Face aux enjeux socioéconomiques, démocratiques, et environnementaux, la croissance économique comme fin en soi, ou comme condition nécessaire au « développement », est de nouveau remise en cause. Depuis le début du XXIème siècle, suscitant un intérêt grandissant et de vifs échanges, la Décroissance se fraie une place dans le débat. Après avoir resitué son émergence dans la perspective historique de la controverse qui s'est développée, au cours de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, autour de la croissance et du modèle de développement des pays industrialisés, nous suggérons une synthèse des principales idées et des propositions concrètes actuellement portées par ses partisans. Celles-ci soulèvent un certain nombre de questions complexes, pour lesquelles nous proposons d'apporter quelques éclairages à travers un exercice de modélisation prospective. Nous réalisons pour cela une série d'entretiens, qui visent à recueillir différentes visions détaillées et quantifiées de ce que pourraient être, selon les participants, des scénarios de Décroissance, ou - plus largement- des scénarios de transitions souhaitables et soutenables, notamment en termes d'évolution des institutions, des modes de vie et de consommation, pour la France. En parallèle de ces entretiens, nous développons un modèle spécifique de simulation dynamique de l'économie française, construit autour de l'analyse entrées-sorties, sur la base de données publiques, et incorporant un haut niveau de détail. A l'aide de cet outil macroéconomique, nous proposons alors d'explorer, sur un horizon à long terme (2060) les implications possibles de différents scénarios, dont ceux élaborés à partir des entretiens. Nous nous intéressons par exemple aux conséquences possibles en termes d'emploi, de finances publiques, de consommation d'énergie, d'émissions de polluants atmosphériques, et de production de déchets. Les résultats des simulations soulignent l'importance des choix institutionnels, des facteurs culturels, comportementaux, et « non-techniques », et le potentiel de certaines propositions des mouvements de la Décroissance. Ils invitent ainsi à ouvrir le débat autour de la construction collective d'un nouveau projet de société. Dans cette perspective, notre approche offre un support simple et efficace pour la compréhension commune et la délibération collective. / The development paths followed by industrial societies in the last decades have led them in front of complex socioeconomic, democratic and environmental crises, which question the relevance of economic growth, either as a goal in itself, or as a way to achieve “development”. With the emergence of the degrowth movement at the beginning of the 21st century, the call for transitions towards sustainable “post-growth societies” is now consolidating into a multifaceted political project. For the “wealthiest” countries, where the ecological footprint per capita is greater than the global sustainable level, this project may be envisioned as a voluntary, socially sustainable, equitable and smooth downscaling of production and consumption, and thus throughput, to an environmentally sustainable level. Such a project raises numerous questions, for instance: what concrete proposals could initiate such a transition? What could such paths induce in terms of employment, public debt, energy consumption, waste, or greenhouse gas emission mitigation? What structural or institutional obstacles must be overcome and how? Etc. In this research, we offer to discuss such questions with the help of prospective modeling. Our approach involves a series of interviews, conducted, among others, with actors within the Degrowth movement. These are aimed at collecting detailed and quantified visions or narratives about what Degrowth scenarios or – more broadly speaking– scenarios of transition towards sustainable and desirable societies could look like, for France, in the mind of participants, especially in terms of institutions, lifestyles and consumption patterns. In parallel, we have designed and developed a specific dynamic simulation model of the French monetary economy, featuring a high level of detail and disaggregation, based on input-output analysis, and built using public data. Using this macroeconomic tool, we investigate, over the long term (2060), the possible outcomes of different scenarios, including those inferred from the interviews, in terms of employment, public debt, energy consumption, waste and atmospheric emissions. We discuss the potential strengths and weaknesses of the different visions they reflect. Our results highlight in particular the importance of cultural, social, behavioral and “non-technical” factors, stress the potential of various degrowth proposals, and recall the critical need for the collective elaboration of a societal project. In this perspective, our modeling approach provides a simple, yet powerful tool for common understanding and collective deliberation.

Farmer suicide is at crisis levels in the United States and India. This crisis is both a problem of experiential knowledge within infrastructure as well as a problem of discourse power. I argue that the logical abstraction required to conceptualize and evaluate farmer suicide cannot be separated from the overall experience of farmer suicide. Rather than existing as distinctly separate phenomena, these elements are co-constitutive. Despite the Centers' for Disease Control identification and designation of farmer suicide as complex, statistically relevant, and elevated, nearly all the policy efforts addressing farmer suicide focus on narrow economic impact and narrow economic relief. While these economic vectors are important, the problem is multifaceted and requires a broadening of policy discourse to include additional factors (e.g. philosophical, existential, psychological, etc.). Using Hannah Arendt's work on politics and the human condition, I connect the conditionality of homo faber (human fabricator/maker), animal laborans (laboring animal), and vita activa (active life) with farmer struggle and suicide. Through the work of Georges Canguilhem and Achille Mbembe, I critique and analyze the predominant discourse and framing of suicide as a disease. Last, but not least, I propose decolonial theory and degrowth theory as viable critical pathways to shift the scale of farming infrastructure towards a more equitable and just future.

Au cours des années 2000, deux mobilisations parallèles ont contribué à renouveler le paysage de l’écologie politique : la décroissance en France, et les Transition Towns au Royaume-Uni. Nous proposons une approche comparative internationale de ces deux mouvements, d’abord distincts, mais qui se sont progressivement imbriqués à mesure qu’ils s’internationalisaient. Nous nous intéresserons particulièrement à la dimension catastrophiste de ces deux mouvements, entendue comme un mode de pensée politique fondé sur l’anticipation de ruptures écologiques majeures (pic pétrolier, mais aussi réchauffement climatique ou effondrement écosystémique) qui mettraient fin à la version moderne du projet démocratique. Loin de n’être qu’une posture intellectuelle, le catastrophisme s’incarne dans ces mouvements en des pratiques délibératives expérimentales qui invitent à questionner la temporalité continuiste dans laquelle se conçoit généralement la théorie démocratique.L’étude de ces deux mobilisations vise à nourrir une réflexion d’ordre plus théorique sur les outils dont dispose la science politique pour penser l’insertion des communautés politiques dans leur environnement. En nous appuyant sur les travaux pionniers de la green political theory, nous montrerons qu’une théorie politique environnementale pourrait contribuer à interroger la théorie démocratique en invitant à la réinsérer dans un contexte de déstabilisation écologique globale. / During the 2000’s decade, two social movements, the décroissance movement in France and Transition Towns in the United- Kingdom, have contributed, both in parallel, to a renewal of the green political landscape. This thesis is an international comparative analysis of these two movements, which were first distinct, then progressively overlapped as they evolved to become international. This research will focus in particular on the catastrophist dimension of these two movements, understood as a form of political thought based on the anticipation of major ecological shifts (peak oil, climatechange, ecosystems collapse, etc.) that would put an end to the modern version of the democratic project. Far from being an intellectual framework only, catastrophism also gives rise to experimental deliberative practices that put into question the hypothesis of continuity that generally pervades theories of democracy.The analysis of these two movements aims at proposing new material to provide for a theoretical reflection on the intellectual tools that political science uses to investigate the ecological embeddedness of political communities. Dwelling on the pioneer work of green political theory, we will suggest that a théorie politique environnementale could contribute to reconsider theories of democracy, with an invitation for them to fit within the framework of the global ecological disruption.

Genom att kritiskt granska de två Malmöstadsdelarna Augustenborg och Sege Park, som har utgett sig för och planeras att bli förebilder för hållbar stadsutveckling, studeras inslag av en nerväxt-inspirerad utveckling bort från ekonomisk tillväxt. Detta görs genom en fallstudie där områdenas strategiska hållbarhetsarbete studeras genom att observera inslag av två utvalda begrepp, kollaborativekonomi (KE) och lokal självförsörjning (LSF). Dessa begrepp kommer från framtidsscenarier i rapporten Framtider bortom BNP-tillväxt av Hagbert et al.( 2018) i forskningsprogrammet Bortom BNP-tillväxt: Scenarier för hållbart samhällsbyggande som är formulerade att uppnå ett hållbart tillstånd inom Donut-ekonomin (Raworth 2012) i Sverige 2050. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av fem semistrukturerade kvalitativa informantintervjuer, offentligt tillgängliga dokument från Malmö Stad som hållbarhetsstrategi och planprogram för Sege Park samt en antologi över Augustenborgs utveckling. Den analytiska metoden består av en systematiserande kvalitativ textanalys som utformats med utgångspunkt i uppsatsens teoretiska diskussion och ramverk. Tidigare forskning tar upp olika förhållningssätt till operationaliseringen av nerväxtlogiker på stadsdelsnivå. Den teoretiska diskussionen går igenom olika perspektiv kring nerväxtlogiker, relationen mellan tillväxt och stadsutveckling samt det rådande stadsplaneringsparadigmets relation till hållbar stadsutveckling. Det teoretiska ramverket presenterar de två begreppen kollaborativ ekonomi och lokal självförsörjning som används för att utröna inslag av en utveckling bort från ekonomisk tillväxt. Studiens empiriska framställning visar att många inslag av kollaborativ ekonomi och lokal självförsörjning är närvarande, men överlappar med rådande tillväxtbaserade stadsplaneringsparadigm och det är tveksamt i vilken utsträckning dessa inslag faktiskt bidrar till minskade resursflöden och en utveckling bort från ekonomisk tillväxt. Studiens diskussion tar upp svårigheterna med att tillämpa en stadsplanering inspirerad av nerväxtlogiker inom rådande lagstiftning, som hindrar en utveckling bort från tillväxt. Ansatsen att använda framtidsscenarier för studier av en samtida verklighet kan ifrågasättas och har genererat en viss svårighet bland annat i relation till skillnaden som uppstår mellan framtidsscenariernas radikalitet och dagens socio-ekonomiska komplexa situation. / Through a critical examination of two neighbourhoods of Malmö, Augustenborg and Sege Park degrowth-inspired elements of a development away from economic growth are being studied. These specific neighbourhoods are selected since they have served and are being planned to serve as models of sustainable urban neighbourhoods. The neighbourhoods are being studied through a case study of strategic sustainable measures through the observation of two selected concepts, Collaborative Economy (KE) and Local Self-sufficiency (LSF). These concepts originate from the future scenarios in the report Futures Beyond GDP Growth (Hagbert et al., 2018) in the research program Beyond GDP Growth: Scenarios for sustainable building and planning formulated to reach a sustainable condition within the Doughnut-economy (Raworth, 2012) in Sweden 2050. The empirical material are five semi-structured qualitative informant interviews, publicly accessible documents from Malmö municipality as sustainability strategy, district planning program as well as an anthology of the neighbourhood Augustengorg’s development history. The analytical method is a systemising qualitative text analysis designed from the study’s theoretical discussion and framework. Earlier research addresses different approaches to operationalisation of degrowth on a neighbourhood level.The theoretical discussion examines different perspectives concerning degrowth, the relation between economic growth and urban development as well as the relation of the prevailing growth based urban planning paradigm to sustainable urban development. The theoretical framework discusses the two concepts Collaborative Economy and Local Self-sufficiency which are being used to examine the presence of a development away from economic growth. The empirical representation shows that several elements of Collaborative Economy and Local Self-sufficiency are present, but coexists with the contemporary prevailing growth based urban planning paradigm, and it is uncertain to which extent these elements actually contribute to diminish the flows of resources and contribute to a development away from economic growth. The discussion examines the difficulties applying urban planning inspired by the logic of degrowth within prevailing legislation preventing a development away from economic growth. The attempt to use scenarios of an alternative future for studies of a contemporary reality can be questioned. It has generated a certain amount of difficulty in relation to the apparent difference between the radicality in the scenarios and the complexity of the socio-economical situation of today.

[pt] Em 2021, o Dia da Sobrecarga da Terra ocorreu em 29 de julho e, desde então, a população passou a estar em débito com o planeta, já que aquilo que é consumido, não corresponde ao que ele é capaz de produzir no período de 12 meses. Trata-se de uma relação desarmônica que corrobora com o estado de emergência climática atual, onde a busca por recursos naturais mostra-se cada vez mais predatória. Neste estudo observamos, a partir de revisão bibliográfica, que alguns grupos sociais suportam os efeitos da emergência do clima de maneira desigual, e nos propusemos a observar o tema a partir da ótica da justiça climática. Foi o Acordo de Paris o responsável por introduzir, em 2015, este conceito nas discussões sobre o meio ambiente e o clima, ainda que sem determinar seu significado. O presente trabalho discute esses aspectos a partir da visão do Sul-Global e lê o Decrescimento como possível opositor ao Antropoceno. Concluímos que uma construção epistemológica unificada do termo justiça climática pode não ser tão factível quanto uma perspectiva que abrange múltiplas possibilidades. / [en] In 2021, Earth Overshoot Day took place on July 29 and, since then, the population has been in debt to the planet, as what is consumed does not correspond to what it is capable of producing in the period of 12 months. It is a disharmonious relationship that corroborates the current state of climate emergency, where the search for natural resources is increasingly predatory. In this study, we observed, based on a literature review, that some social groups bear the effects of the climate emergency in an unequal way, and we proposed to observe this from the perspective of climate justice. The Paris Agreement was responsible for introducing this concept in discussions on the environment and climate in 2015, although without determining its meaning. The present work discusses these aspects from the perspective of the Global South and reads Degrowth as a possible opposition to the Anthropocene. We conclude that a unified epistemological construction of the term climate justice may not be as feasible as a perspective that encompasses multiple possibilities.

Detta arbete består av ett antal verk skapade med olika återbrukade teknologier och de kompositionsmetoder som uppstår till följd av deras begränsningar, samt en text som behandlar verken utifrån några definitioner av mediearkeologisk konstnärlig praktik som föreslagits av medieteoretikern Jussi Parikka. Verken – Orphan Works, Magelungsverket och Temporal Canons: No. 1 - 3 – utgör den konstnärliga delen av arbetet. Texten tar även upp tankar om bl.a. mitt eget användande av teknik och betydelsen det haft för mitt skapande, att finna det suggestiva genom att utforska det materiella i skapandet, sociala och ekologiska aspekter av automatisering och moderna musikteknologier, olika nivåer av återbruk i konstnärligt syfte, alternativa historier och imaginära medier, konstverks livslängd under snabb teknikutveckling samt ljudåtergivning i relation till dessa.

O debate sobre o decrescimento constitui uma crítica ao sistema socioeconômico baseado na lógica do crescimento ilimitado e no imperativo cultural do desenvolvimento. O decrescimento propõe a redução da escala biofísica e a reestruturação da economia global, fundamentalmente nos países do Norte cuja pegada ecológica excede os limites ecológicos. O Sul aparece com menos evidência na literatura decrescentista, porém, está inevitavelmente implicado nessa discussão. Buscando contribuir para compreender as implicações do decrescimento para o Sul, esta dissertação teve por objetivo analisar como o Sul global está representado no debate acadêmico internacional sobre o decrescimento. Para cumpri-lo, foi realizado um mapeamento e uma revisão sistemática da literatura internacional sobre o tema. Para o mapeamento, foi considerada a base de dados Scopus e foram utilizados termos de busca em inglês (degrowth e de-growth). A análise das características bibliométricas dos documentos identificados mostrou a prevalência de autores de instituições de países do Norte e baixa participação do Sul global. A revisão sistemática da literatura identificou cinco eixos temáticos na abordagem do Sul pelo decrescimento. Três deles abordam Sul de maneira explícita: (i) a perspectiva biofísica, relacionada à economia ecológica, sustenta que o decrescimento no Norte deve abrir espaço ecológico para o aumento do uso de recursos no Sul sem ultrapassar os limites ecológicos globais; (ii) os aspectos políticos dos fluxos internacionais de recursos denunciam as injustiças ambientais e socioeconômicas associadas ao comércio de commodities da perspectiva da ecologia política; e (iii) o eixo das alternativas ao desenvolvimento vê convergências entre o decrescimento e cosmovisões oriundas de contextos culturais do Sul como o bem viver andino. Por outro lado, outros dois eixos identificados abordam o Sul de maneira implícita ou indireta: (iv) no eixo que trata de aspectos demográficos, o decrescimento busca se afastar de concepções malthusianas autoritárias e se aproximar de abordagens de controle populacional voluntário, sem nomear explicitamente o Sul, mas responsabilizando indiretamente as populações mais numerosas; (v) no último eixo, se argumenta que a diminuição do consumo permitiria o decrescimento do tempo de trabalho dos trabalhadores do Norte global, sem relacionar esse tipo de decrescimento aos países do Sul, onde o efeito poderia ser o oposto se houvesse aumento do consumo. Observou-se que o decrescimento do consumo da escala biofísica da economia não é recomendado ao Sul. O decrescimento da jornada de trabalho tampouco, ao passo que o decrescimento populacional pode ser associado a esse grupo de países. Tanto no Sul quanto no Norte são desejáveis alternativas autóctones ao desenvolvimento. Porém, nos cinco eixos identificados na abordagem do Sul, pouco se explora a relocalização, um processo estratégico para o decrescimento em seu sentido amplo e também para o objetivo de estabelecer relações justas entre Sul e Norte. Recomenda-se que estudos futuros considerem a relocalização ao abordar a divisão Norte-Sul no contexto do decrescimento. Sugere-se ainda que correntes do pensamento latinoamericano, que apesar de orientadas pela ideia de desenvolvimento se debruçaram sobre as relações político-econômicas entre países, podem também contribuir para discutir o decrescimento de uma perspectiva do Sul global. / Degrowth is a critique of a society based on the logic of limitless gowth and on the cultural imperative of development. Degrowth proposes reduction of the biophysical scale and restructuring of the global economy, notably, in the global North whose ecological footprint have overshot ecological limits. The global South appears with less evidence in the degrowth literature, however, it is unavoidably implicated in this discussion. Seeking to understand the implications of degrowth for the South, this dissertation aimed to analyze how the global South is represented in the international academic debate on degrowth. To accomplish this goal, the international literature on the subject was mapped and systematically reviewed. The database Scopus was selected for the mapping procedure and search terms were defined in English (degrowth and de-growth). The mapping showed the prevalence of authors from institutions of the North and low participation of the South. The review identified five thematic axes in the approach to the South by degrowth. Three of them approach the South in an explicit way: (i) the biophysical perspective, related to ecological economics, holds that degrowth in the North may open \"ecological space\" for growth in resources use in the South without exceeding global ecological limits; (ii) the political aspects of international resource flows denounce environmental and socio-economic injustices associated with commodity trade from the perspective of political ecology; and (iii) the axis on alternatives to development sees convergences between degrowth and cosmovisions coming from cultural contexts of the South as the Andean buen vivir. On the other hand, two other identified axes approach the South in an implicit or indirect way: (iv) in the axis that deals with demographic aspects, degrowth attempts to move away from authoritarian Malthusian conceptions and get closer to voluntary population control approaches without naming the South explicitly, but indirectly charging larger populations independently of their per capita impact; and (V) in the last axis, it is argued that lower consumption would allow work-time degrowth in the North. However, this type of degrowth is not mentioned to be desired for the South, where the effect could be the opposite if there were an increase in consumption. It was observed that degrowth in consumption and of the biophysical scale of the economy is not recommended for the South. Work-time degrowth is not recommended either, while populational contraction is not associated to any of the groups of countries. Both in the South and in the North autochthonous development alternatives are desirable. It is recommended that future studies consider relocalization when addressing the North-South divide in the context of degrowth. It is also suggested that streams of Latin American thought, which although oriented by the idea of development focused on the political-economic relations between countries, may also contribute to discuss degrowth from a global South perspective.

La dette écologique est un discours politique qui s'est développé au début des années 90 pour lutter contre le fardeau des dettes financières qui grevait les budgets des États en développement. États et société civile se sont alors appropriés les acquis théoriques et pratiques des sciences économiques et sociales pour contester un ordre du monde inégalitaire et conduisant à la dégradation continue de l'environnement, caractéristique d'un "échange écologiquement inégal". Mais dans la bouche des différents acteurs, la dette écologique a pris des sens différents, si bien que l'on peut dissocier quatre discours de la dette écologique. À chacun de ces discours correspondent un ou plusieurs outils juridiques, outils qui, après analyse, s'avèrent souvent inaptes à valider les prétentions des partisans de la dette écologique. Il apparaît que seule la version communautaire de la dette écologique offre un cadre d'analyse qui soit efficient sans être contre-productif. L'analyse spécifiquement dédiée au régime climatique en droit international confirme ce résultat puisque les normes allant dans le sens d'un accroissement des capacités des populations locales semblent plus à même de réduire la dette climatique. / The ecological debt is a concept which was developed at the beginning of the 90s in order to fight against the burden of financial debts which crippled the budgets of developing States. States and the civil society used the theoretical and practical knowledge developed by researchers in social and economic sciences to criticize an unequal worldorder, leading to continuous environmental degradation and as such, a characteristic of an unequal ecological exchange. For the different actors, the concept of ecological debt took on various meanings so that we can now dissociate four different discourses. For each discourse, we have identified one or more legal mechanism, but most of them often turn out to be unfit to meet the claims of ecological debt advocates. It appears that only the community version of ecological debt is efficient without being counter-productive. Our analysis of the climate regime in international law confirms this result since norms that empower local communities seem more efficient to reduce climate debt.

O debate sobre o decrescimento constitui uma crítica ao sistema socioeconômico baseado na lógica do crescimento ilimitado e no imperativo cultural do desenvolvimento. O decrescimento propõe a redução da escala biofísica e a reestruturação da economia global, fundamentalmente nos países do Norte cuja pegada ecológica excede os limites ecológicos. O Sul aparece com menos evidência na literatura decrescentista, porém, está inevitavelmente implicado nessa discussão. Buscando contribuir para compreender as implicações do decrescimento para o Sul, esta dissertação teve por objetivo analisar como o Sul global está representado no debate acadêmico internacional sobre o decrescimento. Para cumpri-lo, foi realizado um mapeamento e uma revisão sistemática da literatura internacional sobre o tema. Para o mapeamento, foi considerada a base de dados Scopus e foram utilizados termos de busca em inglês (degrowth e de-growth). A análise das características bibliométricas dos documentos identificados mostrou a prevalência de autores de instituições de países do Norte e baixa participação do Sul global. A revisão sistemática da literatura identificou cinco eixos temáticos na abordagem do Sul pelo decrescimento. Três deles abordam Sul de maneira explícita: (i) a perspectiva biofísica, relacionada à economia ecológica, sustenta que o decrescimento no Norte deve abrir espaço ecológico para o aumento do uso de recursos no Sul sem ultrapassar os limites ecológicos globais; (ii) os aspectos políticos dos fluxos internacionais de recursos denunciam as injustiças ambientais e socioeconômicas associadas ao comércio de commodities da perspectiva da ecologia política; e (iii) o eixo das alternativas ao desenvolvimento vê convergências entre o decrescimento e cosmovisões oriundas de contextos culturais do Sul como o bem viver andino. Por outro lado, outros dois eixos identificados abordam o Sul de maneira implícita ou indireta: (iv) no eixo que trata de aspectos demográficos, o decrescimento busca se afastar de concepções malthusianas autoritárias e se aproximar de abordagens de controle populacional voluntário, sem nomear explicitamente o Sul, mas responsabilizando indiretamente as populações mais numerosas; (v) no último eixo, se argumenta que a diminuição do consumo permitiria o decrescimento do tempo de trabalho dos trabalhadores do Norte global, sem relacionar esse tipo de decrescimento aos países do Sul, onde o efeito poderia ser o oposto se houvesse aumento do consumo. Observou-se que o decrescimento do consumo da escala biofísica da economia não é recomendado ao Sul. O decrescimento da jornada de trabalho tampouco, ao passo que o decrescimento populacional pode ser associado a esse grupo de países. Tanto no Sul quanto no Norte são desejáveis alternativas autóctones ao desenvolvimento. Porém, nos cinco eixos identificados na abordagem do Sul, pouco se explora a relocalização, um processo estratégico para o decrescimento em seu sentido amplo e também para o objetivo de estabelecer relações justas entre Sul e Norte. Recomenda-se que estudos futuros considerem a relocalização ao abordar a divisão Norte-Sul no contexto do decrescimento. Sugere-se ainda que correntes do pensamento latinoamericano, que apesar de orientadas pela ideia de desenvolvimento se debruçaram sobre as relações político-econômicas entre países, podem também contribuir para discutir o decrescimento de uma perspectiva do Sul global. / Degrowth is a critique of a society based on the logic of limitless gowth and on the cultural imperative of development. Degrowth proposes reduction of the biophysical scale and restructuring of the global economy, notably, in the global North whose ecological footprint have overshot ecological limits. The global South appears with less evidence in the degrowth literature, however, it is unavoidably implicated in this discussion. Seeking to understand the implications of degrowth for the South, this dissertation aimed to analyze how the global South is represented in the international academic debate on degrowth. To accomplish this goal, the international literature on the subject was mapped and systematically reviewed. The database Scopus was selected for the mapping procedure and search terms were defined in English (degrowth and de-growth). The mapping showed the prevalence of authors from institutions of the North and low participation of the South. The review identified five thematic axes in the approach to the South by degrowth. Three of them approach the South in an explicit way: (i) the biophysical perspective, related to ecological economics, holds that degrowth in the North may open \"ecological space\" for growth in resources use in the South without exceeding global ecological limits; (ii) the political aspects of international resource flows denounce environmental and socio-economic injustices associated with commodity trade from the perspective of political ecology; and (iii) the axis on alternatives to development sees convergences between degrowth and cosmovisions coming from cultural contexts of the South as the Andean buen vivir. On the other hand, two other identified axes approach the South in an implicit or indirect way: (iv) in the axis that deals with demographic aspects, degrowth attempts to move away from authoritarian Malthusian conceptions and get closer to voluntary population control approaches without naming the South explicitly, but indirectly charging larger populations independently of their per capita impact; and (V) in the last axis, it is argued that lower consumption would allow work-time degrowth in the North. However, this type of degrowth is not mentioned to be desired for the South, where the effect could be the opposite if there were an increase in consumption. It was observed that degrowth in consumption and of the biophysical scale of the economy is not recommended for the South. Work-time degrowth is not recommended either, while populational contraction is not associated to any of the groups of countries. Both in the South and in the North autochthonous development alternatives are desirable. It is recommended that future studies consider relocalization when addressing the North-South divide in the context of degrowth. It is also suggested that streams of Latin American thought, which although oriented by the idea of development focused on the political-economic relations between countries, may also contribute to discuss degrowth from a global South perspective.

Using a high throughput closed respirometry method to measure oxygen consumption, I determined metabolic rates in asexual and sexual Schmidtea mediterranea and Girardia dorotocephala, as a function of temperature, taxon, stressors, reproductive mode, age, regeneration, and specific dynamic action. This study has shown that oxygen consumption can reliably be measured in planaria using optode closed respirometry, and also provided a reliable method for measuring wet mass in planaria, which has been a challenge to researchers in the past. This research revealed that oxygen consumption in S. mediterranea is 1.5-2.1X greater in the sexual strain over the asexual strain at 13-18°C. Within the sexual strain, oxygen consumption is 1.5 -2.2X greater in sexually mature adults over the sexually immature groups (hatchlings, juveniles, and regenerating sexuals). Furthermore, I was able to quantify differences in sexual morphology between these groups exhibiting significant differences in oxygen consumption. The results of this research supports a theory of higher metabolic costs with sexual maturity in S. mediterranea. Therefore, this study has established sexual and asexual S. mediterranea as simple, yet attractive models for investigating energetic costs between sexual and asexual phenotypes. This research also provided quantitative values for specific dynamic action in planaria, with a maximum increase in oxygen consumption of 160% induced by feeding, as well as metabolic relationships in planaria involving temperature, age, and regeneration. These values establish planaria as one of the simplest animal models in which common metabolic patterns, such as SDA and poikilothermic temperature sensitivity, have been demonstrated. Therefore, this research has contributed to the overall knowledge of the basic physiology in this animal, providing the framework for future metabolic studies in planaria involving environmental factors, reproduction, regeneration, development, and aging. Information from this study may supplement interpretation and understanding of modern cellular, molecular, and genomic studies in planaria.