Bakgrund: Diabetes Mellitus typ 2 är en av vår tids största sjukdomar och ett växande folkhälsoproblem. Mer än 75 % av personer med Diabetes Mellitus typ 2 som befinner sig i övergången till insulinbehandling upplever det som en svår utmaning.Syftet: Var att beskriva upplevelser hos personer med Diabetes Mellitus typ 2 vid transition till insulinbehandlingMetod: Litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats, 14 artiklar analyserades.Resultat: Presenteras under tre huvudkategorier och sju underkategorier. Vid övergång till insulinbehandling upplevdes rädsla för smärta och biverkningar. Oro i samband med injektionsgivning och okunskap gällande biverkningar och insulinets påverkan på kroppen samt skuldkänslor gällande misskötsel av sjukdomen beskrevs. Sociala och praktiska förändringar i vardagen så som oro inför egenvård och minskad flexibilitet upplevdes. Förväntad positiv effekt av insulin gällande förbättrad hälsa bidrog till att transitionen underlättades.Slutsats: För att underlätta transition krävdes individanpassad utbildning för både patienten och dennes anhörig om sjukdomens progression, behandling och påverkan på kroppen i ett tidigt skede av sjukdomen. Förhoppningsvis kan resultatet leda till en ökad förståelse hos vårdpersonal för hur personer med Diabetes Mellitus Typ 2 upplever transition till insulinbehandling, för att på så vis ge adekvat stöd till dessa personer.Nyckelord: Diabetes Mellitus typ 2, insulinbehandling, psykologisk insulinresistens,upplevelser. / Background: Diabetes type 2 is now one of the world’s diseases and an increasing public health problem. More than 75% of people with diabetes mellitus type 2 who are in transition to insulin therapy experience the transition to a difficult challenge.Aim: Was to describe how people with diabetes mellitus type 2 experience the transition to insulin therapy.Method: Literature review outgoing from articles that had a qualitative design. 14 articles were analyzed.Results: These presented in three main categories and seven subcategories. During the transition to insulin therapy patients experienced worry for potential pain and side effects. Anxiety about transition to insulin therapy because ignorance of insulin´s effect on the body and guilt about their own inability to manage the disease was described. Social and practical changes in everyday life such anxiety about self-care and reduced flexibility was experienced. Anticipated positive effects of insulin for their health contributed to make the transition easier.Conclusions: To facilitate the transition required individualized information to both the patient and his family about disease progression, treatment and the impact on the body in the early stages of the disease. The results are expected to provide greater insight into how people with type 2 diabetes experience transition to insulin therapy, to thus provide adequate support to these people.Keyword: Diabetes Mellitus type 2, insulin therapy, psychological insulin resistance, experiences

Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ 2 är en sjukdom som ökar i befolkningen världen över. Sjukdomen kan ge allvarliga komplikationer som påverkar patientens hälsa. En central del i behandlingen är att förändra ohälsosamma levnadsvanor. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva distriktssköterskans erfarenhet av hur de motiverar patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2 till livsstilsförändringar. Metod: En kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes där fem distriktssköterskor intervjuades. Materialet analyserades enligt Graneheim och Lundmans innehållsanalys. Resultat: I studien framkom vikten av att distriktssköterskan skapade en god relation med patienten för att motivera till livsstilsförändringar. Deltagarna i studien belyste vikten av att finna stöd i patientens omgivning genom att engagera familjen och genom stöd från andra patienter. Det framkom även att patienterna blev motiverade till livsstilsförändringar genom att deltagarna var en god pedagog. Det var av betydelse att samarbeta med andra professioner och att patienterna fick individanpassad information, till hjälp använde sig distriktssköterskan av olika pedagogiska metoder för att öka deras motivation. Slutsats: För att distriktssköterskan ska kunna motivera sina patienter till livsstilsförändringar måste informationen de ger vara individanpassad, vilket kan göras genom olika pedagogiska metoder. En viktig förutsättning för att lyckas med ett förändringsarbete är att distriktssköterskan skapar en god relation med sina patienter genom att etablera ett förtroende. / Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease that is increasing in the population worldwide. The disease can cause severe complications that affect patient health. An important part is to change unhealthy habits. Purpose: The aim was to describe the district nurse's experience of how they motivate patients with type 2 diabetes to lifestyle changes. Method: A qualitative approach with semistructured interviews were conducted and five district nurses were interviewed. The material was analyzed according to Graneheim and Lund's content analysis. Results: The study revealed that it was important that the district nurse created a good relationship with the patient to motivate lifestyle changes. Study participants highlighted the importance of support in the patient's environment by involving family and other patients. It also emerged that the participants motivated by being a good teacher and to work with other professionals. Personalized information and different kinds of pedagogical methods were used to increase the patient's motivation. Conclusion: To be able to motivate their patients to lifestyle changes the district nurse must provide information individually to their patients which can be done through various teaching methods. It´s also important to create a good relationship with their patients by establish trust.

Objetivos: Avaliar o impacto da terapia periodontal supragengival nos parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos de pacientes portadores de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) em um período de 6 meses, através da utilização do PCR (reação em cadeia da polimerase) em tempo real. Material e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 20 pacientes portadores de DMT2. Os indivíduos foram randomizados em dois grupos diferentes e receberam duas formas de tratamento periodontal. O grupo teste, composto por 10 indivíduos, recebeu terapia periodontal supragengival (TPS) e o grupo controle, também com 10 indivíduos, recebeu terapia periodontal intensiva (TPI), considerada como o padrão ouro. Ambos os grupos receberam orientação de higiene (OHB), durante os 6 meses da realização do estudo. Foram coletadas amostras de biofilme subgengival em um sítio raso e outro profundo, antes do tratamento periodontal e após seis meses do seu término, perfazendo um total de 4 amostras por paciente. Foram avaliadas quatro bactérias periodontais (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia e Treponema denticola) e também foi feita a contagem Universal das bactérias presentes. O estudo avaliou um total de 80 amostras. Foram também coletados os dados clínicos periodontais. A quantidade de bactérias pré e pós tratamento foi determinada pela técnica de PCR em tempo real. Os dados clínicos e microbiológicos foram analisados por métodos estatísticos não-paramétricos. Resultados: A análise dos dados demográficos e clínicos no baseline, mostrou não haver diferenças entre os grupos TPS e TPI. Existem diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos com relação à melhora do sangramento (p<0,001) e profundidade clínica de sondagem (PCS) (p=0,011), em ambos à melhora pelo tratamento TPI é maior. Quanto a melhora dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais em cada um dos grupos após 6 meses, apenas a supuração não melhorou para o grupo TPS. Os demais parâmetros clínicos melhoram significativamente em ambos os tratamentos. Com relação aos dados microbiológicos, nas bolsas rasas os grupos são diferentes para a medida de A. actinomycetemcomitans e P. gingivalis na avaliação de 6 meses. No entanto, quando comparamos as diferenças (log final- log inicial), não houve diminuição significativa entre os grupos para nenhuma das bactérias. Com relação à diminuição do número de bactérias em cada um dos tratamentos, houve uma diminuição significativa para T. forsythia no grupo TPI. Nas bolsas profundas, quando comparamos as diferenças (log final- log inicial), não houve diminuição significativa entre os grupos para nenhuma das bactérias avaliadas, bem como após 6 meses em cada um dos tratamentos. Quando fazemos a razão do número de cópias de cada bactéria com relação ao número de cópias total (Universal) nas bolsas rasas, existe diferença significativa entre os grupos para P. gingivalis (p= 0,043) e A. actinomycetemcomitans (p= 0,019) na avaliação de 6 meses. Com relação à diminuição das proporções para cada um dos tratamentos após 6 meses, TPI foi capaz de reduzir significativamente o número de T. forsythia nas bolsas rasas (p=0,004) e o número de P. gingivalis nas bolsas profundas (p=0,037). / Objectives: To evaluate the supragingival periodontal therapy in clinical and microbiological parameters in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a 6 month period by using real-time PCR. Material and Methods: The study included 20 individuals with T2DM. The subjects were divided into two groups and received two different forms of periodontal treatment. A group of 10 individuals received supragingival periodontal treatment (SPT) and another, also with 10 patients received intensive periodontal treatment (IPT), the gold standard. Samples were collected from subgingival biofilm in shallow sites and deep sites before and after six months of the periodontal treatment, a total of four samples per patient. We evaluated four periodontal pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) and was also made Universal count of bacteria present. The study evaluated a total of 80 samples. Clinical parameters were also acessed. The amount of bacteria before and after treatment was determined by real time PCR. Clinical and microbiological data were analyzed by non-parametric statistical methods. Results: The analysis of demographic and clinical data at baseline, showed no differences between groups SPT and IPT. There are significant differences between the treatments with regard to improvement of bleeding (p<0.001) and probing depth (PD) (p=0.011) in both the IPT improvement is greater. Regarding the improvement of clinical periodontal parameters after 6 months for each group, only the suppuration has not improved for the SPT group. The other clinical parameters improved significantly in both treatments. Regarding the microbiological data in the shallow sites, the groups are different for the measurement of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis in the evaluation of 6 months. However, when comparing the differences (end log inicial log), there was no significant decrease between groups for any of the bacteria. With respect to reducing the number of bacteria in each of the treatments, there was a significant decrease in T. forsythia for IPT. In the deep sites, the groups are different for the measurement of A. actinomycetemcomitans at baseline. However, when comparing the differences (end log inicial log), there was no significant decrease between groups for any of the bacteria evaluated. There was also no significant decrease in the number of bacteria after 6 months in each treatment. When we make the ratio of the number of copies of each bacteria with respect to the number of complete copies (Universal) in shallow sites, there is a significant difference between groups for P. gingivalis (p=0.043) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.019) in the evaluation of 6 months. With regard to reduction for each treatment after 6 months, IPT was able to significantly reduce the number of T. forsythia in shallow sites (p = 0.004) and the number of P. gingivalis in deep sites (p= 0.037).

Estudos têm investigado possíveis associações do estado nutricional relativo ao zinco de indivíduos com diabetes e o controle metabólico da doença, e mais recentemente tem-se procurado avaliar a influência do polimorfismo Arg325Trp no gene que codifica para o transportador de zinco 8 (ZnT8) no mecanismo de secreção da insulina. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a presença desse polimorfismo e associá-lo com o estado nutricional relativo ao zinco de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e aos parâmetros glicêmicos e insulinêmicos. Este estudo foi de natureza transversal, constituído por 82 pacientes com idades entre 29 e 59 anos, de ambos os gêneros com diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, atendidos no Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia do Hospital da Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Foi realizada a genotipagem do polimorfismo Arg325Trp no gene do ZnT8 e avaliadas as concentrações de zinco no plasma, eritrócitos e urina, a glicemia de jejum, percentual de hemoglobina glicada, resistência à insulina, função das células &#946; e o perfil lipídico. Realizou-se a avaliação da composição corporal por meio da bioimpedância e de medidas antropométricas. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por meio do método recordatório de 24 horas aplicado durante 3 dias não consecutivos, incluindo um dia de final de semana. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos indivíduos com DM2 encontrava-se com sobrepeso, apresentavam baixas concentrações de zinco nos eritrócitos, elevada excreção urinária e concentrações de zinco no plasma adequadas. Não houve diferença significativa nesses parâmetros quando se considerou os indivíduos de acordo com os genótipos do SNP avaliado. No entanto, ao avaliar os parâmetros de medida do status de zinco dos pacientes, aqueles que apresentavam deficiência tinham percentual de hemoglobina glicada mais elevado. Assim sendo, pode-se concluir que o zinco pode favorecer o controle glicêmico. O polimorfismo Arg325Trp no gene SLC30A8 que codifica para ZnT8 não influenciou o estado nutricional relativo ao zinco e os parâmetros glicêmicos e insulinêmicos dessa população. / Studies have investigated the possible association of zinc nutritional status of individuals with diabetes and metabolic disease control, and more recently have been made to evaluate the influence of Arg325Trp polymorphism in the gene encoding the zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) in the mechanism of insulin secretion. The objective of this study was to analyze the presence of this polymorphism and associate it with the nutritional status of zinc in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and glucose and insulinemic parameters. This study was cross-sectional nature, consisting of 82 patients aged between 29 and 59 years, of both genders diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated at the Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of the Hospital of St. University Medical Faculty Service Paulo. Arg325Trp polymorphism genotyping was performed in ZnT8 gene and evaluated zinc concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes and urine, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin percentage, insulin resistance, &#946; cell function and the lipid profile. There was the assessment of body composition by bioelectrical impedance and anthropometric measures. Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour recall method applied for 3 non-consecutive days, including a day of the weekend. The results showed that the majority of subjects with T2DM found to overweight, had low zinc concentration in erythrocytes, high urinary excretion and zinc concentrations in the appropriate plasma. There was no significant difference in these parameters when considering the individuals according to the SNP genotypes evaluated. However, when assessing the zinc status as parameters of patients, those with disabilities had higher percentage of glycated hemoglobin. Thus, it can be concluded that zinc may favor glycemic control. The Arg325Trp polymorphism in the SLC30A8 gene encoding ZnT8 did not influence the nutritional status of zinc and glycemic parameters and insulinemic this population.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar o efeito da hiperglicemia na alteração da homeostase imunológica mediada pelas células dendríticas (DCs) em resposta a uma bacteremia induzida por raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR) em indivíduos com periodontite crônica generalizada (GCP). Foram selecionados 60 indivíduos igualmente divididos em quatro grupos: controles normoglicêmicos saudáveis, normoglicêmicos com GCP (NG+GCP), pré-diabéticos com GCP (PD+GCP) e diabéticos tipo 2 com GCP (T2DM+GCP). Os indivíduos com GCP receberam RAR, o que induziu uma bacteremia aguda e os controles saudáveis receberam apenas raspagem supragengival. Todos os participantes foram avaliados no início do estudo, 24hs, 1 mês e 3 meses após a raspagem. A frequência de células dendríticas mielóides (mDCs) CD1c+, mDCs CD141+, células dendríticas plasmocitoides (pDCs) CD303+ e a expressão dos receptores CCR6 (presente em altos níveis em células dendríticas imaturas) e CCR7 (presente em altos níveis em células dendríticas maduras) foram avaliados por citometria de fluxo. Foi utilizada técnica de PCR em tempo real para investigar a presença de Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) no biofilme e abrigada pelas DCs. No início do estudo, os indivíduos hiperglicêmicos com GCP tinham níveis de DCs significativamente mais baixos do que os indivíduos normoglicêmicos com ou sem GCP. Após a bacteremia induzida por RAR, observou-se um aumento significativo nos níveis de CD1c+ e CD1c+CCR6+ em todos os grupos com GCP, independentemente do status de glicemia, e esses níveis voltaram aos níveis basais após 1 mês. Em comparação com o grupo NG+GCP, o grupo T2DM+GCP apresentou níveis significativamente mais baixos de DCs ao longo de todos os períodos experimentais. Não foram observadas alterações significativas para CD303+, CD1c+ CCR7+ e CD141+ em resposta à bacteremia; CD303+ e CD141+ foram significativamente mais baixos para T2DM+GCP comparado ao grupo NG+GCP ao longo do estudo. A quantidade de P. gingivalis nas DCs estava aumentada no grupo NG+GCP no início do estudo e após 24h da RAR comparado ao controle, mas não nos grupos hiperglicêmicos. Os resultados premitiram concluir que a hiperglicemia parece afetar negativamente a presença de mDCs e pDCs no sangue periférico e a abilidade dessas células em capturar P. gingivalis. Considerando que a magnitude da expansão de mDCs em resposta a um desafio bacteriano foi semelhante, os indivíduos hiperglicêmicos permaneceram imunocomprometidos em comparação com indivíduos normoglicêmicos. / The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hyperglycemia in the disruption of dendritic cells (DCs) mediated immune homeostasis in response to an acute short-term bacteremia in subjects with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP). Sixty subjects equally divided into four groups were selected: normoglycemic healthy controls, normoglycemics with GCP (NG+GCP), pre-diabetics with GCP (PD+GCP), and type-2 diabetes mellitus with GCP (T2DM+GCP). Subjects with GCP received full-mouth scaling and root planning (SRP), which induced an acute bacteremia, while healthy controls received only a prophylaxis. All participants were examined at baseline, 24hs after SRP, 1 month, and 3 months. The frequency of CD1c+ myeloid DCs (mDCs), CD141+ mDCs, CD303+ plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and their expression of immature DC tissue homing receptor CCR6+ and secondary lymphoid organ (SLO)-homing receptor CCR7+ were analyzed by flow cytometry. The presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) mRNA within blood DCs was analyzed by real time PCR. At baseline, hyperglycemic subjects with GCP showed lower DC levels than normoglycemic subjects with or without GCP. After SRP induced bacteremia, a significant increase in CD1c+ and CD1c+CCR6+ levels was observed in all GCP groups, which returned to baseline levels after 1 month. Compared to NG+GCP, T2DM+GCP had significantly lower levels of DCs throughout the experimental periods. No significant changes were observed for CD303+, CD1c+CCR7+ and CD141+ in response to the bacteremia; CD303+ and CD141+ were significantly lower for T2DM+GCP than NG+GCP throughout the study. P. gingivalis carriage state of DCs was increased in the NG+GCP group, but not in the hyperglycemic groups. Hyperglycemia appears to negatively affect the pool of mDCs and pDCs and the ability of blood DCs to captures bacteremic P. gingivalis. Whereas the magnitude of mDCs expansion in response to a bacterial challenge was similar, hyperglycemic subjects remained immunocompromised in comparison to normoglycemic subjects.

Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus är en kronisk sjukdom som innebär att insulinbrist orsakar förhöjd blodsockerhalt i kroppen. Diabetes ökar kraftigt runt om i världen. Ökningen associeras med ökad befolkning, åldersgrupp, ändrad kost och livsstil samt ökad övervikt. Diabetes typ 2 ska främst behandlas genom att försöka minska insulinresistensen i vävnaderna. Egenvårdsbehandling är främst att försöka äta mer hälsosamt, motionera och sluta röka. Syfte: Att belysa patienters erfarenheter av information om sin egenvård vid diabetes typ 2 Metod: Arbetet är en litteraturstudie. För litteratursökningen har de vetenskapliga databaserna PubMed och Cinahl där de har hög kvalitet använts. Resultat: Hinder med informationen om egenvård kunde bero på ålder på patienten, om andra sjukdomar fanns i botten, rädslor, osäkerhet och brist på insikt. Möjligheter med informationen om egenvård var patientens vilja att lära sig mer om diabetes på djupet genom sjukvården och att ta initiativ till egen informationssökning och kunskap som gav större insikt om vikten av egenvård. Slutsats: Resultatet visar på att patienterna ser fler hinder än möjligheter kring information om egenvård. Det är viktigt att patienterna får information om egenvård men främst att patienten förstått informationen och får stöd och motivation att kunna förändra livsstilen. / Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that causes insulin deficiency to cause increased blood sugar levels in the body. Diabetes is increasing rapidly around the world. The increase is associated with increased population, age, changed diet and lifestyle, and increased overweight. Type 2 diabetes should be treated primarily by trying to reduce insulin resistance in the tissues. Self-care is mainly to try to eat healthier, exercise and stop smoking. Aim: The aim is to clarify patient’s experiences of information about their self-care in type 2 diabetes. Methods: This work is a literature study. For the literature search, the scientific databases were PubMed and Cinahl, where they have used high quality. Results: Obstacles with the information about self-care could be due to the age of the patient, if there were other diseases, fears, insecurity and lack of insight. Opportunities with the information on self-care were the patient's desire to learn more about diabetes in depth through the health care system and to take the initiative to search for information on your own and to get knowledge that provided greater insight into the importance of self-care. Conclusion: The result shows that patients see more obstacles than opportunities regarding information about self-care. It is important that patients receive information about self-care, but primarily that the patient understands the information and receives support and motivation to be able to change the lifestyle.

Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ 2 är en kronisk folksjukdom. Sjukdomen kan leda till flera komplikationer både långsiktig och kortsiktigt. För att undvika komplikationer utförs därför egenvård. Vid egenvård tar sjuksköterskan tillvara på patientens resurser och låter patienten vara så självständig som möjligt. För att minska kostnaderna för vården men även ge patienterna större frihet att leva sina liv.   Syfte: Att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av egenvård vid diabetes mellitus typ 2  Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats utifrån 12 artiklar, som analyserats med Fribergs femstegsmodell.    Resultat: Två teman presenterades i resultatet ” Social påverkan av egenvården” och ”kunskapens betydelse för egenvården”.    Slutsats: Patienters erfarenheter av egenvård visar att sociala grupper kan stötta men även skapa frustration. Kulturella och socioekonomiska tillhörigheter har en stor inverkan på egenvården. Kunskapen påverkar inställning till egenvård. Det är därför tydligt att det finns ett behov av individanpassad information. Egenvård är komplext men väldigt nödvändigt. Det finns många erfarenheter som påverkar egenvården. Dessa är baserade på patienternas och andras förståelse för egenvård och dess utmaningar.   Sökord: Diabetes mellitus typ 2, Self care, kvalitativ, patientperspektiv. / Background: Type 2 diabetes is a wide-spread chronic disease. Untreated diabetes leads to complications both long-term and short-term. Therefore, in order to avoid complications, self-care is performed, which means that the nurse takes advantage of the patients’ resources to let the patient be as independent as possible and therefore something that is desirable to maintain. This to reduce the cost of hospital care and give patients more freedom to live their lives.    Purpose: To describe patients' experiences of self-care with diabetes mellitus type 2. Method: A qualitative review of literature with inductive approach based on 12 articles, analyzed by means of using Friberg's five step model.   Result: Two repeated themes presented in the result "Social impact on selfcare" and "knowledge impact on self-care".   Conclusion: Patients experiences of selfcare are that social groups can both be supporting but also frustrating. Culture and socioeconomic status have a big impact on selfcare. Knowledge affects compliance to selfcare. There is a need for personalization of information. Self-care is a complex but highly necessary resource, there are many experience’s that affect self-care. These factors are based on others' and their own understanding of self-care and its challenges.   Keywords: Diabetes mellitus type 2, Self-care, qualitative, patients’ experience

Bakgrund: Antalet individer med diabetes mellitus typ 2 ökar i världen. Diabetes ökar risken för komplikationer som hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, njurpåverkan och synbortfall. Komplikationer relaterat till diabetes bidrar till ökade kostnader för samhället samt ett onödigt lidande för den drabbade individen. Uppkomsten av typ 2 diabetes kan dock förebyggas genom hälsosamma levnadsvanor. Sjuksköterskan kan hjälpa individen genom att ge information angående sjukdomen och hur sjukdomen kan förebyggas. Sjuksköterskor upplever dock att de har begränsade kunskaper om egenvårdsrådgivning. Syfte: Att undersöka faktorer som kan påverka patientens följsamhet till egenvård vid diabetes mellitus typ 2. Metod: En litteraturöversikt grundad på artiklar med kvantitativ ansats. Dataanalysen genomfördes med hjälp av Fribergs trestegsmodell. Artiklar insamlades in i databaserna Medline och Cinahl. Resultat: Resultatet för litteraturöversikten påvisade 28 faktorer som kan påverka följsamhet till egenvård vid diabetes mellitus typ 2. Faktorer som förekom mest gånger var ålder, utbildningsnivå, sysselsättning, kön, biokemiska markörer, vårdpersonalens kompetens, komplikationer, undervisning samt self-efficacy. Slutsats: Det finns flera faktorer som kan påverka patientens följsamhet till egenvård. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan identifierar faktorer som kan påverka patientens följsamhet till egenvård och anpassar omvårdnaden efter varje enskild individs behov. En fortsatt forskning kan vara att belysa hur en hög nivå av self-efficacy påverkar egenvårdskapaciteten. / Background: The number of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus increases in the world. Diabetes increases the risk of complications such as cardiovascular diseases, kidney effects and loss of vision. Complications related to diabetes contribute to increased costs for society and an unnecessary suffering for the affected individual. The emergence of type 2 diabetes can be prevented with healthy living habits. Nurses feel that they have limited knowledge of self-care counseling. Aim: To examine factors that may affect the patient's adherence to self-care in diabetes mellitus type 2. Method: A literature review based on articles with quantitative approach. The data analysis was performed using Friberg's three-step model. Articles were collected from Medline and Cinahl. Result:The result of the literature review showed 28 factors that affects adherence to self-care in diabetes mellitus type 2. Factors that occurred most often were age, educational level, work situation, sex, biochemical markers, caregiver’s competence, complications, teaching and self-efficacy. Conclusion: There are several factors that can affect the patient's adherence to self-care. It is important that the nurse identifies factors that can affect adherence to self-care and adjusts the care to each individual. Future research can be to examine how a high level of self-efficacy affects self-care agency.

INTRODUÇÃO: O dispositivo endoscópico temporário de exclusão duodenojejunal (DETEDJ) promove exclusão funcional do duodeno e da porção inicial do jejuno, impedindo seu contato com o quimo. Em estudos prévios, mostrou-se eficaz na perda de peso e apresentou resultados promissores no controle do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e a segurança do DETEDJ, mantido por 12 meses, na perda de peso e controle do DMT2. MÉTODOS: realizou-se estudo de coorte prospectivo, aberto, incluindo 22 pacientes com obesidade (IMC 35 kg/m²) e DMT2, candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica, os quais foram submetidos a colocação do DETEDJ, mantido por 12 meses, e com seguimento por mais 6 meses após sua retirada. RESULTADOS: o DETEDJ foi implantado com sucesso em todos os pacientes. Treze indivíduos completaram 12 meses com o dispositivo e 12 retornaram 6 meses após a retirada. Na análise por intenção de tratamento foram estudados todos os pacientes com o dispositivo implantado (n = 22). Comparando o momento inicial com a última aferição antes da retirada do dispositivo, houve redução significativa do peso (119,4 ± 23 kg vs. 102,1 ± 18,7 kg p < 0,001), do IMC (45,3 ± 7,1 kg/m2 vs. 38,7 ± 5,7 kg/m2 p < 0,001), da glicemia de jejum (179,4 ± 68,8 vs. 139 ± 58,1 mg/dL p < 0,001) e da HbA1c (8,9 ± 1,7% vs. 6,9 ± 1,2% - p < 0,001). Dezesseis pacientes apresentavam HbA1c controlada ( 7%) no momento da retirada, contra apenas um no início do estudo. Na análise por protocolo, foram estudados os 12 pacientes que completaram o seguimento de 6 meses após a retirada. A perda de peso e o controle glicêmico obtidos com o DETEDJ estavam mantidos no final do acompanhamento (peso, IMC e HbA1c p < 0,001 comparado com tempo basal; glicemia de jejum p = 0,001 comparado com tempo basal). Houve redução significativa dos níveis de triglicerídeos, colesterol, insulina e peptídeo C ao término do tratamento com o DETEDJ (análise por intenção de tratamento). CONCLUSÃO: o DETEDJ mantido por um ano é seguro e eficaz para perda de peso e controle do DMT2. O seguimento por um período de seis meses após sua retirada demonstra manutenção dos benefícios obtidos / BACKGROUND: endoscopic duodeno-jejunal bypass liner (DJBL) promotes functional exclusion of duodenum and initial jejunum, preventing mucosal contact with chyme. Previous studies have shown effective weight loss and promising results on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of DJBL, maintained for 12 months on weight loss and T2D control. METHODS: open-label, cohort, prospective study, including 22 patients with obesity (BMI 35 kg/m²) and T2D, candidates for bariatric surgery, submitted to DJBL implant maintained for 12 months, and with 6-months follow-up after removal. RESULTS: DJBL was successfully implanted in all patients. Thirteen patients completed 12 months with device and 12 returned 6 moths after removal. Intention-to-treat analysis was done including all patients with device implanted (n = 22). Comparing baseline with last observation carried forward (LOCF), there was significant reduction of weight (119,4 ± 23 kg vs. 102,1 ± 18,7 kg p < 0,001), BMI (45,3 ± 7,1 kg/m2 vs. 38,7 ± 5,7 kg/m2 p < 0,001), fasting glucose (179,4 ± 68,8 vs. 139 ± 58,1 mg/dL p < 0,001) and HbA1c (8,9 ± 1,7% vs. 6,9 ± 1,2% - p < 0,001). Sixteen patients had HbA1c controlled ( 7%) at LOCF (just one controlled at baseline). On per protocol analysis, the 12 patients who returned 6 months after device removal were considered. Weight loss and glycemic control obtained with DJBL were maintained at the end of follow-up (weight, BMI and HbA1c p < 0,001 compared with baseline; fasting glucose p= 0,001 compared with baseline). There was significant reduction of triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin and C-peptide at the LOCF (ITT analysis). CONCLUSION: DJBL maintained for one year is safe and efficient for weight loss and T2D control. Benefits are maintained 6- months after removal

Lam, Kwok Lim. / "October 2010." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-173). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.