Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milena Acosta Felten.pdf: 686798 bytes, checksum: aa749cbcd02a88648332c3caf4776b90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / This research aims to analyze how the international standard setting process for basic education, established by international agents and widespread in developing countries, are implemented and investigated in Brazil. To accomplish this goal the international project Millennium Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2000 is analyzed in its objective on universal basic education. Considering how that goal was developed in Brazil is possible to reflect about the way education is understood and presented by such programs. The Critical Theory of Society grounds the bases for this discussion, especially the concepts of Education, Formationa and Pseudo formation developed by Adorno. Other authors such as Horkheimer and Marcuse were also used to discuss how the universalization of education relates to the right to education. The research was conducted through document analysis, checking how these objectives have been translated into Brazilian schools reality. The data presented in official reports of the international project quoted are analyzed in three categories: access, permanency and programs and policies. Due to the exploratory nature of the research, initial hypotheses have not been formulated. In conclusion, the access to education has been widely discussed in the Brazilian official reports, in disregard to the permanency aspects or data, and the extension of the basic education length from eight to nine years has been one of the main, however not the only, direct political measure derived from the Develop Millennium Goals project / Esta pesquisa busca analisar como o processo de fixação de padrões internacionais para a educação básica, estabelecidos por agentes internacionais e amplamente difundidos em países em desenvolvimento, são implementados e monitorados no Brasil. Para cumprir tal objetivo, o projeto internacional Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio, criado pela Organização das Nações Unidas no ano 2000, é analisado, em seu objetivo referente à universalização da educação básica. Procura-se refletir como esse objetivo foi desenvolvido no Brasil, inquirindo acerca da forma que a educação é entendida e apresentada por tais programas. A Teoria Crítica da Sociedade orientou essa reflexão, a partir principalmente dos conceitos elaborados por Adorno sobre educação, formação e pseudoformação. Outros autores como Horkheimer e Marcuse também foram utilizados para discutir como a universalização da educação relaciona-se ao direito à educação. Busca-se, assim, por meio de análise documental, verificar como tais objetivos foram traduzidos para a realidade escolar brasileira, analisando-se como os documentos oficiais apresentaram dados para o cumprimento da meta. Os dados apresentados nos relatórios oficiais do projeto internacional citado são analisados em três categorias: acesso, permanência e programas e políticas. Devido ao caráter exploratório da pesquisa, hipóteses iniciais não foram formuladas. Conclui-se que o acesso à educação brasileira foi discutido amplamente em detrimento da permanência, que as principais políticas decorrentes do ODM Brasil incluem o aumento do ensino fundamental de oito para nove anos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cecilia da Silva Oliveira.pdf: 3966277 bytes, checksum: 4c57885866b646fbc854e0618ac947d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research analyses the investment in the aesthetics of secure life, which emerges from the proximities between development and security. The focus of the analysis is on the governmental practices accompanying the Millennium Development Goals derived from the Millennium Declaration of the United Nations. The aim is to study development through the relationship between government and governmentality, which evidence the investments in the management of life by means of political economy as a principle of calculation aiming at the improvement of human capital. Through the depletion of biopolitics, this thesis shows the operation of planetary governmentality through the shifts that make poverty management a shared objective aimed at the planet's population, providing interventions and regulations of governmental practices in environments. The United Nations used the turn of the millennium as a strategy to upgrade its structure and mission, and adopted the goal of reducing poverty and hunger as a transterritorial risk. This approach triggered development discourses about promoting sustainability, financial aid flows, expert knowledge and repositioned the UN s role in the humanitarian field. Relations formerly centered on the state were reshaped to include and expand civil society participation, illustrating how the diplomatic dispositif and development programs are actualized by the exercise of neoliberal freedom in the 21st century. This is the main axis of investment that improves the productivity of the population without giving up the predominance of control, and that makes security an essential mechanism for capitalist development to operate its technologies. The genealogy of power discussed by Michel Foucault guides the mapping of strategic knowledge produced in main conferences. These conferences highlight the interest in new nuances produced by the introduction of the diplomatic dispositif in the field of political economy, which acts as technology and language to expand development programs between the twentieth and twenty-first century. The emergence of food security was crucial in connecting sustainable development and the management of hunger, environment and misery on the planet. The case study shows how the use of food security in Brazil operationalized technologies to expand the discourse of the MDGs and the ethics of secure life as a universal project / Esta pesquisa aborda a emergência e investimento na estética da vida segura, a partir das proximidades entre desenvolvimento e segurança, situando as práticas governamentais esperadas pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio das Nações Unidas, derivados da Declaração do Milênio. O objetivo é apresentar os estudos sobre o desenvolvimento a partir do interesse nas relações governo e governamentalidade, que evidenciam os investimentos na gestão da vida por meio da economia política como princípio de cálculo para o aprimoramento do capital humano. A partir do esgotamento da biopolítica, esta tese mostra o funcionamento da governamentalidade planetária por meio dos deslocamentos que fazem da gestão da pobreza um objetivo compartilhado voltado à população do planeta, que proporcionam intervenções e regulações das práticas governamentais nos ambientes. As Nações Unidas utilizou a virada do milênio como estratégia para atualizar sua estrutura e missão, e adotou a redução da pobreza e da fome como risco transterritorial. Isto a fez acionar os discursos do desenvolvimento para impulsionar a sustentabilidade, os fluxos financeiros à assistência, os saberes dos especialistas, e reposicionar seu papel no campo dos humanitarismos. As relações centradas no Estado foram redimensionadas para incluir a participação da sociedade civil ampliada, mostrando que o dispositivo diplomático e os programas de desenvolvimento são acionados pelos exercícios da liberdade neoliberal no século XXI. Este é o principal eixo de investimento que viabiliza a produtividade da população sem abdicar da predominância dos controles, e que fazem da segurança mecanismo essencial para que o desenvolvimento capitalista possa operar suas tecnologias. A genealogia do poder tratada por Michel Foucault orienta o mapeamento de saberes estratégicos produzidos nas chamadas grandes conferências que marcam o interesse em ressaltar novas nuances produzidos pela introdução do dispositivo diplomático no campo da economia política, como tecnologia e linguagem própria da expansão dos programas de desenvolvimento entre o século XX e XXI. A emergência da segurança alimentar foi decisiva para associar desenvolvimento sustentável, gestão da fome, do meio ambiente e das misérias no planeta. O estudo de caso apresenta como o uso da segurança alimentar no Brasil operacionalizou as tecnologias necessárias para expandir o discurso dos ODM e da estética da vida segura como projeto universal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cecilia da Silva Oliveira.pdf: 3966277 bytes, checksum: 4c57885866b646fbc854e0618ac947d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research analyses the investment in the aesthetics of secure life, which emerges from the proximities between development and security. The focus of the analysis is on the governmental practices accompanying the Millennium Development Goals derived from the Millennium Declaration of the United Nations. The aim is to study development through the relationship between government and governmentality, which evidence the investments in the management of life by means of political economy as a principle of calculation aiming at the improvement of human capital. Through the depletion of biopolitics, this thesis shows the operation of planetary governmentality through the shifts that make poverty management a shared objective aimed at the planet's population, providing interventions and regulations of governmental practices in environments. The United Nations used the turn of the millennium as a strategy to upgrade its structure and mission, and adopted the goal of reducing poverty and hunger as a transterritorial risk. This approach triggered development discourses about promoting sustainability, financial aid flows, expert knowledge and repositioned the UN s role in the humanitarian field. Relations formerly centered on the state were reshaped to include and expand civil society participation, illustrating how the diplomatic dispositif and development programs are actualized by the exercise of neoliberal freedom in the 21st century. This is the main axis of investment that improves the productivity of the population without giving up the predominance of control, and that makes security an essential mechanism for capitalist development to operate its technologies. The genealogy of power discussed by Michel Foucault guides the mapping of strategic knowledge produced in main conferences. These conferences highlight the interest in new nuances produced by the introduction of the diplomatic dispositif in the field of political economy, which acts as technology and language to expand development programs between the twentieth and twenty-first century. The emergence of food security was crucial in connecting sustainable development and the management of hunger, environment and misery on the planet. The case study shows how the use of food security in Brazil operationalized technologies to expand the discourse of the MDGs and the ethics of secure life as a universal project / Esta pesquisa aborda a emergência e investimento na estética da vida segura, a partir das proximidades entre desenvolvimento e segurança, situando as práticas governamentais esperadas pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio das Nações Unidas, derivados da Declaração do Milênio. O objetivo é apresentar os estudos sobre o desenvolvimento a partir do interesse nas relações governo e governamentalidade, que evidenciam os investimentos na gestão da vida por meio da economia política como princípio de cálculo para o aprimoramento do capital humano. A partir do esgotamento da biopolítica, esta tese mostra o funcionamento da governamentalidade planetária por meio dos deslocamentos que fazem da gestão da pobreza um objetivo compartilhado voltado à população do planeta, que proporcionam intervenções e regulações das práticas governamentais nos ambientes. As Nações Unidas utilizou a virada do milênio como estratégia para atualizar sua estrutura e missão, e adotou a redução da pobreza e da fome como risco transterritorial. Isto a fez acionar os discursos do desenvolvimento para impulsionar a sustentabilidade, os fluxos financeiros à assistência, os saberes dos especialistas, e reposicionar seu papel no campo dos humanitarismos. As relações centradas no Estado foram redimensionadas para incluir a participação da sociedade civil ampliada, mostrando que o dispositivo diplomático e os programas de desenvolvimento são acionados pelos exercícios da liberdade neoliberal no século XXI. Este é o principal eixo de investimento que viabiliza a produtividade da população sem abdicar da predominância dos controles, e que fazem da segurança mecanismo essencial para que o desenvolvimento capitalista possa operar suas tecnologias. A genealogia do poder tratada por Michel Foucault orienta o mapeamento de saberes estratégicos produzidos nas chamadas grandes conferências que marcam o interesse em ressaltar novas nuances produzidos pela introdução do dispositivo diplomático no campo da economia política, como tecnologia e linguagem própria da expansão dos programas de desenvolvimento entre o século XX e XXI. A emergência da segurança alimentar foi decisiva para associar desenvolvimento sustentável, gestão da fome, do meio ambiente e das misérias no planeta. O estudo de caso apresenta como o uso da segurança alimentar no Brasil operacionalizou as tecnologias necessárias para expandir o discurso dos ODM e da estética da vida segura como projeto universal

Internet is viewed as the most vital digital technology in the globe. Eastern Africa has the least penetration of ICT per capita in the world. Internet is a valuable resource that has propelled enormous economic growth in many developed countries. In order for Eastern African governments to narrow the socio-economic divide between developed countries and themselves, there is need to overcome this digital handicap. Enormous investments in ICT infrastructure are essential. The governments must participate in making crucial decisions to wisely allocate the limited resources to improve the current infrastructure.This thesis investigates Internet use, access and penetration in Eastern Africa. Theoretical research has been carried out to elaborate on the subject matter. Through empirical study, we will come up with a fresh way to verify and understand the Internet situation in the region. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

Background: In a world that is constantly changing, where demands for working in a sustainable way regarding the environment and society are increasing, companies have no choice but to take these aspects into account. Companies can take responsibility through the three dimensions of sustainability: the economic, social and environmental dimensions, which is also referred to as Corporate Social Responsibility. Sustainability is therefore an inevitable topic of discussion. To cope with the challenges that is facing the world, UN member states agreed on Agenda 2030 on 25-27 of September 2015. This agenda includes 17 global goals for sustainable development. The implementation of this agenda in companies is, according to us, a relevant issue for companies as we claim that the business sector has a central role in the implementation of the agenda. In this study, we therefore want to describe and understand how companies in Sweden implement the Sustainable Development Goals.  Aim: The purpose of this study is to describe and understand how Swedish companies implement the Sustainable Development Goals in Agenda 2030.  Methodology: This is a qualitative case study using a hermeneutics perspective of interpretation. The empirical data consist of six semi-structured interviews with sustainability managers of each company. The study revolves around the empirical data and is therefore to be considered to have an iterative approach.  Conclusion: The study has shown that the sustainability work of all the companies in this study is characterized by the three sustainability dimensions. Furthermore, the companies have selected the goals that are in line with their current sustainability work and hence no significant implementation process has been experienced by the respondents representing the companies. However, the result shows that the sustainable development goals have served as a direction indicator and that a common language has been created regarding to the sustainability work. / Bakgrund: I en värld som ständigt förändras där krav på att arbeta på ett hållbart sätt gällande miljö, människa och samhälle konstant ökar har företag inget annat val än att ta hänsyn till dessa aspekter. Företag kan ta ansvar genom de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna: det ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga ansvaret, vilket även benämns som Corporate Social Responsibility. Hållbarhet är idag en aktuell och relevant fråga och för att ta itu med de utmaningar som världen står inför, enades FN:s medlemsstater den 25–27 september 2015 om Agenda 2030. Denna agenda innefattar 17 globala mål för hållbar utveckling. Implementeringen av denna Agendan i företag är, enligt oss, en samhällsaktuell fråga för företag då vi anser att näringslivet har en central roll i genomförandet av Agenda 2030. I denna studie vill vi därför beskriva och förstå hur företag i Sverige implementerar de globala målen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och förstå hur svenska företag implementerar de globala målen i Agenda 2030. Metod: Studien har haft en kvalitativ karaktär och ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv. Vidare har studien genomförts i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med hållbarhetsansvariga på sex företag. Studien har en iterativ ansats. Slutsats: Studien har påvisat att samtliga fallföretags hållbarhetsarbete karaktäriseras av de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna social, ekonomisk och miljömässig hållbarhet. Vidare har företagen valt ut de mål som stämmer överens med deras nuvarande hållbarhetsarbete och därav har ingen betydande implementeringsprocess upplevts av samtliga respondenter på företagen. Däremot visar resultatet att de globala målen har fungerat som en riktningsvisare samt att det har skapats ett gemensamt språk vad gäller hållbarhetsarbete.

<p>Halving poverty until 2015 is something that all member states of United Nation have agreed up on by adopting the Millennium Development Goals MDG in 1991. The question asked in this paper is how much aid is needed in Tanzania, to reduce poverty by half. The method we use links estimated annual economic growth rates to the required amount of aid needed to halve poverty.</p><p>This study finds that during 2002-2015 Tanzania should receive between $37 to $43 (2002 US dollar) per year and capita depending on the underlying assumptions. Between 1994 and 2002 Tanzania received 36 dollar per year and capita so the amount of aid must at least be kept on the same level as preceding years and perhaps be increased to reach the goal of halving poverty until 2015.</p><p>Moreover, this study only calculates the cost of reaching the first MDG and not the cost of reaching the remaining goals stated in the United Nations Millennium Declaration.</p>

Halving poverty until 2015 is something that all member states of United Nation have agreed up on by adopting the Millennium Development Goals MDG in 1991. The question asked in this paper is how much aid is needed in Tanzania, to reduce poverty by half. The method we use links estimated annual economic growth rates to the required amount of aid needed to halve poverty. This study finds that during 2002-2015 Tanzania should receive between $37 to $43 (2002 US dollar) per year and capita depending on the underlying assumptions. Between 1994 and 2002 Tanzania received 36 dollar per year and capita so the amount of aid must at least be kept on the same level as preceding years and perhaps be increased to reach the goal of halving poverty until 2015. Moreover, this study only calculates the cost of reaching the first MDG and not the cost of reaching the remaining goals stated in the United Nations Millennium Declaration.

In recent years, much focus has been put on the sustainability of water and sanitation development projects. Experts in this field have found that many of the projects of the past have failed to achieve sustainability because of a lack of demand for water and sanitation interventions at a grassroots level. For years projects looked to create this demand through various subsidy schemes, with the "software" of behavior change and education taking a backseat to the "hardware" of infrastructure provision. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a fairly new way of looking at the issues of increasing basic sanitation coverage, promoting good hygiene practices, and facilitating the change in behaviors that is necessary for a level of basic sanitation coverage to be sustained for any significant length of time. CLTS looks to get people to come to the realization that open defecation is dangerous, and that they have to power to stop this practice. The purpose of this research study was to assess the water, sanitation, and hygiene situation on the ground in villages that through CLTS have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status in the Mopti region of Mali, West Africa. This assessment was done through a willingness-to-pay study, that showed how important sanitation infrastructure was in the daily lives of villagers in this region of Mali. This research study also examines any possible correlations between certain socioeconomic data and willingness-to-pay. A questionnaire was developed and completed with 95 household heads spread across 6 of the 21 ODF villages in the region. The results of this research study show that the behavior change brought about by CLTS was sustained. Every household in the study had at least one latrine (total latrines = 186), or had access to a neighbor's latrine because theirs had recently collapsed. Of these latrines 82.3% were reported as meeting the Malian nation government requirements of basic sanitation. 89.3% of the observed latrines were built by the participant families themselves using predominately materials that could be found in or harvested from the local environment (e.g., mud, rocks, sticks). Fifty-three percent of the latrines were built completely free of cost, and of the 88 latrines that were paid for in part or in whole the average cost was about US $13.00. The majority of the participants (64.2%) in the research study reported making improvements and maintaining their latrines, clearly showing the importance of sanitation infrastructure in the 6 study villages. The average cost of this maintenance was about US $1.50. Alongside of willingness-to-pay data, more qualitative data were collected on the relative importance of sanitation infrastructure in the daily lives of people in ODF villages in Mopti. This study found that on average throughout the 6 study villages, about 13% of discretionary funds are saved for or spent on maintenance and improvements to sanitation infrastructure on a monthly basis. When sanitation infrastructure investments were compared with other infrastructure and livelihood investments, on the average it was ranked 7th out of the possible 10. These data seem to indicate that future investment in sanitation infrastructure was not a high priority for the participants. This could be stem from the fact that many of the participants had not directly experienced the need for continued investments, because their original latrines were still functional. The willingness-to-pay regression analysis produced very few statistically valid results. Only a few of the correlations found between willingness-to-pay data and socioeconomic characteristics of the sample were found to be statistically valid. For example, the correlation coefficient between willingness-to-pay for pit maintenance, including emptying when full or covering the pit with top soil, digging a new one, and reconstruction, and education level of the participants was about 1.2 and was statistically valid with a t-statistic of about 2.2. Indicating that the more educated a participant was, the more they would be willing to pay for pit maintenance. None of the overall regressions explained enough of the variability in willingness-to-pay data to be considered statistically valid. Regressions for two scenarios, constructing a cement slab as an improvement to an existing latrine and sealing/lining the pit on an existing latrine with cement, explained 10.3% and 10.4% of the variability in willingness-to-pay data respectively. However, this did not meet the minimum criteria of 15%. While the willingness-to-pay data would have been useful to study partners that are piloting a Sanitation Marketing program in Mali, the main research objective of assessing the CLTS intervention was still met.

The threat of global warming is bringing a new pro-environmental paradigm all over the world under the Kyoto Protocol. Addressing climate change is beneficial to all countries because environment is global public good. However, because global warming is also closely related to each country’s specific condition such as industrial development and political situation, prudent approaches considering different situations of each country are required in order prevent unintended negative consequences. This study focuses on the weakness of the current CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) in terms of impeding sustainable development in LDCs (Least Development Countries). As a case study, the Grameen Shakti Program in Bangladesh demonstrates the potential scenario of sustainable development in LDCs through CDM markets and a new financial model of CERs (Certified Emissions Reductions) is suggested to support and replicate the Grameen Shakti Program other LDCs. / text

The aim of this study is to explore if UNFPA’s work mission and methods direct for greater food security in the future. The analysis is based on one of UNFPA’s main frameworks; ICPD Programme of Action 1994. The analysis is based upon different themes that are recognized as tools for change; family planning, women’s empowerment and gender equality, education and child marriage. The theoretical frame of the analysis is liberalism which has been complemented with social constructivism, and has provided an insight to the discussion. The essay will also investigate whether the different theories can explain UNFPA’s framework, mission and methods.  The method used is a describing qualitative content analysis.    The research shows that UNFPA indirectly implement or propose a great deal that can have an impact on food security. In order to regulate population growth, which is one of the major trends threatening food security, different measures are proposed in the framework. Focus is on governments efforts and gender equality through SRH education. The liberal view put emphasis on human rights and the individuals right to freedom, as well as equality, which was obtained by a greater or lesser degree throughout the framework. Social constructivism could explain ICPD where liberalism failed to do so, such as the lack of emphasis on child marriage due to many societies identity and traditions.