Uppsatsen grundar sig i det dilemma brödtillverkarna ställs inför med krav på minskade tillsatser, samtidigt som konsumenten skall erbjudas säkra produkter av god kvalitet, och hållbarhet. Korv- och hamburgerbröd bakat med vete är produkter vilka i normala fall, förlorar sin färskhet snabbt. Två marknadsledande producenter (A & B) har i denna studie jämförts i avseende kring hur de angripit problematiken färskhet. Resultatet i jämförelsestudien visade att bröd gjort av surdeg till skillnad från bröd som fryses direkt efter bakning, höll längre och bibehöll sin saftighet bättre. I den kvalitetssäkring som gjordes för samma producents (A) räkning framkom att bröd innehållandes surdeg var kemiskt och mikrobiolgiskt säkert fyra dagar efter utsatt bäst-före-datum, d.v.s. dag tolv. Konsumenternas kunskap och tankar kring korv- och hamburgerbröd studerades i en enkätundersökning. Denna visade att konsumenterna känner en tveksamhet kring vad bröd faktiskt innehåller, vilket yttrar sig i rädsla och misstänksamhet för att brödet är fullproppat med konserveringsmedel, om det inte möglar på ett naturligt sätt. Detta tyder på brist på förtroende från konsument till producent, där konsumenternas känner att de inte kan kontrollera vad som tillsätts brödet och drar slutsatser därefter. De flesta respondenter känner inte heller till att bröd, med lång hållbarhet som inte möglar, nödvändigtvis inte behöver innehålla konserveringsmedel. Detta bör belysas och lyftas fram.

Bakgrund: Enligt etiska principer bör sjuksköterskan respektera patientens självbestämmanderätt och alltid sträva efter att göra nytta. Vid vård i livets slutskede kan etiskt svåra situationer uppstå när livsuppehållande vård ska begränsas eller avstås ifrån. Många parter är inblandade i beslutsprocessen, vilket kan försvåra situationen ytterligare. Syfte: Att belysa IVA-sjuksköterskans upplevelser av etiska dilemman kring livsuppehållande vård vid livets slutskede. Metod: Metoden som användes till denna studie var innehållsanalys av kvalitativa studier enligt Graneheim och Lundman (2004). Sammanlagt analyserades sex artiklar, från fyra olika länder, där IVA-sjuksköterskors upplevelser av etiska dilemman belystes genom intervjuer. Resultat: Tre olika kategorier framkom av analysen. Dessa är: (1) Moraliskt tvång, (2) Moralisk stress och (3) Brist på inflytande. Det framkom att i många situationer vid vård i livets slutskede tar sig sjuksköterskan an rollen som patientföreträdare trots att sjuksköterskan kanske inte delar patientens åsikter, vilket kan leda till att sjuksköterskan upplever moralisk stress. IVA-sjuksköterskorna upplevde även, trots erfarenhet och kunskap, en brist på inflytande och deltagande i beslutsprocessen angående begränsning av livsuppehållande vård. Slutsats: Etiskt svåra situationer kring livsuppehållande vård ger upphov till blandade känslor och upplevelser som frustration, ilska och sorg hos IVA-sjuksköterskan.

The ability to make sound decisions when faced with ethical dilemmas lies at the heart of being a professional accountant. Yet many of the recent corporate reporting disasters demonstrate that, despite being over a century old, the accounting profession has yet to find a way of dealing effectively with ethics. This is reflected in the ethical training of accountants which tends to follow a rules-based approach to instruction, thereby producing accountants who are often criticized for being rules-followers at a time when many are calling for a more principles-based approach. Within a qualitative framework, the study explored the difficulties trainee accountants confront in constructing a decision-making process whilst seeking to maintain the stance expected of them by, inter alia, professional codes. This is in contrast to mainstream, mainly positivist, research efforts which measure those factors influencing accountants? and accounting trainees? decision-making. Rule-following and deference to one?s profession is regarded as symptomatic of low-level ethical awareness and impedes ethical development (Harris and Brown 1990). The study will therefore be of interest to educators and the profession alike, both of whom seek to have graduates enter the profession with high-level ethical awareness. This study adopts a social constructivist and interpretive research approach informed by structuration theory and uses vignettes to explore accounting trainees? decision-making processes. Semi-structured interviews were held with 12 BA (Honours) Accounting students in their final year of study. Field notes and participant feedback augmented interview data. Thematic analysis, coding and categorization applied through template analysis was used to explore both students? decision-making inclinations and the structural elements reported as impacting on decisions at a particular point in time. A cross-case comparison showed that, contrary to much of the literature, students adopted a principles-based approach to decision-making. This finding, in itself, may have far-reaching implications for the way in which ethics is taught, whether by business schools or by in-house organizational programmes.

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This thesis consists of three essays. In Precautionary Saving under Correlated Risk, I show that the sign of the correlation between the random variables might determine whether saving increases or decreases when risk is introduced. Precautionary saving is thus not confirmed. In the second part of this chapter, the consumer must also allocate her saving between an insurance and an interest-bearing asset. It is shown that switching the sign of correlation changes the optimal insurance ratio and probably also optimal saving. Saving and Portfolio Choice by Mutually Altruistic Consumers treats the effects of mutual altruism between two individuals. Compared to the Utilitarian social optimum there is, on the one hand, a tendency to higher saving and lower risk share resulting from the higher uncertainty of future income in the Nash equilibrium. On the other hand, there is a tendency to lower saving and higher risk share arising from the possibility of a free ride on the generosity of others, named "Samaritan's Dilemma". Analytically, it was not possible to determine the size or the direction of divergences in the choice variables. Numerical examples show that the effect of the Samaritan's Dilemma outweighs the effect of the greater uncertainty of future income in the Nash equilibrium. However, the divergence in saving between the two solutions is rather small. In the literature, uncertain lifetime has been used to explain both unexpectedly low and unexpectedly high saving by the elderly. In The Effect of Uncertain Lifetime on the Saving of the Elderly, risk is introduced into the remaining lifetime and the consequences of a background risk are investigated. Introducing uncertain lifetime into the certainty model results in a slower decumulation of wealth from the date of retirement. On the contrary, introducing uncertain lifetime into a model with uncertain investment income results in a swifter decumulation and an earlier depletion of wealth.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att ringa in hur vi kommunicerar för att hantera det ideologiska dilemmat mellan föreställningen om en livslång partner och utbytbarhet. Hur riktar vi retorisk kraft åt den normativa tvåsamheten trots att separationer, skilsmässor och byte av partner är mycket vanligt? Med en diskursanalytisk metod har diskursiva strategier uttolkats. Urvalet av intervjuer med kvinnor, livsstilsmagasin för kvinnor och nätdejtingsajter, samt tidigare forskning har pekat på övergripande tendenser av hur globaliseringens bidragande effekt på parförhållandet samt hur media deltar i ett skapande av ideala romantiska föreställningar. Detta och det egna ansvaret för individualisering ställs mot tidigare traditioner och normer om tvåsamheten. Resultatet av diskursiva strategier presenteras i under dessa teman: Frihet, identitet & den självklara tvåsamheten, Fel anledning & attityd, Följ experternas tips och varningar, Komplettera varandra på rätt sätt, Känslan på ett annat sätt, De romantiska bevisen

Beginning with a discussion of a concept referred to as “The Artist’s Dilemma,” my thesis discusses the common criticism of artists in the music industry that they can “sell out” by changing their sound, appearance, and jeopardizing their artistic integrity in exchange for financial or celebrity gain. Furthermore, it attempts to search for a universal guide by which artists in the music industry could circumnavigate this “artist’s dilemma” in order to ensure a meaningful career without over-playing their role as a celebrity, nor under-playing their role as a musician. In order to evaluate this topic, I consider multiple “real world” examples of both artists who have been traditionally labeled as “sellouts,” and those that have managed to maintain artistic integrity throughout their career. Next I move to acknowledging philosophical perspectives on the topic of well-being (e.g. Hedonistic, Desire-Satisfaction, and Objective List theories) in attempts to gain outside perspectives on what constitutes a meaningful life for an individual, and how it can be achieved. Then I attempt to evaluate the “artist’s dilemma” through the lens of each previously mentioned philosophical perspective on well-being. My thesis concludes that, more often than not, “selling out” in the music industry will not result in an increase to overall well-being across the course of a career or lifetime. However, this conclusion is provided under the stipulation that determinations on this matter are ultimately subject to preferences and desires of the individual artist, and by which of the three philosophical perspectives of well-being they find themselves most compelled.

人們如何在重覆的囚犯困境賽局選擇策略是本文探討的議題，其中的賽局學習理論就是預測賽局的參與者(player)會選擇何種策略。本文使用的資料包括3個囚犯困境的實驗，各自有不同的實驗設定及配對程序，參加者都是政治大學的大學部學生，我們將使用這些資料比較不同的學習模型。除了常見的3個學習模型：增強學習模型(Reinforcement Learning model)、信念學習模型(Belief Learning model)及加權經驗吸引模型(Experience-Weighted Attraction model)，本文也提出一個延伸的增強學習模型(Extended reinforcement learning model)。接著將分析劃為Training (in-sample)及Testing (out-sample)，並比較各實驗間或模型間的結果。 　　雖然延伸增強學習模型(Extended reinforcement learning model)較原始的增強學習模型(Reinforcement learning model)多了一個參數，該模型(Extended reinforcement learning model)在Training(in-sample)及Testing(out-sample)表現多較之前的模型來得些許的好。 / How people choose strategies in a finite repeated prisoners’ dilemma game is of interest in Game Theory. The way to predict which strategies the people choose in a game is so-called game learning theory. The objective of this study is to find a proper learning model for the prisoners’ dilemma game data collected in National Cheng-Chi University. The game data consist of three experiments with different game and matching rules. Four learning models are considered, including Reinforcement learning model, Belief learning model, Experience Weighted Attraction learning model and a proposed model modified from reinforcement learning model. The data analysis was divided into 2 parts: training (in-sample) and testing (out-sample). The proposed learning model is slightly better than the original reinforcement learning model no matter when in training or testing prediction although one more parameter is added. The performances of prediction by model fitting are all better than guessing the decisions with equal chance.

This thesis explores the notion of identity dilemma and its visualisation in the context of New Zealand Chinese immigration. It focuses on interpreting and visualising New Zealand Chinese immigrants’ thoughts and feelings and their struggle to adapt to the environment as well as their ambivalent negotiation to balance their in-between identity of being a New Zealander (Westerner) and Chinese. It is a practice-based project and is presented by means of photography, with illustration as the supporting medium. The predicament of identity is explored through interviewing members of the New Zealand Chinese community. A semi-constructed interview is designed and introduced to canvass 20 Chinese participants’ opinions of their cultural beliefs and sense of belonging in a Western society. The data is collected and analysed to investigate the informants’ thoughts and feelings in their daily routine in a multicultural community. I, as an art and design practitioner, visually interpret and transcend my opinion of identity dilemma of Chinese immigrants into my practical works. The participants’ thoughts and feelings are transferred into my artwork through creating patterns of visual elements. Employing a heuristic visual research method, my explorative work attempts to transfer social research findings of the idea of identity dilemma into my artwork for initiating contemporary visual discourse.