William Damon於1975年提出「兒童積極性正義發展階段」的概念與測驗方式，但是Damon在發展概念之初，並未針對性別與情境差異兩項可能影響兒童進行公平分配時的判斷的因素進行探究，因此，本研究希望能瞭解台灣兒童是否會因為本身的性別不同，或因為面對的情境不同，而影響他們在判斷公平分配時的決定。研究工具的設計是以Willian Damon所發展出來的「兒童積極性正義概念發展階段」為基礎，並參考國內外過去的相關研究，重新設計一套「兒童公平分配概念發展測驗」，並選取台北地區40名5至6歲的兒童進行施測。本研究結果顯示：1.不同性別兒童在公平分配的概念上並沒有顯著差異；2.兒童在面對不同的情境時，對於公平分配判斷的原則會有顯著差異；3.兒童的性別差異與情境差異並未出現交互作用。 / William Damon proposed the concept and testing ways of “Children developmental stages of Positive-Justice” in 1975, but on that time, he didn’t focus on the two possible variables—gender and context differences—of the judgement of children’s distributive justice further. Therefore, this study attampts to understand whether Taiwanese children would modify their judgements of distributive justive because of their gender or the contexts they involve in. The design of the research methods is based on “Childen developmental stage of Positive-Justice” which Damon has developed, and the overseas and domestic researches relating to distributive justice before, and then redevelopes a new test of “the Development of Children Distributive-Justice Concept”. In addition, there are 40 children between 5-year-old and 6-year-old in Taipei sampled to participate in the study. The result of the study reveals: 1. there is no significant difference on the judgements of distrubitive jutice concept in different children’s gender;2. The principles of judging distributive justice for children show have significant difference because of different contexts which children involved;3. The interaction of children’s gender and contexts in judging distributive justice doesn’t have significant difference.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Mathematics)--Vanderbilt University, 2003. / Title from PDF title screen. Includes bibliographical references and index.

This thesis investigates whether luck egalitarianism can provide a cogent and coherent interpretation of educational equality. Historically, the belief that each child should receive an equally good education has exerted a strong influence on policy makers and thus on educational practice, and this despite the vagueness of the egalitarian formula. More recently however, the ideal has been undermined in practice by the rise of neoliberalism and in theory by a number of thinkers advocating other principles of educational justice. But it is vital to be clear about what each child is owed because of the profound effects of education on a person’s life prospects. The motivation for this work is therefore to determine whether educational equality can be rescued as a desirable and animating ideal of educational justice. In order to achieve this, I examine luck egalitarianism, a theory of distributive justice that has its origins in the work of John Rawls, but is now the major rival to his account of egalitarian justice. I probe at the fundamental moral intuitions underpinning luck egalitarianism and how it brings together the morally potent ideas of equality, luck and choice. I argue that these are of relevance for the education each child is owed and I propose a luck egalitarian conception of educational equality, argue that it is a cogent interpretation of egalitarian justice, and conclude that a luck egalitarian conception shows educational equality to be an ideal that is relevant, coherent and what morally matters most for justice in education. I describe luck egalitarianism as resting on three basic moral beliefs: that distributive equality is a fundamental demand of justice; that luck undermines fair equality; and that a person’s genuine choices can sometimes, under certain background conditions, render some otherwise objectionable inequalities not unjust. I then examine whether these three beliefs are compatible with each other and what, if anything, links them. Next, I consider luck egalitarianism’s status as a theory of distributive justice and argue that far from this being a weakness, as Elizabeth Anderson (1999) has notably argued, it is a strength of the position. But to appreciate this it needs to be seen that luck egalitarianism makes no claim to being all of justice and that the equalisandum of equality is complex and egalitarianism is intrinsically pluralist in nature (with a particular understanding of what is meant by pluralist). I consider too whether it is a mistake to say that inequalities that are largely due to luck can really be thought of as unjust. Thomas Nagel (1997) has argued that it is merely misfortune, unless the result of deliberate actions or social structures for which someone is responsible. I reject that position and argue that no one has to be responsible for an inequality for it to be unjust. Having interrogated luck egalitarianism and found it to be a sound account of egalitarian distributive justice, I turn to looking at whether it can illuminate our understanding of educational equality. Educational equality is often interpreted in terms of equality of educational opportunity. I look particularly at a conception of equality of educational opportunity, strongly influenced by Rawls, that has been thoughtfully and carefully articulated by Harry Brighouse and Adam Swift (2008). I find their conception powerful, but flawed, and argue that a luck egalitarian conception can account for the appeal of their conception, but is an advance on it. I end by looking at a specific question of educational justice to test the luck egalitarian conception – is there anything inegalitarian about ability grouping? I conclude that, while still needing to have its implications worked out in full, particularly as regards choice, a luck egalitarian conception provides a compelling account of educational equality and reasserts that equality matters for justice in education.

This thesis is the first step in a research project which aims to develop an accurate and robust theory of global justice. The thesis concerns the content of our duties of global justice, under strict compliance theory. It begins by discussing the basic framework of my theory of global justice, which consists in two aspects: duties of minimal wellbeing, which are universal, and duties of fairness and equality, which are associative and not universal. With that in place, it briefly discusses the nature of duties of fairness and equality. I shall argue that they are associative, because they are derived from the form of cooperation at hand; and that there are three kinds of them in our contemporary world: states, local cooperation and trans-state cooperation. It is from their forms of cooperation that these duties are derived. After that, the thesis focuses exclusively on duties of minimal wellbeing. Against the usual account of these duties - the human-flourishing account - I argue for my human-life account. This account argues that the function of these duties is to secure a human life for individuals; and it begins with a Razian conception of wellbeing, which states that the wellbeing of an individual is fundamentally constituted by: (a) the satisfaction of his biological needs, and (b) his success in whole-heartedly pursuing socially defined and determined goals and activities which are in fact valuable. An account of what constitutes a human life is then derived from this conception of wellbeing – it is a life that consists in having a level of wellbeing that is higher than the satisfaction of biological needs, where this is constituted by the pursuit of goals and activities with a sense of what is worth doing; and this in turn consists in: (a) being able to forms ideas of what is worth doing, (b) being able to revise them in light of further reasons, and (c) being able to coordinate one's actions according to them. I then determine the specific objects of duties of minimal wellbeing (means for the satisfaction of biological needs, education, physical security, freedom of belief, association and expression, freedom of non-harmful conduct, and minimal resources), by determining what is involved in securing such a human life for individuals.

There have been good arguments made for the development of aggressive affirmative action policies with the end goal of quickly moving black South Africans into corporate and high ranks within management of organisations. One of the central arguments in favour of aggressive AA policies is the risk of racial polarization post-apartheid should a quick fix not be initiated. It makes good business and economic sense for AA policies to be implemented as black consumers coupled with black managers will have the eventual end point of lower unemployment and crime, through job creation and security of the representative majority.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Aim: Earlier studies have investigated what impact the relationship between the auditor and their clients have on the auditor’s objectivity. There are different opinions about whether a close relationship harms or promote the auditors work. Furthermore there are studies that show what strategies the auditor (and client) tends to use in the negotiation between the two of them. On this basis we have chosen to study if there are any correlation between the nature of the auditor client relationship, the auditor’s negotiation strategy against the client and the auditor’s objectivity. Method: Because of our purpose to study if there is any correlation between the relationship, the negotiation strategies and the auditor´s objectivity we have chosen to implement a quantitative survey. The survey has been edited by earlier studies from Gibbins, McCracken and Salterio (2010), Fontaine (2011) and Bamber and Iyer (2007). The survey has been sent to approved and authorized auditors in Sweden and the collected data has been compiled and analyzed by statistic methods. Result & Conclusions: This study shows that there are a significant correlation between a close relationship, the auditor’s negotiation strategies and the auditor’s objectivity. With a close relationship the auditor tends to use integrative strategies, which also shows to have a negative impact on auditor objectivity. Suggestions for future research: This study shows that the relationship has impact on the auditor to use integrative strategies. On this basis it would be interesting to do a deeper study with focus on integrative strategies and auditor´s objectivity. Contribution of the thesis: This study can be useful for auditors if they want to study the relationship with their clients and the potential impact on objectivity. Key words: Auditor, objectivity, relational, transactional, integrative, distributive / Syfte: Tidigare har studerats huruvida den relation som föreligger mellan revisor och klient har en påverkan på revisorns objektivitet. Det råder skilda åsikter om huruvida en nära relation skadar eller främjar revisionsarbetet. Dessutom finns studier som visar vilka strategier revisor (och klient) tenderar att använda i förhandlingen parterna emellan. Utifrån detta har vi valt att undersöka om det finns samband mellan karaktären hos revisorns klientrelation, revisorns förhandlingsstrategi mot klienten och revisorns objektivitet. Metod: Då vi studerar om det finns något samband mellan karaktären på relationen, de förhandlingsstrategier som används och revisorns objektivitet har vi valt att genomföra en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Enkäten har utformats utifrån tidigare studier av Gibbins, McCracken och Salterio (2010), Fontaine (2011) och Bamber och Iyer (2007). Enkäten har skickats ut till godkända och auktoriserade revisorer i Sverige och insamlad data har sedan sammanställts och analyserats med hjälp av ett antal statistiska metoder. Resultat & slutsats: Studien visar att det finns ett signifikant samband mellan en nära relation, de förhandlingsstrategier revisorn använder och revisorns objektivitet. En nära relation visar att revisorn tenderar att använda integrativa strategier i förhandlingen med klienten, detta visar sig också ha en negativ effekt på revisorns objektivitet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Studien visar att relationen har inverkan på att revisorn väljer integrativa strategier i förhandlingen med klienten. Därför vore det intressant att genomföra en vidare studie med fokus på de integrativa strategierna och revisorns objektivitet. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien kan vara till nytta för revisorer om de själva vill studera relationen med sina klienter och hur den kan påverka objektiviteten. Nyckelord: Revisor, klient, objektivitet, relationell, transaktionell, integrativ, distributiv.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Duke University, 2007.

Univ., Habil.-Schr.--Münster, 2003. / Literaturverz. S. 285 - 305.