Orientador: Edwiges Maria Morato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T13:15:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferrari_NataliaLuisa_M.pdf: 1503830 bytes, checksum: e361da108ca9fe8bf9094c82c9320881 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho busca caracterizar o funcionamento da dêixis discursiva (DD), criadora de um foco de atenção comum pela remissão anafórica a conteúdos contextuais (Marcuschi, 1997; Cavalcante, 2003), em interações entre sujeitos afásicos (sujeitos com alterações de linguagem decorrentes de episódios neurológicos) e não afásicos participantes do Centro de Convivência de Afásicos (CCA) da UNICAMP. Nosso interesse nesse contexto interativo deve-se à abordagem do processo dêitico e do anafórico feita pela Afasiologia Linguística: a produtividade do primeiro é considerada uma estratégia meramente compensatória para o déficit de seleção lexical dos sujeitos afásicos (Lehrer, 1974 apud Varley, 1993; Crystal, 1984; Goodglass, 1993), ao passo que o segundo, associado à ideia de continuidade referencial restrita à coindexação um termo ao seu antecedente explícito, é tomado como uma operação cognitiva perturbada em decorrência da lesão cerebral (Caplan e Rigalleau, 2004; Edwards e Varlokosta, 2007). Concebendo os processos referenciais tal como o fazem os estudos textuais-interativos de orientação sociocognitivista (Marcuschi, 2001; Koch, 2002; Mondada e Dubois 2003 [1995]), tivemos por objetivo: i) analisar a função dêitica e a anafórica da DD, atentando para as semelhanças e diferenças entre sujeitos afásicos e não afásicos, e ii) qualificar o funcionamento desse processo referencial no contexto de fala em interação escolhido a partir de seus aspectos característicos observados. Para cumprir tais objetivos, constituímos um corpus de 10 episódios conversacionais dos quais participam afásicos e não afásicos, pela observação de registros audiovisuais de 22 encontros do grupo e da seleção e transcrição de fragmentos conversacionais, baseada no sistema de notação proposto por Morato et al (2011). Esse sistema, que destaca a multimodalidade característica da fala em interação, nos permitiu observar a atuação de recursos verbais e não verbais na construção referencial. Observamos a ampla emergência da DD por dêiticos demonstrativos em função substantiva, especialmente na fala dos sujeitos afásicos, ao passo que na dos não afásicos, houve a presença de nomes conceituais na expressão referencial dêitica. Nesse processo, também compareceram recursos indiciais não verbais, tais como o gesto de apontar e o direcionamento corporal e do olhar, conforme já observara Vezali (2011), cuja carência descritiva não lhes retira a função de referir, mas qualifica a complexidade da referenciação da DD, responsável por chamar a atenção para elementos relevantes do cenário (Hanks, 2008). Além disso, ao contribuir para a construção do foco discursivo, a DD atua na construção argumentativa e tópica do texto conversacional / Abstract: The present study aims to characterize the referential process of Discourse Deixis (DD), which creates a common attention focus through anaphoric remission to contextual contents (Marcuschi, 1997; Cavalcante, 2003), in interactions between aphasics (brain damaged individuals with language difficulties) and non-aphasics that participate in the weekly meetings of the Aphasics Community Center (ACC). Our interest in that interactive context is due to the Linguistic Aphasiology¿s approach to the deictic and anaphoric processes in aphasic speech: the productivity of the former is considered a merely compensatory strategy for the aphasic lexical access deficit (Lehrer, 1974 apud Varley, 1993; Crystal, 1984; Goodglass, 1993), whereas the latter, due to the idea of correferentiality restrict to the coindexation of a certain item to its explicit antecedent, is taken as a cognitive operation disturbed by the brain injury (Caplan e Rigalleau, 2004; Edwards e Varlokosta, 2007). Adopting the Sociocognitive Textual Linguistics conception of referential processes (Marcuschi, 2001; Koch, 2002; Mondada e Dubois 2003 [1995]), our main goals were: i) to analyze the deictic and anaphoric functions which characterize DD and ii) qualify the usage of that referential process in talk-in-interaction considering its characteristics in the chosen context. In order to achieve those goals, we constituted a corpus composed by 10 aphasic and non-aphasic interaction episodes, by the observation of the audiovisual records of 22 CCA meetings, selection and transcription of conversational excerpts, based on the notation system proposed by Morato et al (2011) which highlights the multimodality which characterizes talk-in-interaction. That allowed us to observe how verbal and nonverbal resources took part of referential construction. We could observe the emergence of DD by demonstrative deictics in substantive function, especially in aphasic speech, whereas in non-aphasic speech there was also the presence of conceptual names in the deictic referential expression. In this process there were also nonverbal indexical resources such as pointing and body and eye directing, as Vezali (2011) had already observed, which lack of descriptive information didn't take the referential function away but qualified its complexity instead, since DD is responsible for highlighting relevant elements of the setting (Hanks 2008). Furthermore, by contributing to the discourse focus construction, DD acts in the argumentative and discourse topic construction of the conversational text / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Le pronom-adverbe y en espagnol ancien a disparu à la fin du XVe siècle. Il a survécu néanmoins à travers les signes hay, soy, estoy, doy et voy. L’objet de la présente thèse est d’expliquer les raisons de sa disparition, d’une part, et de sa survivance dans ces cinq formes verbales, d’autre part. Elle se divise en deux parties. La première porte sur l’analyse du morphème stématique y et implique l’étude du système de représentation de l’espace. La seconde concerne l’étude des formes verbales dans lesquelles on retrouve ce morphème sous forme astématique et implique une approche sémantique des verbes existentiels. En fonction de la façon dont ses usagers perçoivent le monde, chaque langue élabore un système de représentation de l’espace, qui lui est propre. Dans la langue espagnole deux systèmes s’offraient aux locuteurs médiévaux : l’un représenté par les anaphoriques y et ende, l’autre par les déictiques aquí, acá, ahí, allí, allá, acullá, aquende et allende. Ces deux systèmes – qui se sont opposés jusqu’à la disparition de l’un d’eux, –représentaient une conceptualisation de l’espace différente. Dans le premier de ces systèmes y signifie l’espace indivis. Le deuxième, en revanche, divise l’espace en fonction du MOI locuteur et du lieu que celui-ci occupe. La sémiologie des formes verbales, quant à elle, montre un ensemble spécifique dont les éléments sont marqués dans leur signifiant par ce -y et dont la cohésion est assurée par la sémantèse des verbes existentiels. L’hypothèse présentée ici va à l’encontre de la théorie de la subduction, défendue en particulier par Maurice Molho, qui fonde la coalescence des quatre premières formes verbales sur analogie avec hay. / The adverbial pronoun y vanished from Old Spanish at the end of the XVth century. It survived, however, in the signs hay, soy, estoy, doy et voy. The purpose of the present doctoral dissertation is to explain why the pronoun as such disappeared , in the first place, and why, on the other hand, it did survive in the five above-mentioned verbal forms. The present work is comprised of two sections. The first one analyses the stematic morpheme y, a task which implies studying the system of spatial representations. The second one deals with the verbal forms containing this same morpheme in astematic form and this in turn implies a semantic approach of existential verbs. Every language generates its own system of spatial representation, depending on how its users perceive the world. In Spanish, two different systems were available to the medieval speakers: one represented by the anaphoric elements y and ende, the other one represented by the deictic words aquí, acá, ahí, allí, allá, acullá, aquende and allende. These two systems were harbouring two different conceptualizations of space. In the first system, y signifies space as a whole. The second one, on the contrary, splits the space in relation to the EGO as SPEAKER and to the locus of that EGO. The semiology of the five verbal forms delineates a specific set of elements, the signifiers of which are marked by -y and whose general consistency is based on the semantesis of existential verbs. The hypothesis presented in the present work runs contrary to the subduction theory, advocated in particular by Maurice Molho, which explains the coalescence in the first four verbal forms through an analogy with hay.

Dialogue, as the central constitutive element of drama, to a large extent also contributes to delineating characters and to affirming their identity. This dissertation is an attempt to investigate how dialogue creates identity in the drama Se se jeleng rre by J.M. Ntsime. To achieve the purpose of this study, the characters of the three protagonists in this drama are analysed and interpreted. Both cultural and personal identities are analysed as manifestations of identity. The value of this study is that it makes readers aware of and emphasises the importance of utterances both at a literary and at an ordinary conversational level. Though the semiotic approach is used in this investigation, the dissertation first takes a cursory look at the theories of the origins of African theatre and the comparison between the two traditions, i.e. African and Western theatre and performance. The role of dialogue is traced back to its origin in performance, showing how it creates identity both on stage and in the drama text. This research shows that the two traditions are not drastically different since in both traditions performers exchange lines of words or songs; in other words, they engage in verbal dialogue. The costumes and masks that performers put on reveal some of their traits. In chapter three instruments for the analysis of dramatic discourse are developed. Since dramatic text is governed by dialogue, it was appropriate to use the theory of pragmatics because pragmatics is the study of language in use and is concerned with the context in which the sentences are uttered. Therefore, Searle's (1969) speech act theories, Grice's conversational maxims, Elam's (2000) deixis theory and the politeness principle have been applied to analyse the speech behaviour of characters. These theories have helped to answer the last three questions of the study. The markers of cultural identity which are used to analyse and interpret this drama are chieftainship, lobola, sterility in marriage, naming and witchcraft. They are analysed and used to interpret this drama. In the analysis and interpretation chapter, chapter 4, it has been found that to study language is to treat language as action. As a result, the speech behaviour of Selebi, Senwametsi and Mmapitsa has been analysed, including their deictic orientation. In conclusion, this research has proven that character identity can be created through verbal interaction, that is, through dialogue, since it could be used to illuminate both the cultural and personal identities of the three protagonists in the drama. Most of the time Selebi has been found to be orientated towards himself. This reveals him as, amongst others, selfish and conscious of his authority as a chief. Senwametsi has been found to be orientated towards her husband, Selebi, which reveals her as a wife of the chief who is bothered by the way her husband treats her. On the other hand, Mrnapitsa has been found to be orientated towards her interlocutors most of the time, which reveals her as a person who likes to order others for the benefit of what she wants. This research also implies further discourse analysis to see whether other relevant pragmatic principles can be used to study character and identity. / Thesis (M.A. (African Languages))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Thesis (M.A. (African Languages))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Deictic pointing—pointing at things during conversations—is natural and ubiquitous in human communication. Deictic pointing is important in the real world; it is also important in collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) because CVEs are 3D virtual environments that resemble the real world. CVEs connect people from different locations, allowing them to communicate and collaborate remotely. However, the interaction and communication capabilities of CVEs are not as good as those in the real world. In CVEs, people interact with each other using avatars (the visual representations of users). One problem of avatars is that they are not expressive enough when compare to what we can do in the real world. In particular, deictic pointing has many limitations and is not well supported. This dissertation focuses on improving the expressiveness of distant pointing—where referents are out of reach—in desktop CVEs. This is done by developing a framework that guides the design and development of pointing techniques; by identifying important aspects of distant pointing through observation of how people point at distant referents in the real world; by designing, implementing, and evaluating distant-pointing techniques; and by providing a set of guidelines for the design of distant pointing in desktop CVEs. The evaluations of distant-pointing techniques examine whether pointing without extra visual effects (natural pointing) has sufficient accuracy; whether people can control free arm movement (free pointing) along with other avatar actions; and whether free and natural pointing are useful and valuable in desktop CVEs. Overall, this research provides better support for deictic pointing in CVEs by improving the expressiveness of distant pointing. With better pointing support, gestural communication can be more effective and can ultimately enhance the primary function of CVEs—supporting distributed collaboration.

Advertisements are a means of widely used media, which uses language, images and/or sounds to attract the attention of potential clientele and transmit the message. The message of the advertisements is transmitted at the receiver with the help of deixis. Deixis points at the customer and builds the bridge of communication between the sender of the message and its receiver. This study analyses how the deictic forms are used in the advertisements and commercials of perfume in order to promote and sell the goods. / Skelbimai yra viena iš plačiausiai naudojamų žiniasklaidos priemonių, naudojančių kalbą, vaizdus ir/arba garsus, tam kad pritrauktų potencialių klientų dėmesį ir perduotų žinią. Deiksės pagalba reklaminiai pranešimai yra perduodami gavėjui. Deiksė nusitaiko į klientą ir sukuria bendravimo tiltą tarp žinutės pranešėjo ir gavėjo. Šis tyrimas analizuoja, kaip deiksė yra vartojama kvepalų reklamoje tam kad reklamuotų ir parduotų prekes.

Dialogue, as the central constitutive element of drama, to a large extent also contributes to delineating characters and to affirming their identity. This dissertation is an attempt to investigate how dialogue creates identity in the drama Se se jeleng rre by J.M. Ntsime. To achieve the purpose of this study, the characters of the three protagonists in this drama are analysed and interpreted. Both cultural and personal identities are analysed as manifestations of identity. The value of this study is that it makes readers aware of and emphasises the importance of utterances both at a literary and at an ordinary conversational level. Though the semiotic approach is used in this investigation, the dissertation first takes a cursory look at the theories of the origins of African theatre and the comparison between the two traditions, i.e. African and Western theatre and performance. The role of dialogue is traced back to its origin in performance, showing how it creates identity both on stage and in the drama text. This research shows that the two traditions are not drastically different since in both traditions performers exchange lines of words or songs; in other words, they engage in verbal dialogue. The costumes and masks that performers put on reveal some of their traits. In chapter three instruments for the analysis of dramatic discourse are developed. Since dramatic text is governed by dialogue, it was appropriate to use the theory of pragmatics because pragmatics is the study of language in use and is concerned with the context in which the sentences are uttered. Therefore, Searle's (1969) speech act theories, Grice's conversational maxims, Elam's (2000) deixis theory and the politeness principle have been applied to analyse the speech behaviour of characters. These theories have helped to answer the last three questions of the study. The markers of cultural identity which are used to analyse and interpret this drama are chieftainship, lobola, sterility in marriage, naming and witchcraft. They are analysed and used to interpret this drama. In the analysis and interpretation chapter, chapter 4, it has been found that to study language is to treat language as action. As a result, the speech behaviour of Selebi, Senwametsi and Mmapitsa has been analysed, including their deictic orientation. In conclusion, this research has proven that character identity can be created through verbal interaction, that is, through dialogue, since it could be used to illuminate both the cultural and personal identities of the three protagonists in the drama. Most of the time Selebi has been found to be orientated towards himself. This reveals him as, amongst others, selfish and conscious of his authority as a chief. Senwametsi has been found to be orientated towards her husband, Selebi, which reveals her as a wife of the chief who is bothered by the way her husband treats her. On the other hand, Mrnapitsa has been found to be orientated towards her interlocutors most of the time, which reveals her as a person who likes to order others for the benefit of what she wants. This research also implies further discourse analysis to see whether other relevant pragmatic principles can be used to study character and identity. / Thesis (M.A. (African Languages))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Zugl.: Bielefeld, Univ., Diss., 2007

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Florianópolis, 2010 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T08:00:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 282784.pdf: 984827 bytes, checksum: 728885bc747bfc6ab3993f062ca81da0 (MD5) / A partir de entrevistas do banco de dados Varsul e da entrevista da Revista Isto é, analisamos separadamente seus dados considerando respectivamente o vernáculo dos informantes de Florianópolis e a fala mais cuidada utilizada na revista, a fim de analisarmos o uso variável dos demonstrativos este e esse. Tais pronomes apresentam uma distinção fonético-fonológica muito pequena para exercerem distintamente as funções de 1ª e 2ª pessoas segundo a norma-padrão. Nesse sentido, estudos sociolingüísticos já realizados sobre o fenômeno comprovam uma assimilaridade entre as formas. Além disso, Cid et al. (1986), Castilho (1992) e Roncarati (2003) apontam para um maior uso de esse em função anafórica na modalidade oral da língua. O sistema ternário dos demonstrativos, então, encontra-se desestabilizado, sendo possível se apresentar futuramente com apenas uma das formas. Assim, objetivamos analisar qual a freqüência de uso dos demonstrativos de 1ª e 2ª pessoas, com base na dêixis e na anáfora, de acordo com as entrevistas escolhidas. Norteados pela Teoria da Variação e Mudança e sua metodologia, verificaremos os condicionadores internos e externos que atuam nessa possível variação, com o intuito de apurar o comportamento dos demonstrativos nos corpora escolhidos para a nossa pesquisa. / From interviews of Varsul database and interview of brazilian magazine Isto é, we analyze their data separately considering respectively the vernacular of the informers from Florianopolis city (Brazil) and speech more carefully used in the Isto é magazine in order to analyze the variable use of brazilian demonstrative pronouns este and esse. These pronouns are a phonetic-phonological distinction too small to exert distinct functions of 1st and 2nd persons according to the standard norm. In this sense, sociolinguistic studies already done on the phenomenon proves the resemblance between shapes. Furthermore, the authors Cid et al. (1986), Castillo (1992) and Roncarati (2003) point to increased use of this modality in anaphoric function of oral language. The ternary system of brazilian demonstrative pronouns, then, is destabilized, it is possible to present the future with only one way. Thus, we aimed to analyze the frequency of use of the demonstrative pronouns of 1st and 2nd persons, based on deixis and anaphora according to interviews chosen. Guided by the Theory of Variation and Change and its methodology, we find internal and external conditioners that work in this variation as possible in order to determine the behavior of the demonstration in the corpora chosen for our research.

Resumo: Diante das inúmeras definições de anáfora disponíveis em diferentes estudos linguísticos, não podemos realmente ter certeza de que exista uma definição (que não seja inconvenientemente genérica) que possa ser atribuída univocamente ao conceito de anáfora dentro da Linguística. As definições existentes variam em função de pressupostos dados pelo recorte teórico, ou seja, a anáfora acaba sendo aquilo que chamamos de anáfora, de acordo com a necessidade dos autores. Este trabalho pretende mapear as diversas definições de anáfora e seus conceitos primos, dêixis e correferência, nas diferentes vertentes de estudos linguísticos, tentando capturar as principais distinções de suas assunções teóricas. O objetivo principal deste levantamento é chegar a generalizações possíveis sobre estes conceitos, do tipo "os estudos que assumem uma ontologia que permite objetos do discurso tendem a adotar um tipo de anáfora que não pressupõe correferência". Propomos, para isso, uma metodologia falseacionista baseada na tentativa de refutar hipóteses iniciais sobre o uso dos conceitos em diferentes estudos, postulando-se tipos de anáfora comparadas com correferência e tipos de anáfora comparada com dêixis. O desafio maior é de identificar quais dessas assunções teóricas são relevantes. São propostas categorias como natureza ontológica dos objetos referidos (objetos E versus objetos I) e domínio da anáfora (nível da sentença versus nível de texto), para que elas sejam relacionadas diretamente com os tipos de anáfora postulados.