Software Defined Radios (SDRs) and Cognitive Radios (CRs) pave the way for next-generation radio technology. They promise versatility, flexibility and cognition which can revolutionize communications systems. However they present greater challenges to the design of radio frequency (RF) front-ends. RF front-ends for the radios in use today are narrow-band in their frequency response and are optimized and tuned to the carrier frequency of interest. SDRs and CRs demand front-ends which are versatile, configurable, tunable and be capable of transmitting and receiving signals with different bandwidths and modulation schemes. Integrating power amplifiers (PAs) with transmitters in CMOS has many advantages and challenges. This thesis deals with the design of an RF transmitter front-end for SDRs and CRs in CMOS. The thesis begins with an introduction to SDRs and the requirements they place on transmitters and the challenges involved in designing them in CMOS. After a brief overview of the existing techniques, the proposed architecture is presented and explained. A digitally intensive transmitter solution is proposed. The transmitter covers a wide frequency range of 750 MHz to 2.5 GHz. The inputs to the proposed transmitter are in-phase and quadrature (I & Q) data bit streams. Multiple stages of up-sampling and filtering are used to remove all spurs in the spectrum such that only the harmonics of the carrier remain. Differential rail-to-rail quadrature clocks are generated from a continuous wave signal at twice the carrier frequency. The clocks are corrected for their duty cycle and quadrature impairments. The heart of the transmitter is an integrated reconfigurable CMOS power amplifier (PA). A methodology to design reconfigurable Class E PAs with a series fixed inductor has been presented. A CMOS power amplifier that can span a wide frequency range with sufficient output power and efficiency, supporting varying envelope complex modulation signals, with good linearity has been designed. Digital pre-distortion (DPD) is used to linearize the PA. The full transmitter and the clock correction blocks have been designed and fabricated in a commercial 130-nm CMOS process and experimentally characterized. The PA delivers a maximum power of 13 dBm with an efficiency of 27% at 1 GHz. While transmitting a 16-QAM signal at 1 GHz, the measured EVM is 4%. It delivers a maximum power of around 11-13 dBm from 750 MHz to 1.5 GHz and up to 6.5 dBm of power till 2.5 GHz. Comparing the proposed system with recently published literature, it can be seen that the proposed design is one of the very few transmitters which has an integrated matching network, tunable across the frequency range. The proposed PA produces the highest output power and with largest efficiency for systems with on-chip output networks.

全球併購浪潮下，敵意併購向來是併購議題中備受矚目的焦點，許多國家均針對敵意併購設有明確的法規範，而我國自2002年通過企業併購法以來，已歷經十五年，在敵意併購相關法制的建構上卻顯有不足，導致實務上面臨許多問題。蓋我國近年來引發高度關注的敵意併購案件，幾乎皆以失敗收場，且雙方攻擊防禦的過程中往往演變為經營權惡鬥，不僅兩敗俱傷，亦使公司及股東利益蒙受損失。 有鑑於前述情況，本文擬從實證觀點探討我國企業環境與文化脈絡對於敵意併購之影響，並透過國內曾發生過的案例、主管機關的態度與法院見解，對我國現行法制進行反思。另外，本文亦藉由美國、英國、德國、歐盟和日本之比較法研究，從目標公司採行防禦措施之相關規範、對於股東之資訊揭露以及少數股東權益保障等面向，討論出可能且適合用於我國之規範方向，以作為建構我國敵意併購法制之參考。 / In the wave of global mergers and acquisitions, hostile takeover has long been a focal point on the issues relating to mergers and acquisitions. Many countries have already built up more transparent regulatory regimes specifically for hostile takeover activities. However, since Taiwan promulgated the Business Mergers and Acquisitions Act in 2002, the relevant laws and regulations were not sufficient to govern hostile takeover activities during the past fifteen years and a number of issues arose in practice. In recent years, the well-known hostile takeover cases in Taiwan all ended up in failure. The actions taken by the party initiating hostile takeover and the target company often led to corporate control contests, making both parties and the shareholders suffer losses. This thesis examines the influences of Taiwanese culture and corporate environment on hostile takeover. It also marks the deficiencies of the current regulatory regime in Taiwan by reviewing the hostile takeover cases, the opinions of the competent authority and the judicial judgements. In addition, this thesis introduces the legislations of the United States, England, Germany, European Union, and Japan on anti-takeover tactics, information disclosure as well as the protection of minority shareholders’ rights and interests. The thesis then analyzes whether these legal systems are suitable as a reference for Taiwan to establish relevant laws and regulations in the future.

Ce travail mise à étudier comment les standards internationaux de droit souple contenues dans les principes directeurs des Nations Unies relatifs aux entreprises et aux droits de l’homme sont en train d’influencer la législation européenne et celle des états membres. Le premier chapitre analyse la responsabilité (ou mieux son absence) des entreprises multinationales dans le droit international et devant les courts nationaux. Dans ce contexte, on assiste à l’affirmation des codes de conduite internationaux de droit souple. Le deuxième chapitre est concentré sur trois codes de conduite internationaux : les lignes directrices de l’OCDE, la déclaration de l’OIT et les normes des Nations Unies. Cette analyse est visée à offrir au lecteur une idée plus claire du cadre qui a porté à l’approbation des principes directeurs. Le troisième chapitre est entièrement confié à l’analyse de ces principes et leurs trois piliers, avec une attention spécifique au devoir de l’état de protéger les droits de l’homme. Finalement, le dernier chapitre étudie, à travers une méthode comparée, l’actualisation des principes directeurs par l’Union européenne et ses états membres. Cette recherche a permis de conclure que les principes directeurs sont en train d’influencer largement le processus législatif européen et national. Elle veut alors contribuer au débat concernant le rôle croissante du droit souple dans la solution des problématiques liées à la mondialisation et à la perte de puissance du principe de la souveraineté des états / The twofold aim of the research is to study how the international soft law standards laid down in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human rights (UNGPs) are shaping both the European and the National legislations, and what are the further developments expected. The first chapter explores the (lack of) responsibility of MNEs in international law and in front of national courts. In this scenario, the role of international soft law has been particularly important. The second chapter examines three different public codes of conduct regulating MNEs, The OECD Guidelines for multinational corporations, the ILO Tripartite Declaration and the UN Norms. This analysis serves to give the reader a clearer idea of the context in which the UNGPs has seen the light. The third chapter is entirely dedicated to the analysis of the UN Guiding Principles endorsed in 2011 and of their three pillar, with a special focus on the State duty to protect. Finally, the fourth chapter analyses, through a comparative method, the UNGPs implementation in the EU and in some Member states. It concludes that the UN Guiding Principles are largely influencing the European policy in this sector, and that both the European Union and the Member states are implementing this policy through several measures, both voluntary and mandatory. Finally, the research intends to make a contribution to the debate on the increasing role of international soft law in solving challenges of a globalized world where the State sovereignty principle has lost importance

Magister Legum - LLM

La théorie de la responsabilité civile, en termes de la reconstruction rationnelle du droit constitue une connaissance nouvelle et importante de ce régime. L’analyse économique en reconstruit les règles et les institutions à partir de la norme de l’efficience. La théorie morale de la justice corrective interprète la responsabilité civile à travers l’égalité entre les parties. Mais, aucune de ces deux interprétations ne parvenue à expliquer la responsabilité civile. L’analyse économique, en traitant les règles de la responsabilité comme un moyen visant à maximiser la richesse, a modifié leur sens original. La justice corrective réduit la responsabilité civile au régime d’allocation équitable des coûts d’accident. La reconstruction de la responsabilité civile, afin de la comprendre, requiert de s’engager dans une approche philosophique qui trouve la rationalité dans la réalité. Dans cette optique, la responsabilité civile, contrairement à l’analyse économique ou à la justice corrective, est constituée à partir les droits et les principes indéniables, non les normes hypothétiques. La faute, en termes de droit de la volonté subjective, tout est redéfinie selon la pratique sociale sur l’attribution des résultats de nos actes, ce qui permet de croire que la responsabilité civile est toujours morale, même lorsque elle s’impose à partir d’une évaluation objective et extérieure. / Tort theory in terms of rational reconstruction of the law has constituted a new and important knowledge of the tort liability. Economic analysis has reconstructed the rules and institutions by the value of efficiency. Moral theory of corrective justice has interpreted liability through equality between the parties. But neither of these interpretations could come to explain liability. The economic analysis by treating the liability rules as a mean of wealth maximization has changed their original meaning. Corrective justice reduced tort liability to the regime fair allocation of accident costs. The reconstruction in order to understand civil liability requires engaging in a philosophical approach in which reality is the source of rationality. In this context, liability, unlike the economic analysis or corrective justice, is formed from undeniable rights and principles, not hypothetical norms. The negligence in terms of right of the subjective will is redefined by social practice on the attribution results of our actions, which suggests that civil liability is still moral idea, even when it is imposed from an objective and external assessment.

Le XXe siècle aura été celui de l’essor de la bonne foi objective en droit des contrats, et plus largement, de la prise en compte du comportement du contractant. La consécration des concepts de devoir et d’incombance contractuels permet d’appréhender techniquement cette donnée juridique sans altérer la catégorie des obligations civiles. Le devoir contractuel est une règle de comportement que le contractant doit observer tout au long de l’exécution du contrat, sous peine de commettre une faute contractuelle. Ainsi, par exemple, les exigences de bonne foi et de sécurité sont des devoirs en ce qu’ils imposent une certaine attitude au contractant, de manière continue, au-delà des obligations qu’il doit exécuter. L’incombance contractuelle est également une contrainte purement comportementale, mais sa particularité est qu’elle ne pèse sur le contractant que s’il désire obtenir l’avantage qu’elle conditionne. Il s’agit d’une exigence préalable et adventice à l’exercice d’un droit. Par exemple, l’acheteur qui désire obtenir la garantie du vice caché doit en dénoncer l’apparition au vendeur ; l’assuré qui veut bénéficier de la garantie du sinistre doit informer l’assureur de sa survenance. À ces notions correspondent des sanctions distinctes : si le manquement au devoir contractuel peut entraîner l’application des remèdes liés à l’inexécution de l’engagement, l’inobservation d’une incombance est, en revanche, spécialement sanctionnée par la déchéance du droit conditionné. / The XXthe century has given rise to the notion of objective good faith in contract law, and more generally, to a standard by which the behaviour of parties to an obligation is judged. The adoption of the concepts of contractual duty and incombance allows a technical approach without affecting the category of civil obligations.Contractual duty is a code of conduct that the contracting party has to observe throughout the performance of the contract ; otherwise it might be viewed as being in a breach of contract. For example, the requirements of good faith and security are duties in that they require the contracting party to adopt a certain conduct on an ongoing basis, in addition to the obligations the contracting party has to carry out under the terms of the contract.Contractual incombance is also a merely behavioural constraint, however it differs in that it weighs on the contracting party only if they wish to benefit from the advantages it determines. It is a prerequisite for the exercise of a right. A buyer who wishes to avail himself of a legal warranty against latent defects, for example, must point out any defect to the vendor, just as the insured who wishes to make a claim must report the covered incident to his insurance company.Distinct sanctions apply to these notions : in case of a breach of contractual duty, penalties can be awarded as a result of the party’s failure to perform its contractual obligations ; on the other hand, non-compliance with and incombance will entail the loss of the determined right.

L’obligation et le devoir sont très souvent confondus. Pourtant, leur distinction est fondamentale. La présente étude propose de les distinguer en puisant le critère de la distinction dans la structure et dans la source de la situation de passivité envisagée. Sous l’angle de sa structure, l’obligation se distingue du devoir par l’existence d’un débiteur et d’un créancier déterminés. La structure de l’obligation permet de la distinguer des devoirs à sujets indéterminés. Néanmoins, ce critère ne suffit pas à distinguer l’obligation des devoirs à sujets déterminés. Il doit être combiné avec un second critère tiré de la source de la situation de passivité. Sous l’angle de sa source, l’obligation dérive de l’autorité seule de la loi ou de l’intervention du débiteur. La source de l’obligation permet de la distinguer des devoirs extra-légaux et des devoirs extra-juridiques. La distinction de l’obligation et du devoir est utile. À cette distinction s’attachent des intérêts pratiques dans le contentieux de la responsabilité civile et en dehors de ce contentieux. Mais, l’obligation et le devoir ne sont pas séparés par une cloison étanche. Leur distinction est caractérisée par sa souplesse et il existe des ressemblances entre les deux notions. Séparés par leur structure et par leur source, l’obligation et le devoir se rapprochent par l’objet et par le sujet. Il en résulte qu’une même personne peut être tenue d’accomplir la même prestation en vertu d’une obligation et en vertu d’un devoir. / Obligations and duties are often confused. However, their distinction is fundamental. The present essay proposes to distinguish the two concepts by drawing the criterion of distinction in the structure and the source of the situation of passivity. In terms of structure, the obligationdiffers from the duty by the existence of a determined debtor and creditor. The structure of the obligation separates it from duties that do not exist between two determined parties. Nevertheless, this first criterion is insufficient. It does not make it possible to distinguish between obligations and duties that exist between determined parties. Therefore, it must be combined with a second criterion that is drawn in the source of the situation of passivity. In terms of its source, obligations derive from the rule of law or the intervention of the debtor. The source of the obligation separates it from non-statutory duties and non-legal duties. The distinction between obligations and duties is useful. It has practical use within liability proceedings and outside such proceedings. However, the present essay does not merely highlight the differences between obligations and duties. Their distinction is flexible, in that it reveals similarities between the two concepts. Separated by their structure and their source, obligations and duties have a similar object and a similar subject. In effect, the same person may be required to accomplish the same performance under an obligation or under a duty.

Le monde des réseaux de capteurs sans fil ‘RCSF’ a connu de grands progrès au cours de ces dernières années. Ainsi, les RCSF ont pu intégrer divers champs d’application (environnement, militaire, médecine, domotique ...) dont quelques-uns ayant des exigences en termes de qualité de service ‘QdS’. Cependant, la garantie de la QdS dans un RCSF pose des problèmes de recherche non triviaux, à cause de la nature peu fiable de la communication sans fil et des limitations des ressources des nœuds RCSF (processeur, mémoire, énergie ...). Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes focalisés sur les protocoles MAC afin d’améliorer le support de QdS dans les RCSF. Plus particulièrement, le standard IEEE 802.15.4. Les mécanismes de conservation d’énergie proposés par ce standard sont efficaces et présentent une flexibilité par rapport aux besoins des applications. Néanmoins, le temps de sommeil des nœuds affecte considérablement le délai de communication, donnant naissance à un compromis énergie/délai. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons amélioré ce standard pour un meilleur support des applications temps-réel. L’approche proposée permet de réduire le délai de communication de manière significative, même pour de faibles rapports cycliques, grâce au nouveau format de la supertrame. Les performances ont été validées par simulation et sur des plateformes de nœuds RCSF réelles. Nous avons proposé également un modèle de simulation pour le standard IEEE 802.15.4 sous le simulateur NS-3. / In the last years, Wireless Sensor Networks ‘WSN’ knew a tremendous evolution which attracted many applications. WSN has several characteristics that make it a unique research field, such as, WSN nodes’ constraints and the unreliable (lossy) wireless communication. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is the first standard designed for this type of networks known as LR-WPANs ‘Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network’. The energy conservation mechanism proposed by the current standard is quite efficient and very flexible. This flexibility comes from the ability to configure different duty cycles to meet specific applications’ requirements. However, this mechanism has a considerable impact on the end-to-end delay. Our approach resolves the energy/delay trade-off by avoiding the storage of the real-time data in the coordinator during sleep time, more particularly in Multi-source Multi-sink networks. A new superframe structure is adopted and a deterministic reception scheduling is used. In this thesis, we also proposed a new WPAN model for the Network Simulator 3 ‘NS-3’.

This master thesis deals with the origin of goods which is one of the key concepts in international trade. The origin of goods signifies the country where were acquired and processed. The country of origin is defined by the rules of origin and then it could be preferential or non-preferential. The first aim of this work is to explain correct proof and determination of the origin of goods, especially the emphasis is put on preferential origin of goods in the EU. The cumulation of goods is an important part of this thesis that plays the role by the producer's decision from where certain materials would be imported. The entry of the Czech Republic to the European Union stood for the acceptance of the common trade policy but also the Czech customs administration and customs policy as a whole were transformed. The final part of the work is dedicated to their competences and responsibilities.

Smoking and tobacco industry is one of the most regulated area in majority of world's countries. It's because of government's effort to reduce the smoking prevalence and to protect the public health. But each individual is responsible for his own health, not the state. One of the most frequent measure taken in the fight against smoking is Tobacco advertising ban. However proportion of smokers in population hasn't decreased when the law came into force in Czech republic. It emerges from a variety of surveys that there's not a signifiicant relation between an advertising and consumption of tobacco products. Another measure is the health warnings on tobacco products, which doesn't influence the quantity of smokers at all. Entire smoking ban in privately owned public places harms the proprietary rights. An increasing of excise duty leads to increase in price of cigarettes and thus motivates consumers to go over to cheap cigarettes or smoking tobacco. At the same time the black market grows. The only impact of regulation is relative decrease of tax revenues as well as products' quality, and the rise in the criminality connected with the tax evasion and the cigarettes' black market.