly, the solution approach of shrinking the economy is investigated and suggested. Importantly, some key dynamics of capitalism are deconstructed, such as the accumulation of wealth and power, the exploitation of the global South, the disconnect of money and social value, the misconception of work and finally how these lead to disastrous greenhouse gas emissions as well. Essentially, shrinking the economy is identified as an absolute necessity to supporting and indeed extending human well-being to all.

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Dans cette thèse on a essayé d’enquêter sur la spécificité de l’ancien cynisme à partir des recherches de quelques philosophes tels que Hadot, Agamben, Foucault, Fabbrichesi, Goulet-Cazé et Sloterdijk. Le cynisme représenterait une forme de vie très particulière dont le style a encore peut être quelque chose à nous dire.Pourtant on a essayé de reconstruire un cadre d’ensemble qui pourrait recomposer cette particulière forme de vie cynique, très autarcique et polémique, en relation aux principales expériences de la vie : l’origine et la citoyenneté, le rapport avec l’économie et le pouvoir, avec les conventions sociales, avec le savoir et la religion.En outre on a essayé de contextualiser la forme de vie cynique en relation au contexte urbain, car le cynisme s’est développé à l’époque de la civilisation gréco-romaine à l’intérieur des villes. Les provocations et le style de vie typiquement cynique se manifestaient dans les lieux typiques des villes comme les temples ou les places. À travers des comportements effrontés et impudents la manière habituelle de s’habiller ou d’habiter était contestée, et le rôle des usages ordinaires et des lois était peu considéré. Ensuite on a essayé de sonder l’existence d’une sorte de courant souterrain du cynisme, et ses incessantes remontées en surface, au cours du développement de la culture occidentale, dans la longue période de temps qui va de la fin du monde gréco-romain jusqu’au dix-neuvième siècle. Des fragments concernant Diogène se trouvent dans la culture arabe et dans certains recueils du Moyen Âge. Au cours de la Renaissance le cynisme est cité par Erasme de Rotterdam, par Michel de Montaigne et par Rabelais, et le thème de l’extravagance de la vie de l’artiste apparaît par exemple dans l’œuvre de Pietro da Cosimo. Diogène est cité à nouveau au siècle des Lumières. Enfin on a analysé les tentatives d’autarcie chez Thoreau, le style de vie de Marx à Londres, et la grande récupération du cynisme faite par Nietzche. Pour ce qui concerne le dix-neuvième siècle on a analysé quelques thèmes cyniques dans la prose de différents auteurs tels que Tolstoï, Bernhard, Beckett, Hasek et Kristof. Il ne s’agit pas d’un cynisme déclaré, mais de certaines questions et de certaines solutions qui remontent en surface. Pour ce qui concerne la philosophie on a essayé d’approfondir ce que Foucault et Sloterdijk ont récupéré du cynisme et comment. Dans le domaine socio-économique, on a essayé de mettre en évidence les connections entre l’autarcie cynique et les propositions de la pensée liée à la décroissance et à celles d’ Ivan Illich. / This PhD dissertation investigates, starting from the stimuli offered by Hadot, Agamben, Foucault, Fabbrichesi, Goulet-Cazé and Sloterdijk, the specificity of the ancient cynicism. Cynicism is a very particular form of life that today perhaps has something to say.We tried to reconstruct a framework that recomposes this form of cynical life, very autarchic and controversial, in relation to the main experiences of life: the origin and citizenship, the relationship with the economy, with the power, with the social conventions, with knowledge and with religion.This research tries to contextualize the cynical life form in relation to the urban context because cynicism developed within the cities. Cynical provocations were shown in temples or squares; through shameless and shameless behavior, the way of dressing or living was disputed, and customs and laws were transgressed.A kind of subterranean current of cynicism was then reconstructed in the development of western culture from the end of the Greek-Roman world to the nineteenth century. Diogenes appears in Arab culture and medieval novels; cynicism is cited by Erasmus, Montaigne, Rabelais and the theme of the extravagance of the artist's life appears. The illuminists quote Diogene. Thoreau's attempts at autarky have been analyzed, Marx's lifestyle in London, and Nietzsche's great recovery of cynicism.In the twentieth century, some cynical motifs in the narrative of Tolstoy, Bernhard, Beckett, Hasek and Kristof were also analyzed. It is not a declared cynicism, but the re-emergence of certain problems and certain solutions. We then tried to investigate how and what Foucault and Sloterdijk have recovered from cynicism. In the socio-economic sphere, the links between cynical autarky and the ideas of de-growth thought and Ivan Illich were highlighted.

This thesis draws upon the young theory of eco-masculinities and the aspiring movement of economic degrowth. We find the concept of eco-masculinities to be an underrepresented complement to the movement of ecofeminism. Studies show that masculine people are less involved in sustainability-related issues in conventional society. We identified this phenomenon as the ‘eco gender characteristics gap’. In the following pages, we elaborate what eco-masculinities can look like at an ecovillage and where we can see possible connections between eco-masculinities and a degrowth mindset. We do so by analysing qualitative data derived from observations of, interviews with and a questionnaire filled out by people living in ecovillages. At an ecovillage, it seems that awareness about feelings and emotions as well as communicating them are highly valued. Our analysis shows that these factors form crucial parts of precepts for eco-masculinities to develop. Connected to degrowth, we can see that eco-masculinities have to be actively implemented and are not automatically attained by living in an alternative setting. We hope that our gained insights contribute to gender characteristics research and to the understanding and acceptance of diverse eco-masculinities in society. / <p>Due to COVID-19, the presentation was held online in a Zoom meeting.</p>

How can an idea that critiques the global capitalist system persist? How can a concept that opposes growth as indicator of wealth gather more and more supporters inside and outside of academia? How can a radical theory that challenges almost any societal structure convince us that it is something we must pursue? The Degrowth movement is often referred to as utopia, and not without good reason, as it is a relatively new concept that certainly still has its flaws. This thesis aims to start the Degrowth dialogue outside the ivory tower of academia. We use qualitative data gained from five focus groups to determine which components of Degrowth need the most clarification to make a movement evolve into a genuine theory. Our findings, brought forward by engaged discussions during the focus groups, showed potential for improvements of the Degrowth theory in the areas of education, societal norms and values as well as governmental policies and regulations. These insights allowed us to more specifically address the ambiguities of degrowth and counter them with opinions from experts to make Degrowth more accessible.

The creation of futures scenarios is a tool to addresschallenges towards sustainability in planning and thebuilt environment. Scenarios in the project BeyondGDP growth explore futures where priority is givento social and environmental aspects and economicgrowth is regarded as uncertain. When futures areused as an input to planning, there has to be anawareness of the possible consequences of those.Sustainability assessment for futures scenarios aimsto give a comprehensive assessment of how differentscenarios can affect relevant aspects. This thesis gives an overview of current methods forsustainability assessment of futures scenarios. It alsoproposes improvements to one of them and tests iton the Beyond GDP growth scenarios. SAFS (SustainabilityAssessment Framework for Scenarios) isthe method selected. SAFS considers environmentaland social aspects providing qualitative results anduses consumption perspective and life cycle approach. Improvements to SAFS are proposed in two directions.First, the Doughnut developed by Raworth(2012) is integrated in the method. It gives a graphicrepresentation, putting each aspect in context withthe others and facilitate the communication of theassessment results. Second, an alternative approachis suggested to evaluate the consequences of environmentaldeprivation on social conditions. Thisalternative approach can also help communicateuncertainties. / Att skapa framtidsscenarier är ett verktyg för attadressera utmaningar relaterade till hållbarhet inomsamhällsplanering och samhällsbyggnad. ProjektetBortom BNP-tillväxt utforskar i ett antal scenarierolika framtider där sociala och miljömässiga aspekterfår prioritet och ekonomisk tillväxt betraktas somosäker. När framtidsscenarier används som inputi samhällsplanering behöver det finnas en medvetenhetom dessa framtiders möjliga konsekvenser. Hållbarhetsbedömning av framtida scenarier utgören omfattande utvärdering av hur olika scenarier kanförväntas påverka relevanta aspekter. Den här uppsatsen ger en översikt över befintligametoder för hållbarhetsbedömning av framtidsscenarier,den applicerar en av dessa metoder - SAFS(Sustainability Assessment Framework for Scenarios) -på scenarierna inom Bortom BNP-tillväxt och föreslårförbättringar till metoden. SAFS väljs därför att densom metod tar hänsyn till såväl miljö- som socialaaspekter, ger kvalitativa resultat och utvärderar scenariernaur ett konsumtions- och livscykelperspektiv. Två förbättringar av SAFS föreslås. Den ena är attintegrera Raworths “Doughnut” (2012) eftersomden erbjuder ett sätt att grafiskt representera allautvärderade aspekter tillsammans och underlättaratt kommunicera resultatet från bedömningen. Denandra förbättringen innebär ett annat angreppssättför att utvärdera konsekvenserna av miljöförstöringför sociala aspekter. Det föreslagna angreppssättetkan även underlätta att kommunicera metodens inneboendeosäkerheter gällande resultaten. / Beyond GDP growth