Bakgrund Probiotika definieras som levande mikroorganismer som när de intas i tillräckliga mängder ger hälsosamma fördelar. Livsmedel med probiotika får bära ett produktspecifikt hälsopåstående, om produkten har visat sig ha en signifikant effekt jämfört med traditionella livsmedel. Få studier är gjorda på människors attityder kring dessa livsmedel.Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka varför personer valde att köpa livsmedel med probiotika.Metod En enkätstudie genomfördes där 103 personer, varav 63 kvinnor och 40 män i åldrarna 19-77, som köpte eller hade testat produkter innehållande probiotika svarade på enkäten. Dessa söktes upp på två stormarknader, ICA Maxi och Willys, i Umeå samt på Umeå Universitet. Insamlad data analyserades i SPSS Statistics 17,0 för att göra hypotesprövning med hjälp av Chi2-test och ett p-värde <0,05 ansågs visa en statistisk säkerställd skillnad mellan grupperna. Resultat Flera anledningar fanns till varför man köpte produkterna, varav den vanligaste var för magfunktionens skull (35 %). Även smak och utseende spelade roll för valet av produkt. Personer med laktoskänslighet angav att de köpte produkterna främst för deras laktosfria egenskaper. Av 99 deltagare var 81 % positivt inställda till priset på produkterna, gentemot 19 % som var mer negativt inställda. Resultaten visade att ProViva var den produkt som köptes mest regelbundet (n=38) och därefter kom Verum (n=35). ProViva var även den produkt informanterna angav att de köpte oftast vid sjukdom (n=16).Slutsats Personer i Umeå köpte probiotiska produkter av olika anledningar, där den största anledningen var för att ha en väl fungerande mage. Även produkternas utseende, smak och deras hälsopåståenden var något som bidrog till konsumtion. I den utsträckning informanterna köpte produkterna ansåg majoriteten att produkterna var prisvärda men hade probiotiska produkter haft ett lägre pris är det inte helt osannolikt att fler personer hade köpt dessa. / Background Probiotics is defined as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Foods with probiotics are allowed to bear a specific health claim if the product has shown to have a significant effect compared to traditional foods. Few studies have been made on attitudes regarding these foods. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate why people chose to buy foods that contain probiotics. Method A questionnaire study was conducted where 103 individuals, 63 women and 40 men between 19 and 77 years of age, who bought or had tested products containing probiotics answered the questionnaire. These were sought at two supermarkets, ICA Maxi and Willys, in Umeå and at Umeå University. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS Statistics 17.0 for doing hypothesis testing with Chi2-test and a p-value <0.05 was considered to show a statistically significant difference between groups. Results Several reasons were given as to why people bought the products. The most common reason was for stomach functions (35%). Taste and appearance also played a role in product selection (24 %). People with lactose sensitivity indicated that they bought the products mainly because of their lactose-free qualities. Of the 99 participants 81 % were in favor of the price of products, while 19 % were more negative towards the price. The results showed that ProViva was the product that was most frequently purchased (n=38) and second place came Verum (n=35). ProViva was also the product the informants indicated that they purchased most often during sickness (n=16). Conclusion People in Umeå bought probiotics for different reasons. The primary reason appeared to be to have a well functioning stomach. The products appearance, taste and “health claims” also contributed to consumption. To the extent the informants purchased the products, the majority considered them to be affordable, but if probiotic products had a lower price, it is likely that more people would have bought them.

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Bakgrund Livsstilsrelaterade sjukdomar är idag den största dödsorsaken i Sverige, men stora möjligheter till både primär och sekundär prevention finns. För att åstadkomma detta är förändringar av kostvanor och livsstil centrala delar. Här har dietisten en viktig roll då dessa förändringar visat sig vara mycket svåra att klara av på egen hand. Men hur upplever dietister arbetet med denna patientgrupp? Ibland kan de känna sig otillräckliga i sin yrkesroll, men de upplever ändå sitt arbete som viktigt. Vidare skulle det vara intressant att undersöka vilka andra tankar och känslor som kan uppkomma hos dietister.Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur dietister upplever och hanterar att arbeta med patienter som ordineras behandling vilken innefattar en livsstilsförändring där kostomläggning ingår som en central del.Metod Fyra kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med dietister som arbetade med livsstilspatienter. Som stöd vid intervjuerna användes en semistrukturerad frågeguide. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades sedan ordagrant. Transkriberat material analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Resultat Dietistens arbete med denna patientgrupp upplevdes som väldigt komplext. Det var inte bara dietisternas eget arbetssätt och egenskaper som påverkade upplevelsen av att behandla dessa patienter. Även patientens beteende och hinder samt de behandlingstekniker som behärskades av dietisten hade en betydande roll. Dietisterna upplevde också att det fanns vissa begränsningar som kunde påverka deras förmåga att ge bästa behandling. Motivation hos patienten upplevdes vara av stor betydelse för att lyckas med en livsstilsförändring.Slutsats Dietister upplever att arbetet med patienter som ska genomgå en livsstilsförändring inbegriper mer än att förmedla kunskaper om kost. Motivationsfrämjande insatser betraktas som dietistens viktigaste redskap vid behandling av denna patientgrupp. Ökad kunskap om sådana behandlingsstrategier skulle därför kunna gynna både dietister och patienter. / Background Lifestylerelated diseases are the most common causes of death in Sweden, but there are great options for both primary and secondary prevention. To achieve this, changes in diet and lifestyle are both central elements. Here dietitians play an important role as these changes proved to be very difficult for patients to cope with on their own. How do dietitians experience the work with these patients? Although they may feel inadequate they still feel that their work is important. Furthermore it would be interesting to examine other thoughts and feelings that may arise among dietitians.Objective The objective of this study was to examine how dietitians perceive and manage to work with patients who are prescribed treatment that involves lifestyle changes where changes in diet are central parts.Method Four qualitative interviews were conducted with dietitians working with patients undergoing lifestyle change. A semi structured topic guide was used to broadly shape the interviews. All interviews were digitaly recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analysed with qualitative content analysis.Result Dietitians experienced work with patients undergoing lifestyle changes as very complex. Not only the dietitian’s own practice and qualities influenced the experience of treating these patients. Patientbehavior and barriers along with different treatment strategies mastered by the dietitian were also important. Dietitians experienced that there were certain limitations that could affect their ability to provide best treatment. The patients motivation was thought of as very important to achieve lifestyle changes.Conclusion This study suggests that dietitians’ work experience with patients undergoing lifestyle change includes more than just thorough knowledge about food. Promoting motivation is an important tool in treatment of these patients. Increased knowledge about different behavior modification strategies could therefore favour both patients and dietitians.

<p>A pre-school-based dietary survey, using seven-day records, focus group interviews and semi-structured interviews, was carried out in a suburban area of Stockholm. The overall objective was to investigate the individual food and nutrient intake of pre-school children at all meals during the day, as well as factors that might influence children’s intake. </p><p>The average energy and nutrient intake per day for the whole week was satisfactory for the 109 pre-school children, but the temporal distribution throughout the day was skewed. The energy and nutrient intakes of food at the pre-school were lower than recommended. This was, however, compensated for by meals eaten at home. The children had a more varied food intake during weekdays than weekend days. This study has not provided any evidence to support the selection of water versus milk as a preferable lunch beverage in terms of pre-school children's total milk consumption and general dietary quality. However, the dietary analyses showed that there could be a reason to limit pre-school children’s daily milk and fermented milk intake to half a litre, according to the existing guidelines. </p><p>The children associated food and eating with rules and norms. They did not categorise food as good or bad, as adults often do, but as "food" and "non-food"; for example, sweets were not food. The method used in this study, the focus group interview, was judged to be a useful tool for exploring how children think about and jointly reflect upon food. The role of the teacher had changed over the past years and they had not yet found a solid ground for integrating food and meals into their everyday work. </p>

<p>Hampshire crosses of different genotype and sex were used to investigate the effects of rearing system, feed and handling on sensory quality, consumer preference and cooking loss. A selected and trained panel carried out descriptive tests. Two preference tests were carrieout by, in each case, 200 consumers.</p><p> The genotype had a major effect on sensory quality in all four studies irrespective of rearing system, feed and sex. In three of the four studies pork from RN¯ carriers scored higher for juicines, tenderness, acidulous taste and meat taste intensity. </p><p> Sex showed contradictory effects on sensory quality, while rearing system and feed had minor effects on sensory properties of pork. </p><p> Hams (<i>M. biceps femoris</i>) from pigs reared outdoors scored lower for juiciness and acidulous taste than hams from pigs reared indoors. Loins from pigs organically reared (KRAV) scored lower for juiciness and higher for crumbliness than ones from pigs conventionallreared.</p><p> Loins (<i>M. longissimus dorsi</i>) aged four days from conventionally fed pigs were juicier than ones from silage-fed pigs. When loins were aged eight days there was no difference in juicines while acidulous taste became weaker and tenderness and meat taste intensity increased.</p><p> In the case of loins stored frozen one year, those from silage-fed pigs scored higher for acidulous taste and off-flavour than those from conventionally fed pigs.</p><p>Cooking, thawing and total loss data showed minor and contradictory differences between genotypes, sexes, rearing systems and feeding regimes. </p><p> Organically and conventionally produced loins were equally liked and loins from RN¯ carrier pigs were preferred to loins from non-carriers.</p>

Hampshire crosses of different genotype and sex were used to investigate the effects of rearing system, feed and handling on sensory quality, consumer preference and cooking loss. A selected and trained panel carried out descriptive tests. Two preference tests were carrieout by, in each case, 200 consumers. The genotype had a major effect on sensory quality in all four studies irrespective of rearing system, feed and sex. In three of the four studies pork from RN¯ carriers scored higher for juicines, tenderness, acidulous taste and meat taste intensity. Sex showed contradictory effects on sensory quality, while rearing system and feed had minor effects on sensory properties of pork. Hams (M. biceps femoris) from pigs reared outdoors scored lower for juiciness and acidulous taste than hams from pigs reared indoors. Loins from pigs organically reared (KRAV) scored lower for juiciness and higher for crumbliness than ones from pigs conventionallreared. Loins (M. longissimus dorsi) aged four days from conventionally fed pigs were juicier than ones from silage-fed pigs. When loins were aged eight days there was no difference in juicines while acidulous taste became weaker and tenderness and meat taste intensity increased. In the case of loins stored frozen one year, those from silage-fed pigs scored higher for acidulous taste and off-flavour than those from conventionally fed pigs. Cooking, thawing and total loss data showed minor and contradictory differences between genotypes, sexes, rearing systems and feeding regimes. Organically and conventionally produced loins were equally liked and loins from RN¯ carrier pigs were preferred to loins from non-carriers.

A pre-school-based dietary survey, using seven-day records, focus group interviews and semi-structured interviews, was carried out in a suburban area of Stockholm. The overall objective was to investigate the individual food and nutrient intake of pre-school children at all meals during the day, as well as factors that might influence children’s intake. The average energy and nutrient intake per day for the whole week was satisfactory for the 109 pre-school children, but the temporal distribution throughout the day was skewed. The energy and nutrient intakes of food at the pre-school were lower than recommended. This was, however, compensated for by meals eaten at home. The children had a more varied food intake during weekdays than weekend days. This study has not provided any evidence to support the selection of water versus milk as a preferable lunch beverage in terms of pre-school children's total milk consumption and general dietary quality. However, the dietary analyses showed that there could be a reason to limit pre-school children’s daily milk and fermented milk intake to half a litre, according to the existing guidelines. The children associated food and eating with rules and norms. They did not categorise food as good or bad, as adults often do, but as "food" and "non-food"; for example, sweets were not food. The method used in this study, the focus group interview, was judged to be a useful tool for exploring how children think about and jointly reflect upon food. The role of the teacher had changed over the past years and they had not yet found a solid ground for integrating food and meals into their everyday work.

Bakgrund Föräldrar har en viktig roll som förebilder för sina barn och har därigenom uppgiften att främja en hälsosam utveckling av ätbeteende och matpreferenser hos dem. Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka småbarnsföräldrars uppfattning och tankar om kost. Frågeställningarna berörde föräldrarnas associationer till hälsosam kost, vad som kunde påverka följsamheten av denna samt om intresse för mer kunskap inom ämnet fanns.Metod Studien utgjordes av en kvantitativ undersökning som genomfördes på sex förskolor i Umeå stad. 230 enkäter delades ut till förskolepersonal, som i sin tur vidarebefordrade dessa med ett medföljande informationsbrev till föräldrar med barn i åldrarna 2-5. Efter sex dagar samlades enkäterna in, vilka uppgick till ett antal om 77 stycken.Resultat Majoriteten av föräldrarna i studien utgjordes av mödrar med hög utbildning. En klar majoritet ansåg sig ha goda kunskaper om hälsosam mat, vilket de flesta associerade med en varierad kost. Kokböcker utgjorde en av de tre främsta kunskapsskällorna. Enligt föräldrarna var tidsbrist den faktor som i störst utsträckning påverkade följsamheten till en hälsosam kost, följt av undvikande av omtyckt mat. Ett signifikant samband mellan högutbildade och upplevelsen av tidsbrist, som något som försvårar följsamheten till en hälsosam kost, konstaterades. Familjemedlemmars önskemål, följt av matkvalitet, ansågs främst påverka föräldrarnas livsmedelsval. Slutsats Kostmedvetenhet och ett intresse för matlagning fanns hos föräldrarna, vilka angav att de hade goda kunskaper om hälsosam mat. Trots detta ansågs utrymme för förbättringar finnas. För att i praktiken kunna tillämpa kostkunskap, i enlighet med svenska näringsrekommendationer, upplevde författarna att hjälp, i form av insatser i kommun och landsting, kan behövas. 

Bakgrund Nutrition är en viktig del i strävan efter god fysik och goda idrottsprestationer. Näringsintaget i samband med träning påverkar prestation och adaption till träningen. Forskning visar att våra beteenden inte grundas enbart på kunskap, utan är en produkt av våra samlade attityder. Då användandet av kosttillskott är utbrett och kan påverka näringsintaget finns det mycket att vinna på att personer som arbetar med kostrådgivning för idrottsutövare har kunskap och förståelse för vad som styr valet av näringsintag i samband med tränig. Syfte Syftet med undersökningen var att ta reda på vilka föreställningar, attityder och tankar som ligger till grund för valet av återhämtnings- och mellanmål i syfte att öka träningseffekten och förbättra återhämtningen hos regelbundet tränande individer. Metod Sju intervjuer genomfördes med regelbundet tränande individer. Vid intervjuerna användes en halvstrukturerad intervjuguide. Intervjuerna spelades in, varpå de transkriberades ordagrant. Det transkriberade materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Egna erfarenheter av hur ett visst näringsintag hade påverkat träningsresultat och prestation var avgörande för valet av näringsintag. Kosttillskott ansågs vara ett praktiskt och tidsbesparande sätt att få i sig tillräckligt med energi och protein. De informanter som ansåg sig ha kunskap om hur man på kort tid kunde laga näringsrik mat som uppfyllde näringsbehoven var mer benägna att välja mat framför kosttillskott. När informanterna sökte råd om kost vid träning vände de sig helst till personer med utbildning inom kost och idrott för att få personliga råd. Slutsats Individens egna erfarenheter av hur ett visst näringsintag påverkade prestation, återhämtning och hälsa var av överordnad betydelse för vad man valde att äta. Faktabaserade argument kan bli betydelselösa för idrottaren om de går emot de egna erfarenheterna.  När vetenskapliga fakta ställs mot individens egna erfarenheter är det viktigt att kostrådgivare funderar över hur man argumenterar om eventuella risker med ett visst beteende. Noggrann uppföljning och utvärdering av en förändring i kosten kan vara ett sätt att konkret knyta an till idrottarens egna erfarenheter. Praktiska och tidsmässiga aspekter med en nutritionsplan bör övervägas och anpassas till idrottarens livsstil, förutsättningar och kunskaper för att ge idrottaren personligt anpassade råd som leder till god prestation och hälsa på kort och lång sikt. / Background Nutrition is an important part on the way to good physique and performance. Recovery and perfomance is highly dependent on nutritional intake in the hours before, during and after sports. Scientific research has shown that our behaviors aren’t based solely on our knowledge; instead it is a product of our attitudes. As the use of supplements and sports foods is widespread and can affect the nutritional status of the athlete, it is important that people who work with giving nutritional advise has knowledge and understanding of the factors that affect the choice of nutritional intake related to training. Objective The aim of the study was to find out how beliefs, attitudes and thoughts influenced the choice of foods and supplements in order to maximize recovery in regularly exercising individuals. Method Seven interviews were conducted with individuals who performed regular resistance or endurance training. A semi-structured topic guide was used. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Result The respondents’ own experiences of the effectiveness of a certain nutritional strategy were important for their choice of nutritional intake. Nutritional supplements were considered a practical and time-efficient way to get adequate amounts of energy and protein. Respondents who felt self-confident about making nutritionally adequate meals in short time were more prone to choosing foods before supplements. When the respondents sought advice about sport nutrition, they turned to people with education in nutrition and sports to get personal advice. Conclusion Personal experiences of how a certain nutritional strategy affects performance, recovery and health was of superior significance for subsequent nutritional intake. Arguments based on scientific evidence can be meaningless to the athlete if they aren’t in accordance to their own experiences. When scientific knowledge opposes personal experiences, professionals need to reflect over different ways to discuss potential risks with a certain behavior. Proper follow-up and evaluation of alterations in the diet might be a concrete way to conect to the athlete’s own experiences. Practical and time-related issues connected to a nutritional strategy should be considered and adjusted to suit the athlete’s lifestyle, prerequisites and previous knowledge, in order to give personal advice that lead to good performance, and healht in short and long run.