Bakgrund: Studien har genomförts för att undersöka och analysera förvärvsupplysningars användbarhet i årsredovisningar respektive integrerade rapporter från och med år 2013 till och med år 2016. Tidigare studier undersöker integrerade rapporters beslutsanvändbarhet utifrån ett investerarperspektiv, vilket kopplas till reaktioner i bolagens aktiepris ochaktieavkastning. Syfte: Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka skillnader i hur väl integrerade rapporter respektive årsredovisningar från noterade europeiska bolag, fungerar som beslutsunderlag för investerare i bolag som genomfört förvärv. Därtill är syftet att undersöka och analysera i vilken utsträckning integrerade rapporter är mer beslutsanvändbara än traditionella årsredovisningar. Genomförande: Studien utgår från en kvantitativ ansats där vi mäter hur aktiepris och aktieavkastning reagerar på årsrapporternas innehåll av förvärvsupplysningar. Detta föregås av innehållsanalyser av årsrapporterna vilka slutligen inkluderas i våra regressionsanalyser för besvarande av syftet. Resultat: Utifrån innehållsanalysen är integrerade rapporter generellt bättre på att ge beslutsanvändbara förvärvsupplysningar. Detta återspeglas i en större reaktion på de förvärvande bolagens aktiepris. Gällande aktieavkastningen uteblir reaktionen både för integrerade rapporter och traditionella årsredovisningar. Rörande upplysningar om goodwill reagerar aktiepriset för både integrerade rapporter och årsredovisningar, medan reaktioneni aktieavkastning uteblir. / Background: This study has been conducted to investigate possible differences in how integrated reports and traditional annual reports provide information about acquisitions for European listed companies from 2013 to 2016. Previous studies on integrated reporting have mainly focused on investigating whether these reports serve as a base for decision-usefulness for investors and how reporting companies' stock returns are subsequently improved after the issuance of annual reports as integrated reports, where results have varied. Aim: The purpose of our study is to investigate differences in how well integrated reports and annual reports from listed European companies serve as a basis for investors in companies that have completed acquisitions. In addition, the purpose is to investigate and analyse the extent to which integrated reports are more decision-useful than traditional annual reports. Completion: The study is based on a quantitative approach where we measure how stock price and return on equity react to acquisition information in annual reports. This is preceded by a content analysis of the annual reports, which is ultimately included in our regression analysis. Results: We find that integrated reports are generally better in acquisition disclosures than traditional annual reports. Furthermore, we find that stock prices of companies with integrated reports receive a more significant reaction in response to the disclosure of acquisition information than traditional annual reports. Such significance does not exist for the stock returns of both types of reporting companies. Lastly, we find that share prices of both types of reporting companies significantly respond to goodwill and intangible assets disclosures.

Over the past decades, major changes have been noticed in annual reports. For instance, annual reports have become more comprehensive. Today, corporations can partly decide what to include in their annual reports. This is called voluntary disclosures. Furthermore, corporations chose to disclose pictures, narratives and other graphics material in their voluntary disclosures. This, to give an image of the corporation. Moreover, voluntary disclosures could impact shareholders’ trust towards corporations. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate whether shareholders trust is affected by the voluntary disclosures in annual reports.    The purpose of this study is therefore to examine in what way shareholders have increase trust in corporations based on the voluntary disclosures, including marketing aspects, that corporations publish in their annual reports. Furthermore, corporations view of the voluntary disclosures in their annual reports connected to shareholders trust are also examined.   This study was conducted with a qualitative research method. The empirical findings were collected through semi-structured interviews with both shareholders and listed corporations in Sweden. During these interviews, both shareholders and corporations answered questions regarding their view of the annual report, its voluntary disclosures and trust.   After completing this study, the authors identified parts of the voluntary disclosures that shareholders consider more interesting in trust purposes. For instance, more information about the CEO and managers increase trust among shareholders. Moreover, all shareholders emphasized that transparency and honesty were two factors that have a positive effect on trust. This is something the corporations showed awareness of. They disclose succinct and informativevoluntary disclosures rather than increasingly comprehensive. / Under de senaste årtionden har stora förändringar i årsredovisningen skett. Ett exempel är att de ökat i omfattning. Företag har idag delvis frihet att själva bestämma vad som ska ingå i deras årsredovisning. Denna del kallas för den frivilliga informationen. Vidare kan företag med hjälp av bland annat bilder, berättande text och annat grafiskt material måla upp en bild av sig själva. Detta är något som kan ha en påverkan på aktieägarnas upplevda tillit gentemot företagen. Därför är det av intresse att studera huruvida aktieägarnas tillit påverkas av den frivilliga informationen i årsredovisningar.   Syftet med studien är således att undersöka hur aktieägares tillit påverkas av ökad frivillig information som företag väljer att publicera i sina årsredovisningar. Studien kommer även att undersöka om marknadsföringsaspekter i årsredovisningar ökar aktieägarnas tillit. Vidare kommer det även undersökas hur företag ser på den frivilliga informationen och marknadsföringsaspekterna i deras årsredovisningar som ett sätt att öka aktieägarnas tillit.    Denna studie genomfördes med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Därmed samlades studiens empiri in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med både aktieägare och svenska börsnoterade företag. Under dessa intervjuer fick både aktieägarna och företagen svara på frågor gällande deras syn på årsredovisningen, dess frivilliga information och tillit.   Efter genomförd studie har författarna identifierat delar i den frivilliga informationen som anses vara mer intressant i tillitssyfte. Ett exempel är att ökad information från VD:n skulle öka tilliten hos aktieägarna. Vidare pratade samtliga aktieägare om att transparens och ärlighet är två faktorer som påverkar tilliten positivt. Detta behöver inte innebära mer information utan det kan även betyda att det ska vara kvalité på den information som företagen publicerar i deras årsredovisningar. Detta är någonting som företagen även identifierat och satsar därför på att publicera kortfattad och informativ frivillig information i sina årsredovisningar.

The purpose of this study was to determine the informational value of FASB Statement No. 33 current cost disclosures using the analytical technique of industry-wide decomposition analysis. The industry-wide decomposition model was used to measure the informational content of both the historical cost balance sheets (reported in the firm's annual reports) and the current cost balance sheets (prepared from the current cost disclosures) of firms in the Electric Services and Retailers industries. The two measures were then compared to determine the informational value of FASB Statement No. 33 current cost disclosures.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O processo de convergÃncia das normas de Contabilidade aplicadas ao setor pÃblico, no Brasil, tem a finalidade de, alÃm de reduzir as diferenÃas entre as prÃticas contÃbeis adotadas pelos entes da FederaÃÃo - UniÃo, estados, Distrito Federal e municÃpios - reconhecer os fatos contÃbeis com base nas variaÃÃes ocorridas no patrimÃnio, relegado, atà entÃo, em virtude do enfoque orÃamentÃrio, adotado pela interpretaÃÃo equivocada da Lei n 4.320/64, proporcionando maior transparÃncia aos demonstrativos contÃbeis. Deste modo, objetivou-se analisar o nÃvel de evidenciaÃÃo das demonstraÃÃes contÃbeis dos entes da FederaÃÃo brasileira, sob a Ãptica do processo de convergÃncia das normas de Contabilidade aplicadas ao setor pÃblico. Para tanto, foi elaborada mÃtrica, com base nas recomendaÃÃes de evidenciaÃÃo contidas nas NBCASP e nos MCASP, a fim de identificar o nÃvel de evidenciaÃÃo das demonstraÃÃes contÃbeis, referentes aos exercÃcios de 2009 e 2010, dos entes pÃblicos, considerando, na pesquisa, a UniÃo, os 26 estados e o Distrito Federal. Na anÃlise dos dados, foram utilizados a AnÃlise de ConteÃdo, a estatÃstica descritiva e os testes de diferenÃas entre mÃdias. Constatou-se que as pontuaÃÃes mais altas, nos exercÃcios de 2009 e 2010, foram obtidas pela UniÃo e pelo Estado de Santa Catarina, e ainda, que houve aumento, tanto na maior pontuaÃÃo obtida em 2010 (32), se comparada a 2009 (29), como na mÃdia das pontuaÃÃes dos entes da FederaÃÃo em 2010 (19,65), em relaÃÃo ao ano de 2009 (19,0). Entretanto, a quantidade de entes (8) que nÃo divulgou nenhuma informaÃÃo, em 2010, foi maior que em 2009 (5). Quanto à existÃncia de relaÃÃo entre o nÃvel de evidenciaÃÃo das demonstraÃÃes contÃbeis dos entes da FederaÃÃo brasileira e determinadas caracterÃsticas econÃmicas e demogrÃfica desses entes, verificou-se, por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, nos exercÃcios analisados, que, para os grupos estudados, nÃo hà diferenÃas significantes, estatisticamente, entre as mÃdias dos nÃveis de evidenciaÃÃo das demonstraÃÃes contÃbeis. Por fim, conclui-se que o nÃvel de evidenciaÃÃo das demonstraÃÃes contÃbeis dos entes da FederaÃÃo brasileira à baixo, uma vez que, em mÃdia, os entes, nos exercÃcios analisados, evidenciaram, somente, 19 (37%) das 51 categorias de anÃlise, definidas na mÃtrica elaborada para tal finalidade. / The convergence of accounting standards applied to the public sector in Brazil is intended to reduce the differences between the accounting practices adopted by members of the Federation - Union Federal, States, Federal District and Municipalities - and recognize the facts based on variations occurring in equity, until then relegated, because of the budget approach, adopted by the misinterpretation of Law n 4.320/64, providing greater transparency to the financial statements. Thus, the objective was to analyze the level of disclosure of the financial statements of the entities of the Brazilian Federation, from the perspective of convergence of accounting standards applied to public sector. To this end, was prepared metric based on the recommendations contained in the disclosure of NBCASP and MCASP in order to identify the level of disclosure of financial statements for the years 2009 and 2010, of the public entities, whereas, in the research, the Union, the 26 states and Federal District. For data analysis, were used the Content Analysis, descriptive statistics and tests of differences between means. It was found that the highest scores in 2009 and 2010 were obtained by the Union and the State of Santa Catarina, and yet, there was an increase in both the highest score obtained in 2010 (32), if compared to 2009 (29), as the average of the scores of the entities of the Federation in 2010 (19.65), compared to 2009 (19.0). However, the number of entities (8) which did not disclose any information in 2010 was higher than in 2009 (5). The existence of a relationship between the level of disclosure of financial statements of the entities of the Federation Brazilian and certain economic and demographic these ones, it was found by means of Kruskal-Wallis test, in the years analyzed, that for the groups, there significant differences statistically between the mean levels of disclosure of financial statements of the entities analyzed. Finally, was concluded that the level of disclosure of financial statements of the Federation of Brazilian is low, since, on average, entities in the years analyzed, showed only 19 (37%) of 51 categories of analysis, defined in the metric developed for this purpose.

Bakgrund: En ny standard, IFRS 15 - Intäkter från avtal med kunder, implementerades nyligenför intäktsredovisning som medfört utökade upplysningskrav. Syftet med upplysningskraven äratt fastställa de principer som ett företag ska tillämpa för att redovisa användbar informationom intäkternas karaktär, belopp och tidpunkt samt osäkerhet som härrör från avtal med kunder.Tidigare studier visar på att det finns skillnader i redovisningen förekommer mellan länder somtillhör olika traditioner och därav är redovisningen inte harmoniserad. Traditionerna utgörs avden anglosaxiska och kontinentaleuropeiska och skiljer sig redovisningsmässigt utifrån landetsinstitutionella faktorer. Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen var att fastställa i vilken grad som Storbritannien och Sverigeuppfyller de utökade upplysningskrav som IFRS 15 - Intäkter från avtal med kunder harmedfört, för att förstå om det finns några skillnader i uppfyllnadsgrad mellan länderna. Metod: Undersökningen genomfördes med en kvantitativ metod i form av innehållsanalyserutifrån deskriptiv statistik och ett z-test. Undersökningens population bestod av börsnoteradeföretag i Sverige och Storbritannien. Urvalet utsågs genom fem stratifierade kritiker fråndatabasen Orbis. Slutsats: Undersökningen har resulterat i att både Sverige och Storbritannien har en bristandeuppfyllnadsgrad vad gäller IFRS 15’s upplysningskrav. Undersökningen har även visat att detfinns skillnader mellan länderna för tre av fem undersökningsvariabler, avseende tidpunkt,osäkerhet och segment. / Background: A new standard regarding revenue recognition, IFRS 15 - Revenue fromContracts with Customers, has recently been implemented with extended disclosurerequirements. The purpose with the disclosure requirements is to establish the principles acompany must apply to report useful information about the nature, amount and time of revenueas well as uncertainty arising from contracts with customers. Previous studies show thatdifferences in accounting occurs between countries that belong to different traditions andtherefore the accounting is not harmonized. The traditions consist of Anglo-Saxon andContinental European and differs in accounting based on the country’s institutional factors. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to determine the extent to which the UnitedKingdom and Sweden meet the extended disclosure requirements that IFRS 15 - Revenue fromContracts with Customers has entailed, to understand if there are any differences in the degreeof fulfillment between the countries. Method: The thesis was conducted with a quantitative method using content analysis based ondescriptive statistics and a z-test. The population of the thesis was listed companies in Swedenand the United Kingdom. The sample was selected by five stratified critics from the Orbis database. Conclusion: The thesis has resulted in both Sweden and the United Kingdom have a lack ofcompliance with IFRS 15’s disclosure requirements. The thesis has also shown that there aredifferences between the countries for three out of five variables, regarding time, uncertainty,and segments.

This master’s thesis discusses the accounting of securities and financial derivatives in accordance with the Czech accounting legislation and the International Financial Reporting Standards. The goal is to suggest the methodology based on the performed analysis of differencies between the both accounting systems. The parts of the master’s thesis are the processing of the theoretical data, the analysis of differencies and their application to the case studies with the assessment of their influence on the basic indicators of the financial analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine whether the prioritization of subject-specific disclosures in Swedish companies' sustainability reports, which report in accordance with GRI Standards, is in line with previous research where GRI standards have been investigated. Theory: The theoretical frame of reference for the study is formed around legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory. Sustainability reporting is a part of the legitimacy-creating activities that are relevant to the explicit as well as implicit demands on companies in society, and companies in similar industries may tend to imitate or resembleeach other by isomorphism. Method: A quantitative research method is used and together with a content analysis meansto study how sector affiliation affects the prioritization of subject-specific disclosures. The priority measurements used in the study are the topic areas Economy, Environment and Social, which are measured through companies’ materiality analysis and GRI-index. The final sample for the study consists of all companies that reported sustainability in accordance with GRI Standards in 2019 in Sweden after sample-loss, which resulted in a total of 72 companiesand 20 sectors. Collection of empirical data has been produced using the GRI Sustainability Disclosure Database. Conclusion: The empirical results indicate a connection between sector affiliation and companies' choice of subject-specific disclosures in Sweden, where at least one of three disclosures must be prioritized for the sustainability report to be prepared in accordance with GRI Standards. The GRI Standards GRI-index and materiality analysis clarify which subjectarea is prioritized. The study shows that the sector division Financial services prioritizes economic sustainability, Transport, communication and services prioritizes social sustainability and the remaining sector divisions prioritize environmental sustainability. The results are largely in line with previous research that examined GRI standards, where similar results regarding this connection have been demonstrated. / Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka huruvida prioriteringen av ämnesspecifika upplysningar i svenska företags hållbarhetsrapporter, som rapporterar i enlighet med GRI Standards, är i fas med tidigare forskning där GRI-standarder undersökts. Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen för studien formas kring legitimitetsteorin, intressentteorin och institutionell teori. Hållbarhetsrapportering är en del av de legitimitetsskapande aktiviteter som är relevanta för de explicita såväl som implicita kraven som finns på företag i samhället, samt att företag inom likartade sektorer kan tendera att härma eller likna varandra genom olika typer av isomorfism.  Metod: En kvantitativ forskningsmetod används för att med en innehållsanalys undersöka hur sektortillhörighet påverkar prioritering av ämnesspecifika upplysningar i företags hållbarhetsrapporter. För att mäta prioritering i denna studie används ämnesområdena Ekonomi, Miljö, och Social, vilka kvantifieras genom företagens väsentlighetsanalys samt GRI-index. Det slutliga urvalet för studien utgörs av alla företag som hållbarhetsrapporterade i enlighet med GRI Standards år 2019 i Sverige efter bortfall, vilket resulterade i totalt 72 företag och 20 sektorer. Insamling av empiri är framtaget med hjälp av databasen GRI Sustainability Disclosure Database.  Slutsats: Det empiriska resultatet tyder på ett samband mellan sektortillhörighet och företagens val av ämnesspecifika upplysningar i Sverige, där minst en av tre upplysningar måste prioriteras för att hållbarhetsrapporten ska vara upprättad i enlighet med GRI Standards. Genom GRI Standards GRI-index och väsentlighetsanalys tydliggörs vilket ämnesområde som prioriteras. Studien visar att sektorindelningen Finansiella tjänster prioriterar ekonomisk hållbarhet, Transport, kommunikation och tjänster prioriterar social hållbarhet och resterande sektorindelningar prioriterar miljömässig hållbarhet. Resultatet är till större del i fas med tidigare forskning som undersökt GRI-standarder, där liknande resultat gällande detta samband påvisats.

Syfte: ESG-betyg utgör det huvudsakliga underlaget för beslut om hållbara investeringar. För en effektiv kapitalallokering krävs därför att betygen återspeglar företags faktiska hållbarhetsprestationer. Betygen har dock visats vara missvisande då den bakomliggande hållbarhetsrapporteringen påverkas av ett antal olika faktorer, däribland företags institutionella miljö, vilket kan hänföras till en strävan efter att uppfattas som legitima av samhälle och intressenter. Denna studie avser att kartlägga samband mellan institutionell miljö och den miljömässiga dimensionen (E) av ESG-betyg. För att testa sambandet prövas huruvida detta har en praktisk motsvarighet i form av mängden växthusgasutsläpp.    Metod: Studien har en positivistisk vetenskapsteoretisk utgångspunkt med en deduktiv ansats och är av kvantitativ natur. Genom en longitudinell design har data från 1969 företag under fem år analyserats. Studiens empiriska data är inhämtad från databasen Refinitiv Eikon och har analyserats i statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS, främst genom linjära regressioner.   Resultat & slutsats: Positiva samband mellan ekonomisk utvecklingsgrad i företags verksamhetsland och E-betyg samt benägenhet att tillhandahålla ESG-data har konstaterats. Möjliga förklaringar återfinns i legitimitets-, intressent samt den institutionella teorin och kopplas främst till institutionella skillnader mellan länder. Vidare återfanns att större benägenhet att tillhandahålla ESG-data påverkar datatillgänglighet positivt samt att datatillgänglighet har ett positivt samband med E-betyg. Ett negativt samband mellan industriländer och växthusgasutsläpp kunde dock återfinnas vilket innebär att resultatet inte ger något belägg för att de högre E-betyg som återfinnas bland företagen i industriländerna, inte motsvaras av en högre nivå på hållbarhet i praktiken.   Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till den undersökning av ESG-betygens funktion som i tidigare forskning omnämnts som bristfällig. Även om studien inte kan bekräfta att institutionell miljö har en avgörande påverkan på betyget tydliggörs andra brister i betyget. Exempelvis betydelsen av mängden publicerad ESG-data. Detta innebär problem eftersom benägenheten att tillhandahålla ESG-data är mindre i utvecklingsländerna.      Förslag till fortsatt forskning: För att öka generaliserbarheten föreslås en utvidgad undersökning som omfattar fler värderingsinstitut och ESG-betygets alla dimensioner. Vidare undersökningar av den institutionella miljöns påverkan, utifrån andra aspekter än ekonomisk utveckling, samt forskning för att förbättra värderingsinstitutens metoder för datainsamling behövs. / Aim: ESG scores are the main basis for responsible investments decisions. An efficient capital allocation therefore requires the ratings to reflect companies’ actual sustainability performance. However, the scores have been found to be misleading as the underlying sustainability disclosures are affected by various different factors, including companies’ institutional environment, which can be attributed to an effort to be perceived as legitimate by society and stakeholders. This study is intending to identify relationships between the institutional environment and the environmental dimension (E) of the ESG score. To test the relationship, it is examined whether this has a practical equivalent in terms of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions.   Method: The study is based on positivistic theory of science with a deductive approach and quantitative nature. Through a longitudinal design, data from 1969 companies over five years have been analysed. The empirical data of the study are obtained from the database Refinitiv Eikon and have been analysed in the statistical program IBM SPSS, mainly through linear regressions.   Result & Conclusions: Positive relationships between the degree of economic development in a company’s country of operation and E-scores and propensity to provide ESG data has been established. Possible explanations are found the legitimacy, stakeholder and institutional theory, and are mainly related to institutional differences between countries. Furthermore, higher propensity to provide ESG data has a positive effect on data availability and data availability has a positive relationship with E-score. However, a negative relationship between developed countries and greenhouse gas emissions was found, meaning that the result does not provide evidence that the higher E-score found among companies in developed countries, is not equivalent to a higher level of sustainability in practice.   Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to the examination of the function of the ESG ratings which in previous research has been considered deficient. Although the study cannot confirm that the institutional environment has a crucial effect on the score other deficiencies in the ratings has been apparent. For example, the importance of the amount of published ESG data. This poses a problem because the propensity to provide ESG data is lower in developing countries.   Suggestions for future research: To increase generalizability, an extended study including more rating agencies and all ESG dimensions is proposed. Further examination of the institutional environments effect, based on other aspects than economic development, and research to improve the rating agencies’ methods for data collection are needed.

Background: On the 21st of April 2021, the EU Commission declared the adoption of Directive (EU) 2022/2464. This directive will significantly increase reporting requirements for companies within its scope. To this date, these sustainability standards are the most comprehensive yet and they aim to foster sustainability reporting quality. However, the concept of quality is multidimensional and empirical evidence related to SRQ and mandatory reporting standards are ambiguous. However, this new directive has not yet been researched thoroughly. Considering it will disrupt the way companies conduct their sustainability reporting, it would foster a research contribution to explore the effects the directive will have on SRQ.  Purpose: This thesis seeks to measure the compliance with, and quality of, the cross- cutting and topical standards derived from Directive (EU) 2022/2464 in large Swedish companies.  Method: The applied research method is quantitative with a deductive approach, where a hypothesis was generated based on existing literature on sustainability reporting quality. Data was collected from annual and sustainability reports of 45 companies. To measure CSRD compliance and the quality index, content analysis has been used. This facilitates transposition of qualitative information to quantitative data. The data was analysed using the statistical program SPSS.  Results: The results from the study show a significant positive relationship between compliance with CSRD and all the dependent variables of measuring the quality of sustainability reporting. Furthermore, the study shows that the average degree of compliance with CSRD requirements is currently 34% in the population, where the highest achieved score was 58% and the lowest achieved score was 7%.

The objective of this study was mainly to describe, analyse and evaluate the determinants of the phenomenon of whistle blowing that influences the protection of employees making authorised and/or unauthorised disclosures. It was also a purpose of the study to evaluate the specific role of the Protected Disclosures Act 2000 (Act 26 of 2000) (PDA) in fulfilling its mandate to protect authorised disclosures on wrongdoing in public and private sector organisations. The PDA seeks to combat crime and corruption through the disclosing of wrongdoing. The intention is to create a culture which will facilitate the disclosure of information by employees relating to criminal and other irregular conduct in the workplace in a responsible manner, by providing comprehensive statutory guidelines through the PDA for the disclosure of such information, and protection against any retaliation as a result of such disclosures. An important aspect that this study dealt with was the provision, as a prerequisite to the PDA to be implemented successfully, that individual members of the private and public sectors have to act responsibly and in good faith in making disclosures in order to be protected by the PDA. In order to provide clarity on the conceptualisation of whistle blowing, the study explored the conceptual knowledge of the variables influencing the determinants of whistle blowing and the whistle blower through the application of a literature study of the concept and theories of ethics, values, morals, loyalty, trust and whistle blowing, in order to describe and analyse the variables influencing the whistle blower, the whistle blowing process, the characteristics of whistle blowers and the strategies and procedures employed to blow the whistle in an organisation. The study explored the organisational determinants influencing a whistle blower's decision to blow the whistle in the social context of an organisation in order to determine the influence of organisational culture and organisational trust as internal social factors that may facilitate the effective management of whistle blowing resulting in no whistle blowing taking place. The study objectives, appropriate conclusions and proposals are addressed based on the role that the PDA, the ethical determinants of the work environment, the determinants influencing the individual whistle blower and the organisational determinants influencing effective whistle blowing, can fulfil, in order to serve as a mechanism to combat corruption. / Public Administration / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)