Over the last decade, a confluence of strategic and security concerns has threatened the European Union’s survival both within and beyond its political dimension. As a result, security and defence have risen to the top of the EU’s political agenda, culminating in the approval of the EU Global Strategy (EUGS) in 2016. The EUGS represented a watershed moment in the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy: the EU agreed on ambitious levels of security and defence. The new policy is based on supporting capacity building among member states through instruments such as PESCO. Nonetheless, these instruments have caused variations in patterns of member state behaviour that have enhanced defense integration. This research aims to understand what was the PESCO institutional effect on Member States' preferences and how it has affected the European security and defense goals. The research highlights the role of European agencies and how they contributed to solve collective action problem through a ‘forum effect' on participants, using pro-actively the task of assessing co-operative projects proposals. As a result, PESCO’s institutional effect led to cooperative outcomes between nations that allowed them to overcome coordination dilemmas, namely uncertainty about the willingness to contribute to a common project, which is typical of defense cooperation. Here, we used Rational Choice Institutionalism theory to investigate the PESCO project structure and its interaction with the European Defence policy. Cooperation between participating member states is presented within a cooperative game action, as part of a theoretical approach to game theory. It explains formally how PESCO entails elements to overcome collective action problem among participating member states, while emphasising the institutional design that promoted the European interests, and how this has led to more Europeanised security and defence. Findings are interpreted under the Differentiated integration concept.

Self-control denotes the ability to override current desires to render behavior consistent with long-term goals. A key assumption is that self-control is required when short-term desires are transiently stronger (more preferred) than long-term goals and people would yield to temptation without exerting self-control. We argue that this widely shared conception of self-control raises a fundamental yet rarely discussed conceptual paradox: How is it possible that a person most strongly desires to perform a behavior (e.g., eat chocolate) and at the same time desires to recruit self-control to prevent themselves from doing it? A detailed analysis reveals that three common assumptions about self-control cannot be true simultaneously. To avoid the paradox, any coherent theory of self-control must abandon either the assumption (a) that recruitment of self-control is an intentional process, or (b) that humans are unitary agents, or (c) that self-control consists in overriding the currently strongest desire. We propose a taxonomy of different kinds of self-control processes that helps organize current theories according to which of these assumptions they abandon. We conclude by outlining unresolved questions and future research perspectives raised by different conceptions of self-control and discuss implications for the question of whether self-control can be considered rational.

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Nous rapportons une analyse des 1045 écrits narratifs produits sur une période de 16 ans par des étudiants de troisième année de médecine, dans le cadre d’un atelier sur l’éthique et le professionnalisme. À l’occasion de chaque stage de chirurgie effectué dans un des centres hospitaliers affiliés au département de chirurgie de l’Université de Montréal, les étudiants devaient identifier les enjeux éthiques ou de professionnalisme, rencontrés durant le stage. Par la suite, ils devaient dans un essai en raconter la nature et aussi discuter de leur accord avec les décisions prises par les supérieurs dans le cas de l’éthique clinique ou dans le cas de professionnalisme émettre une opinion sur les attitudes et comportements observés chez les cliniciens ou des résidents. Nous avons constaté que le questionnement des étudiants était majoritairement dirigé sur les problèmes de professionnalisme. La communication avec les patients et leurs familles, l’annonce de mauvaises nouvelles, l’obtention d’un consentement, la révélation de la vérité ou d’une erreur médicale et les relations avec les collègues représentaient la majorité des dilemmes rapportés par les étudiants dans leurs narratifs. Nous avons pu comprendre, à la lecture des écrits, les préoccupations éthiques de nos étudiants et les bases de leur raisonnement moral. Nous avons découvert la nature du curriculum caché dans notre milieu hospitalier et les rôles modèles que jouaient auprès des étudiants nos cliniciens et des résidents. Nous avons fait la comparaison avec la littérature existante sur le sujet. Ce travail a permis de valider l’efficacité de la stratégie pédagogique adoptée pour initier les étudiants à l’approche narrative en éthique et pour produire des narratifs signifiants et de qualité. Notre étude se distingue par la longueur de l’observation et le nombre élevé de narratifs analysés. Nous pouvons donc à partir de notre expérience suggérer des recommandations pour la formation et la recherche. Développer une compétence narrative chez les étudiants dès le début de la formation en médecine serait un avantage pour une pratique humaniste et participerait à la construction de l’identité professionnelle. / This is an analysis of 1045 narrative writings produced by third-year medical students over a 16- year period as part of a workshop on ethics and professionalism held during each surgical internship completed in a hospital affiliated with the Department of Surgery at the Université de Montréal. The students were asked to identify an ethical or professionalism issue they encountered during their rotation in surgery, and then to recount this, followed by comments on the ethical rationale for the decisions taken in the actual case. They were also asked to discuss their agreement with decisions made by superiors in the case of clinical ethics or professionalism dilemmas, and the attitudes and behavior observed among clinicians or residents. The analysis indicates that most of the students’ questioning focused on issues of professionalism. Communication with patients and their families, giving bad news, obtaining consent, revealing the truth or a medical error, and relationship with colleagues represented most dilemmas reported by students in their narratives. In reading the narratives, I was able to identify our students’ ethical concerns and the basis of their moral reasoning. I discovered the nature of the hidden curriculum in our institution and the role models our clinicians and residents played for the students. I further reviewed the literature for a comparison with my own observations. This work validated the effectiveness of the pedagogical strategy adopted to introduce students to the narrative approach to ethics and to produce meaningful, high-quality narratives. This study stands out for the length of the observation and the high number of narratives analyzed. Based on this experience, I can therefore suggest recommendations for training and research. Developing narrative skills in students right from the start of their medical training would be an advantage for humanist practice and would help build their professional identity.

A critical evaluation of the National Curriculum Statement (NCS) was undertaken to uncover strategies for infusing values across the curricula – values that may facilitate the development of spiritual intelligence (SQ) in adolescents. A literature study was conducted to determine whether SQ may be harnessed to cultivate values within an educational context. In addition, moral and spiritual development in adolescence was explored and a case made for values-education. An empirical investigation was undertaken using both a qualitative research design and semi-structured interviews. A purposive sample was used comprising 14 education specialists, principals and Life Orientation teachers from six secondary schools in Gauteng and Mpumalanga provinces. The most important finding was the fact that values-education in the NCS was problematic. The conclusion was thus drawn that teachers should be trained to incorporate values within curriculum activities − values that could engender SQ and, thus, address the moral dilemmas in our schools. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

教廷與中華民國之外交關係 （一九四二年至二○一二年）: 歷史、挑戰與前景 / Diplomatic relations between the Republic of China (ROC) and the Holy See were established in 1942. However, after a devastating civil war, the Chinese Communists gained control of Mainland China in 1949 and established the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing. As a consequence, the Nationalist government of the ROC was forced to move from Nanking to Taipei, Taiwan. The Papal representative continued to remain at his post but the Communist government expelled him in 1951. In the following year, the Holy See decided to relocate its Apostolic Nunciature to Taipei and maintain its ties with the ROC. The tensions in the Strait between the two Chinese governments have put the Sino-Vatican relations to several tests. Indeed, the Vatican desires to normalize its relations with the PRC but is also confronted with two major issues imposed by Beijing which requests the direction of the Catholic Church in China and the end of the Holy See’s recognition of Taipei. It would strike a serious blow to Taipei if the Supreme government of the Catholic Church decides to break off diplomatic relations. It will also create a fragile position for Taiwan on the international diplomatic stage since the Holy See, at present, is the only European ally to officially recognize the ROC government. The relations of the Holy See with Taiwan are characterized by a mutually productive and cooperative partnership, especially in the promotion of human rights, culture, world peace and advocacy of religious freedom and alleviation of global poverty. This thesis aims to clarify the triangular situation between the Vatican, the ROC and the PRC and to show the challenges as well as the dilemmas the Holy See is confronted with in order to normalize its relations with China. First, this study explains the international status of the Holy See and its specific mission. Then, through a diachronic analysis, this thesis traces the evolution of Sino-Vatican relations to later on identify the difficulties the Holy See has to face across the Taiwan Strait. Then, it will analyze the efforts of Pope Benedict XVI to initiate a rapprochement with China and all the issues that have to be solved before negotiating any diplomatic ties. Based on this analysis, this thesis will show that the PRC and the Holy See are still at a stalemate and that the Vatican won’t move its Nunciature from Taipei in the foreseeable future.

This thesis discusses the issues of public guardianship in the current practical and legal context. It deals with human rights, the question of the limitation of incapacitation, and the conditions that must be met. I present here, what the different types of guardians are, or what are the rights and obligations of a guardian. I think about the ethical issues in conjunction with guardianship, that relate to human dignity and freedom. In conclusion, through talks I'm trying to look into practice of public guardianship and determine what problems the public guardians deal with.

This diploma thesis deals with the reflection of aspects and factors in social work within the agenda of benefits in material distress, affecting the human rights of clients of social workers of HN at CoP LO. The scope of ordinary social workers of HN at CoP LO on the agenda of benefits in material distressis the processing of applications, providing advice and appropriate services, which affect both legislative, ethical and other documents of the organization, as well as the role of social workers in their work representing their competence, attitudes and values that imply to intervention with clients. Other aspects and factors that have a relevant impact on the human rights of clientsare the cooperation with other entities active in the environment and working conditions of social workers. Research of the thesis was through quantitative methods in the form of semi-standardized interview focused on mapping and factors that affect the implementation of the rights of clients. Questions have been targeted on subjective perceptions and opinions of the respondents in the area of benefits in material distress in Ceske Budejovice, regarding examined aspectsand factors that I have outlined above. The result of my thesis is the finding that the fulfilment of the rights of clients is negatively affected by the high administrative participation rates of social workers, which subsequently affects the individual approach, roles, competencies, values of social workers, and in cooperation with other agencies and organizations that are important to the saturation ofclients' needs. Officers of benefits of benefits in material distress from the position of the first-line workers do not have sufficient powers in defending the rights of their clients. It has been appealed to social workers to have been properly compiled their administrative formalities. The consequence of this administrative burden is the sideline of the individual of intervention with clients with the aim of saturation of their needs.

The thesis aims to introduce several case studies, where the field social workers face ethical dilemmas, which this kind of work with mentally ill people brings. The task of this work is within a several cases describe and summarize the resulting dilemmas, to which there are applied two ethical theories. These theories are deontology and utilitarism. The work is divided into five chapters in which I describe among other things a mental illness, a social work, a field social work with mentally ill people and its specifics. Other chapters are devoted to ethics and ethical aspects of a social work, a field social work and dilemmas, which social workers have to face in the selected institution. The individual dilemmas are presented in detailed case histories, which are a kind of the guide to the resulting dilemmas. In the conclusion, there is a final analysis of dilemmas using ethical theories.

This master's thesis is focused on negative effects of sects on one's life and on ways a social worker can help with this. The thesis accents profession ethics of social workers. The thesis explains the term sect and problems surrounding its use. Using professional literature, it describes how a social worker should proceed when working with former sect or new religion members.