This master thesis deals with a monitoring of a content of the trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in malting barley using the LC-MS/MS method. The theoretical part describes general characteristics of mycotoxins and their significant producer filamentous fungus of Fusarium species. Further, important trichothecene mycotoxins and mycotoxins generally which are commonly found in malting barley were also characterized. In the theoretical part of the thesis possibilities for a determination of the mycotoxins by the chromatographic methods were presented too; the immunochemical methods were also mentioned. In the experimental section an analysis of the B type trichothecenes was optimized by LC/APCI-MS/MS and of the A type trichothecenes by LC/ESI-MS/MS. When analyzing 57 samples of different barley varieties the deoxynivalenol reached the highest values (up to 945,2 µg.kg-1), namely in the case of the Sebastian variety with corn as the fore-crop. The highest values of nivalenol, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin (138,4 µg.kg-1; 21,8 µg.kg-1 and 68,7 µg.kg-1 respectively) were found in the Prestige variety of barley with winter wheat as the fore-crop. Subsequently a second set of four experimental samples of the Sebastian variety of barley and malt produced from the variety with corn as the fore-crop were analysed. In this group three samples were artificially infected with the filamentous fungi of Fusarium species; the fourth sample was not artificially infected and served as a control sample. Even in the case of the artificially infected samples the deoxynivalenol reached the highest values. The master thesis was implemented in the Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Plc. in Brno.

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Streptococcus suis est un agent pathogène bactérien important qui affecte les porcelets post-sevrés et qui cause des septicémies, des méningites et des arthrites. L’infection se transmet principalement par voie respiratoire, cependant il existe une hypothèse que la voie intestinale pourrait aussi représenter une porte d’entrée pour le pathogène. Le déoxynivalénol (DON) est une mycotoxine soupçonnée depuis longtemps d’être un facteur prédisposant dans le développement de la maladie causée par S. suis, mais cela n’a encore jamais été étudié. L’objectif de cette étude est donc d’évaluer l’effet du DON sur les interactions de S. suis avec les cellules dendritiques (DCs) porcines, les macrophages alvéolaires porcins (PAMs) et les cellules épithéliales intestinales du porc (IPEC-J2). L’induction de médiateurs inflammatoires mesurée par RT-PCR ont révélé que le DON cause une diminution significative de l’expression des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) des DCs porcines et des PAMs favorisant ainsi un environnement immunosuppresseur. L’étude de l’expression du CMH-II par FACS a révélé que de faibles concentrations (≤ 1 μM) de DON augmentent significativement l’expression du CMH-II alors que de fortes concentrations (≥ 2 μM) causent plutôt une diminution significative de son expression influençant ainsi la mise en place de l’immunité adaptative. De plus, les tests de phagocytose ont révélé que de fortes concentrations (≥ 1 μM) de DON diminuent la capacité de phagocytose de S. suis par les PAMs favorisant ainsi la dissémination de la bactérie. Des tests d’adhésion et d’invasion ont révélé que le DON n’a pas d’impact sur l’adhésion de S. suis aux IPEC- J2 et que de fortes concentrations (≥ 4 μM) de DON favorisent l’invasion de S. suis dans ces cellules. Finalement, des tests ELISA ont montré que le DON (0,5, 1 et 4 μM) diminue significativement la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-8) des IPEC-J2. / Streptococcus suis is an important bacterial pathogen that affects post-weaner piglets and causes septicemia, meningitis and arthritis. The infection is mainly transmitted by the respiratory route; however, there is a hypothesis that the intestinal tract could also represent an entry point for the pathogen. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that has long been suspected of being a predisposing factor in the development of disease caused by S. suis, but has never been studied. The objective of this study is therefore to evaluate the effect of DON on the interactions of S. suis with porcine dendritic cells (DCs), porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). The induction of inflammatory mediators measured by RT-PCR revealed that DON causes a significant decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL- 8, TNF-α) in porcine DCs and PAMs, thus promoting an immunosuppressive environment. The study of MHC-II expression by FACS revealed that low concentrations (≤ 1 μM) of DON significantly increase the expression of MHC-II while high concentrations (≥ 2 μM) rather cause a significant decrease in its expression, thus influencing the establishment of adaptive immunity. In addition, phagocytosis assays revealed that high concentrations (≥ 1 μM) of DON decrease the phagocytosis capacity of S. suis by PAMs, thus promoting the dissemination of the bacteria. Adhesion and invasion assays revealed that DON does not impact S. suis adhesion to IPEC-J2 and that high concentrations (≥ 4 μM) of DON promote S. suis invasion into IPEC-J2. Finally, ELISA have shown that DON (0,5, 1 et 4 μM) significantly reduce IPEC-J2’s production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8).

The fungal plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae¬) produces a dangerous trichothecene mycotoxin called deoxynivalenol (DON) and causes a devastating disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) called Fusarium head blight (FHB). Food and feed products derived from barley, such as dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), may be contaminated with DON and pose a threat to the health of humans and domestic animals. New methods to mitigate the threat of DON in barley need to be developed and implemented. TRI101 and TRI201 are trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferases that modify DON and reduce its toxicity. The first objective of this research was to isolate unique TRI101 and TRI201 enzymes that modify DON efficiently. We hypothesized that TRI101/TRI201 enzymes from different species of Fusarium would have varying rates and abilities to modify DON. Using degenerate primers, an internal portion of TRI101 or TRI201 was identified in 54 strains of Fusarium. Full-length sequences of seven TRI101 or TRI201 genes were cloned and expressed in yeast. All seven genes acetylated DON, but at different rates. The second objective of this research was to utilize transformed yeast expressing TRI101 or TRI201 to reduce DON levels in barley mashes and ultimately in DDGS. We hypothesized that DON levels would be reduced in DDGS derived from mashes prepared with transformed yeast. Five different barley genotypes were used to prepare the fermentation mashes and DON levels were reduced in all DDGS samples derived from mashes prepared with transformed yeast. The third objective of this study was to characterize barley genotypes developed at Virginia Tech for resistance to FHB and DON. We hypothesized that significant differences in resistance would be observed among barley genotypes and FHB resistance would be associated with reduced DON accumulation. From 2006 to 2010, FHB resistance was assessed in hulled (22 to 37) and hulless (13 to 32) barley genotypes by measuring incidence and index, and DON resistance was determined by quantifying DON levels in ground grain using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our study showed that FHB and DON resistance is significantly determined by genotype. The final objective of this study was to develop a robust tissue culture system necessary for future development of transformed barley plants with FHB resistance gene(s). We hypothesized that callus production would vary among barley genotypes. In our analysis of 47 Virginia barley genotypes, 76% (36/47) of the genotypes produced callus tissue and there were significant differences in callus size. Our work sets the stage for identifying and characterizing DON detoxification genes in the future. The development of commercial barley lines that do not accumulate DON and that are resistant to FHB will directly impact growers and producers of small grains in the eastern U.S. / Ph. D.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a microbiota fúngica e a ocorrência de micotoxinas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em amostras de grãos de trigo recém-colhidas e armazenadas. Os resultados revelaram a predominância do gênero Alternaria nas amostras de todas as coletas, seguido de Epicoccum (12,6%), Fusarium (8,3%) e mais 16 outros gêneros de fungos filamentosos. As espécies de Fusarium e Alternaria foram identificadas utilizando métodos moleculares, sendo F. graminearum e A. alternata as espécies mais frequentes. De 70 amostras, 69 (98,6%) estavam contaminadas com a toxina DON (210-2910 ppb) e 3 (4,3%) amostras contaminadas com a toxina ZEA (20-30,1 ppb). O nível de contaminação por DON é inferior aos limites estabelecidos recentemente pela legislação brasileira (3000 ppb), porém superam os limites da Comunidade Européia (1750 ppb). É prudente que se realize um monitoramento contínuo de grãos de trigo a fim de avaliar a exposição dos consumidores às contaminações e estabelecer diretrizes de segurança alimentar. / The present study aimed to evaluated the mycoflora and occurrence of mycotoxins by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass in freshly harvested and stored wheat samples. The results showed the predominance of genus Alternaria in all samples, followed by Epicoccum (12.6%), Fusarium (8.3%) and over 16 other genera of filamentous fungi. The species of Fusarium and Alternaria were identified using molecular methods, and F. graminearum and A. alternata were the most frequent species. Of 70 samples, 69 (98.6%) were contaminated with toxin DON (210-2910 ppb), and 3 (4.3%) samples contaminated with the toxin ZEA (20-30.1 ppb). The level of DON contamination is below of the limits recently established by Brazilian legislation (3000 ppb), but exceed the limits of the European Community (1750 ppb). It is prudent to perform a continuous monitoring of wheat to assess consumer exposure to contaminants and establish guidelines for food safety.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-01-04T11:32:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Felipe Machado Trombete.pdf: 1613295 bytes, checksum: 957f0b025def400e446f7c3176c76b4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-04T11:32:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Felipe Machado Trombete.pdf: 1613295 bytes, checksum: 957f0b025def400e446f7c3176c76b4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Mycotoxins are natural contaminants produced by filamentous fungi and they are widely present in food. In wheat grains, the presence of trichothecenes produced by Fusarium spp. and also aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus spp. are a serious public health problem because they are toxic metabolites to man and animals that remain stable during the industrial processes to which wheat is subjected when manufacturing derived products. One way to reduce such contaminants is to use ozone (O3) in food processing. Due to its high potential as an oxidant, O3 may react with mycotoxins and reduce their toxicity due to molecular degradation. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of different conditions of ozonation on the i) reduction in mycotoxins levels (deoxynivalenol and total aflatoxins); ii): reduction in total fungal count; iii) the effects on chemical, mineral and technological profiles and; iv) the possible differences sensorial profile of the flour obtained from the ozonized grains. In a second phase of this project, a methodology for determination of D3G (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside), a masked form of DON, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) was optimized and in-house validated. Results obtained from ozonation study showed that O3 reduced total fungal count in approximately 3.0 cycles log CFU/g of wheat grain and deoxynivalenol and total aflatoxins contamination up to 64.3% and 48.0%, respectively. The gaseous ozonation can be applied without negatively changing the chemical, technological and sensory characteristics of the grains and can be considered an excellent method for remediation of fungal and mycotoxin contaminations. Also, the method optimized and in-house validated for determination of D3G by HPLC-PDA showed adequate results and, it could be considered an alternative to mass spectrometry determination of D3G in wheat grains. / Micotoxinas s?o contaminantes naturais, produzidos por fungos filamentosos e, podem ocorrer em altos n?veis nos alimentos. Nos gr?os de trigo, a presen?a de tricotecenos, um grupo de micotoxinas produzidas por Fusarium spp. e, aflatoxinas, produzidas por Aspergillus spp., representam um importante problema de sa?de p?blica por serem t?xicas ao homem e animais e muito est?veis aos processos no qual o trigo ? submetido para obten??o de produtos industrializados. Uma forma de reduzir a contamina??o dos alimentos por micotoxinas ? atrav?s do uso do oz?nio (O3) no processamento do alimento. Devido ao alto potencial oxidante do O3, esse pode degradar as mol?culas das micotoxinas, tendo como consequ?ncia a elimina??o ou redu??o de seus efeitos t?xicos. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivos principais avaliar os efeitos de diferentes condi??es de ozoniza??o na i) redu??o de micotoxinas (desoxinivalenol e aflatoxinas) em gr?os de trigo; ii) redu??o nos n?veis de fungos filamentosos; iii) influ?ncia nos par?metros qu?micos, perfil de minerais e par?metros tecnol?gico dos gr?os e da farinha obtida ap?s o processamento e; iv) influ?ncia nas caracter?sticas sensoriais da farinha elaborada a partir dos gr?os ozonizados. Em uma segunda etapa do projeto, um m?todo para determina??o de uma forma modificada do desoxinivalenol (DON), o desoxinivalenol-3-glicos?deo (D3G) foi otimizada e validada intralaboratorialmente, utilizando cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia com detector de arranjo de diodos (CLAE-DAD). Os resultados obtidos dos ensaios de ozoniza??o demonstraram que o O3, nas condi??es experimentais utilizadas, reduziu a contagem de fungos totais em cerca 3,0 logs UFC/g de gr?os e a contamina??o por desoxinivalenol e aflatoxinas totais em at? 64,3 % e 48,0 %, respectivamente. O processo de ozoniza??o n?o influenciou de modo negativo a qualidade qu?mica, tecnol?gica e sensorial dos gr?os de trigo, podendo ser utilizado como um excelente m?todo para remedia??o da contamina??o dos gr?os por fungos e micotoxinas. Resultados adequados tamb?m foram obtidos na valida??o do m?todo de determina??o de D3G por CLAE-DAD, demonstrando que o m?todo ? confi?vel para a determina??o dessa forma mascarada do DON em gr?os e trigo e, pode ser utilizado como um m?todo alternativo a espectrometria de massas para tal an?lise.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / A highly dispersive gold nanoparticle-dotted 4-nitrophenylazo functionalised graphene nanocomposite (AuNp/G/PhNO2) was successfully synthesised and applied in enhancing sensing platform signals. Three label-free electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin (DON) based on the systematic modification of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) with AuNp/G/PhNO2 was effectively achieved. General electrochemical impedance method was employed for the sensitive and selective detection of DON in standard solutions and reference material samples. A significant increase in charge transfer resistance (Rct) of the sensing interface was observed due to the formation of insulating immune-complexes by the binding of deoxynivalenol antibody (DONab) and deoxynivalenol antigen (DONag). Further attachments of DONab and DONag resulted in increases in the obtained Rct values, and the increases were linearly proportional to the concentration of DONag. The three immunosensors denoted as GCE/PDMA/AuNp/G/PhNH2/DONab, GCE/Nafion/[Ru(bpy)3]2+/AuNp/G/PhNH2/DONab and GCE/Nafion/[Ru(bpy)3]2+/G/PhNH2/DONab have detection range of 6 – 30 ng/mL for DONag in standard samples. Their sensitivity and detection limits were 43.45 ΩL/ng and 1.1 pg/L; 32.14ΩL/ng and 0.3 pg/L; 9.412 ΩL/ng and 1.1 pg/L respectively. This result was better than those reported in the literature and compares reasonably with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) results. The present sensing methodology represents an attractive alternative to the existing methods for the detection of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin and other big biomolecules of interest due to its simplicity, stability, sensitivity, reproducibility, selectivity, and inexpensive instrumentation. And they could be used to develop high-performance, ultra-sensitive electrochemiluminescence, voltammetric or amperometric sensors as well.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a microbiota fúngica e a ocorrência de micotoxinas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em amostras de grãos de trigo recém-colhidas e armazenadas. Os resultados revelaram a predominância do gênero Alternaria nas amostras de todas as coletas, seguido de Epicoccum (12,6%), Fusarium (8,3%) e mais 16 outros gêneros de fungos filamentosos. As espécies de Fusarium e Alternaria foram identificadas utilizando métodos moleculares, sendo F. graminearum e A. alternata as espécies mais frequentes. De 70 amostras, 69 (98,6%) estavam contaminadas com a toxina DON (210-2910 ppb) e 3 (4,3%) amostras contaminadas com a toxina ZEA (20-30,1 ppb). O nível de contaminação por DON é inferior aos limites estabelecidos recentemente pela legislação brasileira (3000 ppb), porém superam os limites da Comunidade Européia (1750 ppb). É prudente que se realize um monitoramento contínuo de grãos de trigo a fim de avaliar a exposição dos consumidores às contaminações e estabelecer diretrizes de segurança alimentar. / The present study aimed to evaluated the mycoflora and occurrence of mycotoxins by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass in freshly harvested and stored wheat samples. The results showed the predominance of genus Alternaria in all samples, followed by Epicoccum (12.6%), Fusarium (8.3%) and over 16 other genera of filamentous fungi. The species of Fusarium and Alternaria were identified using molecular methods, and F. graminearum and A. alternata were the most frequent species. Of 70 samples, 69 (98.6%) were contaminated with toxin DON (210-2910 ppb), and 3 (4.3%) samples contaminated with the toxin ZEA (20-30.1 ppb). The level of DON contamination is below of the limits recently established by Brazilian legislation (3000 ppb), but exceed the limits of the European Community (1750 ppb). It is prudent to perform a continuous monitoring of wheat to assess consumer exposure to contaminants and establish guidelines for food safety.

Les mycotoxines sont des métabolites secondaires des moisissures qui peuvent naturellement contaminer de nombreuses denrées alimentaires, notamment les céréales. Dans les travaux de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux mycotoxines majeures produites par des champignons du genre Fusarium, le Déoxynivalénol (DON) et la Fumonisine (FB). Les objectifs de la thèse ont été de déterminer les effets individuels et combinés d’une contamination en DON et FB chez le porc, une espèce cible et sensible aux mycotoxines. Les effets sur les fonctions immunitaires lors d’un challenge antigénique ainsi que sur les fonctions intestinales ont été évalués. Par ailleurs, dans le cadre d’un partenariat avec un industriel, nous avons évalué in vivo les effets de méthodes de détoxification par biotransformation et ciblant spécifiquement ces deux toxines. Chez le porc, l’ingestion d’aliments contaminés avec de faibles doses de mycotoxines (DON, 3 mg/kg ; FB, 6 mg/kg) a provoqué des lésions tissulaires (foie, reins et poumons) et a fortement altéré la mise en place d’une réponse immunitaire spécifique de l’antigène (expression des cytokines, prolifération des lymphocytes et anticorps spécifiques). Les animaux ont été significativement plus affectés après la consommation du régime co-contaminé, et l’interaction a pu être considérée comme additive. De plus, les paramètres intestinaux examinés ont révélé des changements dans la morphologie, dans le profil de sécrétion des cytokines et dans l’adhésion cellulaire. L’interaction des deux toxines a pu ici être caractérisée comme moins qu’additive. Les approches de détoxification biologique proposées par l’industriel étaient basées sur la transformation par voie enzymatique du DON et des FB, à partir d’un microorganisme entier et d’une enzyme respectivement. La stratégie d’élimination des FB a suscité un intérêt plus important étant donné que cette méthode est non commercialisée et en cours de développement. Ainsi, la toxicité du produit d’hydrolyse de la FB1 (mycotoxine principale de la famille des FB) obtenu initialement par traitement enzymatique, a été comparée in vivo à celle de la molécule mère la FB1. Les résultats ont montré que l’hydrolyse de la FB1 réduisait fortement la toxicité hépatique et intestinale chez les porcelets. L’expérimentation animale avec le DON et la FB, seuls ou en combinaison a ensuite été reproduite afin de déterminer l’efficacité d’hydrolyse de ce procédé chez le porc après incorporation de l’enzyme dans les aliments contaminés. Dans ces aliments, le microorganisme entier ciblant le DON avait également été inclus. La nette diminution du marqueur d’exposition des FB et la neutralisation partielle ou totale des effets ont suggéré que le procédé avait fortement réduit la biodisponibilité des FB dans le tractus gastro-intestinal. Cette observation a aussi été en partie confirmée pour l’approche de dégradation du DON. La biotransformation par voie enzymatique des mycotoxines représente ainsi une stratégie biotechnologique prometteuse dans la lutte contre ces contaminants. / Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that are natural contaminants of several commodities, in particular cereals. In the present work, we focused on two major mycotoxins produced by the Fusarium genus, Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Fumonisin (FB). The main objectives of the thesis were to determine the toxic effects of individual and combined DON and FB contamination in pig, a target species highly sensitive to mycotoxins. The effects on the immune functions following an antigenic challenge and also on the intestinal functions were evaluated. Besides, within the framework of an industrial partnership, we evaluated in vivo the effects of detoxifying methods by biotransformation and targeting specifically these two toxins. In pigs, ingestion of contaminated feeds with low doses of mycotoxins (DON, 3 mg/kg ; FB, 6 mg/kg) triggered tissular lesions (liver, kidneys and lungs) and strongly impaired the establishment of the antigenic immune response (cytokines expression, lymphocytes proliferation and specific antibodies). Animals consuming the cocontaminated diet were more affected and the interaction could be considered as additive. In addition, changes in morphology, in profile of cytokines secretion and in cell adhesion were observed at intestinal level. The interaction here could be characterized as less than additive. The biological detoxification approaches proposed by the industrial were based on the transformation by enzymatic way of DON and FB, from intact microorganism and enzyme respectively. We paid a particular attention to the strategy of FB removal as this method is not marketed and still in development. Therefore, the toxicity of the hydrolysis product of FB1 (major mycotoxin in the FB group) initially obtained by enzymatic way, was compared in vivo to the toxicity of the parent compound FB1. Results showed that the hydrolysis of FB1 strongly reduced the toxicity in piglets at intestinal and hepatic levels. The animal experiment with DON and FB, alone or in combination was then repeated in order to determine in pigs the hydrolysis efficiency of this process when enzyme was incorporated in contaminated feeds. In these feeds, the intact microorganism toward DON was also included. The marked decrease of the biomarker of exposure to FB and the partial or total counteraction of the effects suggested that the process had greatly reduced the FB bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract. This observation was also in part confirmed for the method degrading DON. The biotransformation method of mycotoxins by enzymatic way represents therefore a promising biotechnological strategy in the control of these contaminants.

Le déoxynivalénol (DON) est une mycotoxine qui contamine la plupart des cultures de céréales dans toutes les régions du monde. Capable de résister aux procédés de transformation subies par les céréales, le DON peut se retrouver alors, à l'état de contaminants dans les matières premières (céréales) ainsi que dans les denrées alimentaires transformées destinées à l'Homme (pâtes, pain, bières) et à l'animal (granulés) à des concentrations supérieures aux limites règlementaires. Malgré les efforts de recherche pour caractériser les multiples aspects de l’impact d’une contamination par le DON, les effets bactériologiques de cette mycotoxine n’étaient pas encore documentés chez l’Homme. L'Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), dans le cadre de sa mission de protection du consommateur, a donc souhaité évaluer l'impact d'une contamination au DON sur le microbiote intestinal humain (MIH). Dans cette étude, nous avons d’abord évalué la cinétique du DON chez le porc et chez le rat, puis nous avons utilisé un modèle de rats à flore humanisée pour évaluer l'impact d'une exposition sub-chronique de la mycotoxine sur la composition du MIH. Le DON est un contaminant rapidement distribué et éliminé. Au sein du tractus digestif, il entraine des changements bactériologiques significatifs chez certains principaux groupes bactériens composant le MIH. Cette étude apporte des données complémentaires à l’analyse du risque lié à l’exposition du DON chez l’Homme et montre l’intérêt des modèles animaux étudiés dans des scénarii particuliers d’exposition au DON. / Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins present in cereal crops worldwide. Able to withstand the transformation process undergone by grains, DON can be found as contaminant in raw materials (cereals) and in processed food for humans (pasta, bread, beer) and animals (grains) at concentrations upper the control limits. Despite research efforts to characterize various aspects of the impact of DON contamination, the microbiological effects of DON were not documented in humans. The French agency for food, environmental and occupational health and safety (Anses), as part of its mission to protect the consumer, wanted to assess the impact of DON contamination on the Human Gut Microbiota (HGM). In this study, we first evaluated the kinetics of DON in pigs and rats, and then we assessed the impact of an oral subchronic exposure of deoxynivalenol on the composition of HGM in a human microbiota-associated rats model. DON is a contaminant rapidly distributed and eliminated. In gut, DON leads to significant changes in some of the main bacterial groups of the HGM. This study provides additional data to analyze the risk exposure of DON in humans and shows the interest of these animal models in studies dealing with particular scenarios of DON exposure.