Ekträd har en central roll i den biologiska mångfalden, där de utgör både livsrum och födkrok för ett stort antal insekter, lavar, svampar och fåglar under sin långa livstid och därefter i den döda veden. Ek har minskat dramatiskt under de senaste 200 åren, men orsakerna till detta är inte helt klarlagda. I östra Nordamerika har den försämrade föryngringen av ek kopplats till de betydligt färre skogsbränderna och ur detta har den s.k. brand-ek-hypotesen uppstått. Denna säger att branden spelar en viktig roll i ekens föryngring i östra USA och i Nordamerika p.g.a. att eken är bättre anpassad än många andra träd för att klara brand, vilket ger den en konkurrensfördel som gör att den inte bara gynnas av brand, utan också kan vara beroende av den. Jag har studerat hur föryngring av ek påverkats av en naturvårdsbränning som genomförts i Krogölen i Allgunnens naturreservat i sydöstra Sverige. Hypotesen är att brand har en gynnsam effekt på ekföryngring även i Sverige och att brand-ek-hypotesen är tillämpbar också här. Detta kunskapsområde är relevant för naturvården i Sverige när det gäller att planera naturvårdsbränningar i områden med förekomst av ek. Eftersom studien har genomförts som en pilotstudie, där endast ett brandområde studerats, kan inga slutsatser om generella brandfältseffekter dras. Mina resultat talar för att krontäckning har en effekt på tätheten av fröplantor i Krogölen, och att den har större betydelse i brandfältet än i det obrända området, vilket talar emot brand-ek-hypotesen. Effekten av brand och krontäckning förklarar i denna studie 21,8% av variationen i den rottransformerade fröplanttätheten per 12,6 m2. Det går inte att se någon ökning av fröplantor eller rotskott i det brända området jämfört med det obrända. För framtida studier skulle det vara intressant att titta på fröplantors dödlighet i olika livsstadier under varierande ljusförhållanden, effekten av predation i brandfält, hur olika brandintensitet kan inverka på ekens föryngring samt bestående effekter av brand över tid och betydelsen av i vilket utvecklingsstadie branden skett. / Oak trees have a central role in biodiversity, where they serve as both a habitat and a feeding ground for a large number of insects, lichens, fungi and birds during its long life and thereafter in the dead wood. Oak has declined dramatically over the past 200 years, but the reasons for this are not entirely known. In eastern North America, the deteriorating regeneration of oak has been linked to the significantly less forest fires and from this the so-called fire-oak hypothesis have emerged. It states that the fire plays an important role in the regeneration of the oak in the eastern United States and North America due to the oak being better adapted than many other trees to endure fire, which gives it a competitive advantage that makes it not only benefit from fire, but also possibly depend on it. I have studied how the regeneration of oak has been affected by a prescribed fire in Krogölen in the Allgunnen nature reserve in the south-east of Sweden. My hypothesis is that fire has a favorable effect on oak regeneration also in Sweden and that the fire-oak hypothesis is also applicable here. This area of ​​knowledge is relevant for nature conservation in Sweden in planning prescribed fires in oak areas. As the study has been carried out as a pilot study, studying only one burned area compared to a none burned area, no conclusions about general fire effects can be drawn. My results suggest that canopy cover has an effect on the density of seed plants in Krogölen, and that it is more comprehensive in the fire field than in the unburned area, which is not conclusive with the fire-oak hypothesis. The effect of fire and canopy cover in this study explains 21.8% of the variation in the root-transformed seed plant density per 12.6 m2. There is no increase in seed plant density or root sprout density in the burned area compared to the unburned area. For future studies, it would be interesting to look at seed plant mortality in different life stages under varying light conditions, the effect of predation in fire fields, how different fire intensities can affect oak regeneration, lasting effects of fire over time and the significance of the oak developmental stage when the fire occurs.

Studies have shown that air pollution, as well as bark fissure depth and sun exposure of a tree can have an effect on lichen growth as well as abundance of lichen species. The aim of this study was to find out the relative importance of these factors. 211 oaks in south eastern Sweden were surveyed for presence of 17 lichen species, as well as the total number of lichen species. Half of the trees were situated in urban areas and half in the countryside. For each tree the bark fissure depth was measured and the sun exposure of the trunk was estimated. The results showed a significant negative effect on a majority of lichens growing in an urban environment and a significant positive effect on a majority of lichens growing on trees with deep bark fissures. The sun exposure was a less important factor but could not be excluded as a factor affecting lichen occurrence. These results show the negative effect urbanization can have on rare lichen species, as well as be used in the development and maintenance for the nature reserves containing them

Lacan is an influential figure of 20th Century thought. Being a psychoanalyst, a linguist and at the same time a philosopher, in his theory he combines all three of these disciplines. Even in his later works, he tried to combine his theory with mathematical formalization. His theory influenced three important political thinkers: Laclau, &amp / #381 / i&amp / #382 / ek and Badiou. The purpose of this dissertation is mainly to examine Lacan&rsquo / s thought and its impasses which could be found especially in the political applications of his theory. First I start with a critical reading of Lacan&rsquo / s own works. I try to figure out the idealizations, presuppositions and blind spots hidden in his work. I develop my critical reading by focusing on the works of Laclau, &amp / #381 / i&amp / #382 / ek and Badiou. The main argument of this dissertation is, such a critical reading of these philosophers will lead us to a general questioning of Lacan&rsquo / s theory and the legitimacy of its applications. Lacan&rsquo / s use of the impossibility as a founding principle and his passion for formalization cause several idealizations, like the idealization of the neutrality of the signifier, the idealization of the non-represented and so on. These problems are extended and transformed into other ones in his disciples&rsquo / works. For Laclau, the problem is transformed into a purely content-free understanding of elements of democracy which ends up with paradoxical results. For &amp / #381 / i&amp / #382 / ek and Badiou, because of their insistence on a political theory based on the impossible real, their subversive theories end up with a theory which take the form of messianic discourses. What I propose is a reconsideration of the role of the theory on the understanding of human reality: in principle every theory excludes some portions of the richness of human life-world, therefore every theory must have a retrospective and critical stance against its own founding principles. This cannot be done by formalized theories which keep the formal structure of itself untouchable.

This dissertation is devoted to a study of the homodiegetic, extradiegetic narrator (terms derived from Genette). The main premise was to study the child as narrator, to differentiate between the child as narrator and the adult narrator, to peg down specific problems but also to show the advantages of the child narrator over the adult narrator. With Genette as basis the writer has tried to clear up the widespread confusion in the literary world between the narrator who presents the narrative and the character whose consciousness orients the perspective, the who speaks and who sees of Genette. The first part of the study provides a theoretical background to the second part and is largely based on the typology of Gerard Genette. As the youthful reader is the most likely reader of the three chosen texts (Skrik kom huis toe by Dolf van Niekerk, Woorde is soos wors by Rona Rupert and Boom bomer boomste (Tree-more, tree-most - translated by Eve Merchant, 1983) by Elsabe Steenberg), a chapter in the first part is devoted to an investigation of the enforceability of the criterion used to differentiate between books meant for adults and books meant for children. Concerning these texts the writer 1 s contention is that the degree of presence of the narrator as well as die placing of emphasis, either on the narrator or on the character whose perspective orients the narrative (the one who focalizes), determine the specific perspective of the narration. Personal traits of characters are often revealed by their respective objects of focalization. The three short novels previously mentioned are thematically related, but because of the specific handling of the narrator and of focalization in each, a multiplicity of perspectives is opened. In Skrik kom huis toe, the younger, experiencing self is emphasised. Albert's vision , and not that of the narrator, orients the narrative to such an extent that the reader easily identifies with his personal existential crisis. The voice of a narrating instance is barely discernible and has, for all practical purposes, no role in the text. The protagonist focalizes intent1y upon matters of personal concern and thus reveals an egocentric personality. The thinly populated narrative space as well as the bleakness of this space suggests something of the unhappiness and utter loneliness of the boy, Albert. In Woorde is soos wors, which is thematically related to the previous work , a completely different perspective is revealed because of the accent falling on the narrating instance himself. Uncommon in Afrikaans , the use of het ge- is sustained throughout the text, thereby undeniably creating a distance between the narrator and his story. In contrast to the previous text the narrator emphasizes the fact that his experiences belong to a distant past. Direct identification with an experiencing self is ruled out because of the outspoken diegetic nature of the text. The stress fall s on the event rather than on the experience thereof. The protagonist seldom focalizes and if he does this text is obviously imbedded in the text of the narrator. His world is nevertheless populated by a variety of people with whom he, without exception, relates positively. The narrative space shows a much greater variety and is more colourful than that of Skrik kom huis toe. This is meaningful in the characterization of the protagonist, Josias. / MA, PU vir CHO, 1984

This dissertation is devoted to a study of the homodiegetic, extradiegetic narrator (terms derived from Genette). The main premise was to study the child as narrator, to differentiate between the child as narrator and the adult narrator, to peg down specific problems but also to show the advantages of the child narrator over the adult narrator. With Genette as basis the writer has tried to clear up the widespread confusion in the literary world between the narrator who presents the narrative and the character whose consciousness orients the perspective, the who speaks and who sees of Genette. The first part of the study provides a theoretical background to the second part and is largely based on the typology of Gerard Genette. As the youthful reader is the most likely reader of the three chosen texts (Skrik kom huis toe by Dolf van Niekerk, Woorde is soos wors by Rona Rupert and Boom bomer boomste (Tree-more, tree-most - translated by Eve Merchant, 1983) by Elsabe Steenberg), a chapter in the first part is devoted to an investigation of the enforceability of the criterion used to differentiate between books meant for adults and books meant for children. Concerning these texts the writer 1 s contention is that the degree of presence of the narrator as well as die placing of emphasis, either on the narrator or on the character whose perspective orients the narrative (the one who focalizes), determine the specific perspective of the narration. Personal traits of characters are often revealed by their respective objects of focalization. The three short novels previously mentioned are thematically related, but because of the specific handling of the narrator and of focalization in each, a multiplicity of perspectives is opened. In Skrik kom huis toe, the younger, experiencing self is emphasised. Albert's vision , and not that of the narrator, orients the narrative to such an extent that the reader easily identifies with his personal existential crisis. The voice of a narrating instance is barely discernible and has, for all practical purposes, no role in the text. The protagonist focalizes intent1y upon matters of personal concern and thus reveals an egocentric personality. The thinly populated narrative space as well as the bleakness of this space suggests something of the unhappiness and utter loneliness of the boy, Albert. In Woorde is soos wors, which is thematically related to the previous work , a completely different perspective is revealed because of the accent falling on the narrating instance himself. Uncommon in Afrikaans , the use of het ge- is sustained throughout the text, thereby undeniably creating a distance between the narrator and his story. In contrast to the previous text the narrator emphasizes the fact that his experiences belong to a distant past. Direct identification with an experiencing self is ruled out because of the outspoken diegetic nature of the text. The stress fall s on the event rather than on the experience thereof. The protagonist seldom focalizes and if he does this text is obviously imbedded in the text of the narrator. His world is nevertheless populated by a variety of people with whom he, without exception, relates positively. The narrative space shows a much greater variety and is more colourful than that of Skrik kom huis toe. This is meaningful in the characterization of the protagonist, Josias. / MA, PU vir CHO, 1984

Europos Sąjunga neturi bendro unifikuoto mokesčių politikos modelio, todėl kiekviena valstybė narė formuoja savo mokesčių politiką. Tačiau valstybės turi atsižvelgti į ES direktyvas ir kitus mokesčius reglamentuojančius dokumentus, kadangi skirtingos apmokestinimo sistemos sukuria fiskalines kliūtis bendros rinkos funkcionavimui. Dėl ypatingos ES sąrangos Bendrijos teisės poveikis nacionalinei teisei gali pasireikšti įvairiai: unifikacija, harmonizacija ir koordinacija. Tiesioginių mokesčių srityje tinkamiausias reguliavimo būdas – harmonizacija, vykdoma direktyvų pagrindu, bei ją skatinančios ir lydinčios koordinacinės priemonės. Artimiausias ir pagrindinis tikslas tiesioginių mokesčių harmonizavimo procese – dvigubo apmokestinimo išvengimas, nors teoriniame lygmenyje keliami glaudesnio valstybių narių mokestinių sistemų suderinimo siekiai. Realių rezultatų tiesioginio apmokestinimo harmonizavimo srityje buvo pasiekta tik po ilgų diskusijų ir daugybės Europos Komisijos bandymų. Kai kuriuos postulatus suformavo ETT savo sprendimuose, o šie buvo išplėtoti į bendro pobūdžio įpareigojimus valstybėms narėms. Pozityvaus reguliavimo taisyklės šioje srityje apsiriboja šiais įpareigojimais valstybėms narėms: neapmokestinti kitos valstybės motininėms bendrovėms išmokamų dividendų, netaikyti išskaičiuojamo mokesčio palūkanų ir autorinių atlyginimų mokėjimams tarp skirtingų valstybių asocijuotų įmonių, neapmokestinti įmonių reorganizavimo, turto perleidimo, keitimosi akcijomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Integration of the European Union (EU) does not cover unification of direct taxation through the Member States. Therefore, each Member State runs its own taxation model. Nevertheless, due to the fiscal obstacles being construed in the light of Common Market the Member States are to take account of directives and other legal acts. Concerning specific institutional organization of the European Community as international body one should perceive, that Community legislation may affect national systems in three ways: by unification, harmonization and coordination. The second one is chosen for attainment of the consistency of direct taxation in the EU (coordination shouldn‘t be excluded either). The proximate and basic aim for this way of implementation is to be regarded as avoidance of double taxation in the international scene, though, it is not always so in the working practice of Community institutions (where it seems to be greater objectives leading to unification). After long-drawn discussions some significant results in the field of the harmonization of direct taxation were finally achieved, namely these: the Member States were obliged to retain from withholding taxes on distributed profits and on payments of interests and royalties under certain conditions; also transactions of mergers, divisions, transfers of assets and exchanges of shares concerning companies of different Member States were relieved from any taxes; Member States were required to make interests payers in... [to full text]

Orientador: Nina Virgínia de Araújo Leite / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:11:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barichello_Luigi_D.pdf: 2042894 bytes, checksum: 2f39a5cfd742abcf1c4d9173473c8c44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo observar a relação entre discurso e ideologia a partir da possibilidade de leitura e desnaturalização do axioma que assevera que "todo discurso é ideológico". A existência de tal axioma reafirma a coextensão da ideologia a todas as esferas do cotidiano, até mesmo à possibilidade de negação do referido axioma (a qual, em si, já seria portanto igualmente ideológica). Tal consideração e escopo podem vir a suscitar a crença de que já que lidamos apenas com ficções simbólicas e nunca com a "realidade ela mesma", poderíamos abrir mão, assim, da própria crítica da ideologia. Essa afirmação totalizante é então interpelada nesse trabalho como forma de se atualizar a pertinência e alcance da leitura e crítica da ideologia, propondo-se uma análise atravessada pela psicanálise de orientação lacaniana, tendo por objetivo sublinhar a importância e validade daquilo que "falha" na articulação significante. E, ousamos dizer, na própria interpelação ideológica. Ao registro da ideologia, então, é aproximada a noção de fantasia oriunda da teoria psicanalítica, cuja possibilidade de vínculo fora proposta pelo filósofo esloveno Slavoj ¿i¿ek. Por vislumbrar o [des]encontro do efeito e produto da cadeia significante - respectivamente o sujeito e o objeto - o matema da fantasia se mostra frutífero em uma leitura da ideologia que tencione fazer comparecer à teorização não apenas o jogo significante, mas aquilo que nele é convocado e produzido. A inclusão do sujeito e do objeto abre então uma via profícua para a entrada da teoria dos discursos forjada por Jacques Lacan, uma vez que, em sua estruturação, estão postos, justamente, a articulação da cadeia significante, o sujeito e o objeto. A tomada do discurso convoca, por sua vez, a pertinência do gozo, o qual origina e também é visado pela movimentação discursiva, e cuja impossibilidade de acesso ao falante não é sem conseqüências, trazendo à cena a relação entre saber e verdade. E é na consideração de tais registros, pois, que residiria a pertinência de uma leitura da ideologia calcada não apenas na articulação da cadeia significante, mas naquilo que nela falha. Desse modo, entrevemos um passo a mais na crítica da ideologia, resgatando a possibilidade de "furo" no ideológico. E articulando, assim, uma possível contribuição para uma teoria lacaniana da ideologia / Abstract: This thesis aims to observe the relationship between discourse and ideology from the possibility of reading and questioning the axiom which holds that "all discourse is ideological". The existence of such axiom reaffirms the extension of ideology to all spheres of everyday life, even to the possibility of denying that axiom (which, in itself, would be equally ideological therefore). Such consideration and scope are likely to raise the belief that since we deal only with symbolic fictions and never with "reality itself," we could then give up of the critique of ideology itself. This totalizing claim is then challenged in this thesis as a way to update the relevance and scope of reading and critique of ideology, proposing an analysis considering the orientation of lacanian psychoanalysis in order to defend the importance and validity of what "fails" in the signifier articulation. And, dare we say, in the ideological interpellation itself. To ideology, then, is approximated the notion of fantasy originated in psychoanalytic theory, whose bond was proposed by Slovenian philosopher Slavoj ¿i¿ek. Glimpsing the [mis]match between the effect and product of the signifying chain - respectively the subject and object - the mathema of fantasy presents itself as a useful way on a reading of the ideology that intends to consider not only the significant chain, but also what is mustered and produced in it. The inclusion of the subject and the object then opens a fruitful path to the entrance of the discourse theory forged by Jacques Lacan, considering that in its structure are set precisely the articulation of the signifying chain, the subject and the object. The consideration of discourse, in turn, calls the relevance of enjoyment, which originates and is also addressed by the discursive movement, and whose inability to access for the speaker is not without consequences, bringing to scene, according to lacanian theory, the relationship between knowledge and truth. Therefore, it is in the consideration of such concepts that would lie the relevance of a reading of ideology grounded not only in the articulation of the signifying chain, but also in what fails in it. This way, we aim to provide a step further on the critique of ideology, recalling the importance of the "gaps" and the possibility of "punctures" in the ideological. Articulating thus a possible contribution to a lacanian theory of ideology / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Älgförvaltningsområden har sedan 2012 varit en av de rumsliga skalor där älgförvaltningen i Sverige sker. I denna studie har Riksskogstaxeringens data över förekomst, täckningsgrad och betningsgrad av viltfoder per älgförvaltningsområde (2011–2015) analyserats tillsammans med Skogsstyrelsens prognos över foderproducerande ungskog (fodpro) och avskjutningsstatistik (avskjutningstäthet) från den nationella jaktdatabasen (Viltdata.se). Resultaten visar på både likheter och skillnader mellan undersökta älgförvaltningsområden (ÄFO). Björk var den viltfoderart med högst täckningsgrad i alla ÄFO samtidigt som den hade lägst betestryck. Rönn var den enda enskilda viltfoderart där täckningsgraden skiljde sig signifikant åt mellan några ÄFO, vilket tyder på att älgförvaltningsområdena är lika varandra i fråga om kvalitet av viltfoder. Trots signifikanta skillnader i den totala täckningsgraden av viltfoder mellan några av älgförvaltningsområdena tyder resultatet på att områdena även är lika varandra i fråga om kvantitet av viltfoder. Både avskjutningstätheten och några av betningsgraderna för tall skiljde sig signifikant åt mellan alla ÄFO. Det fanns svaga, positiva signifikanta samband mellan avskjutningstätheten och betningsgraden ”hård” för både tall och salix. Dessa samband skulle kunna bero på att en ökad älgtäthet genererat ett högre betestryck på tall och salix vilket i sin tur sannolikt medfört en högre avskjutning av älg. Det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader mellan Riksskogstaxeringens och Skogsstyrelsens skattningar av viltfoder. Metoderna för skattningarna skiljer sig dock åt i flera avseenden vilket gör att de får olika tillämpningsområden.

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Faulty manufactured alternators lead to commercial and safety concerns when installed in vehicles. Alternators have a major role in the Electrical Power Generation System (EPGS) of vehicles, and a defective alternator will lead to damaging of the battery and other important electric accessories. Therefore, fault detection and diagnosis of alternators can be implemented to quickly and accurately determine the health of an alternator during end of line testing, and not let faulty components leave the manufacturer. The focus of this research is to develop a Model Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) strategy for detecting alternator faults during end of line testing. The proposed solution uses Extended Kalman Smooth Variable Structure Filter (EK-SVSF) to detect common alternator faults. A solution using the Dual Extended Kalman Filter (DEKF) is also discussed. The alternator faults were programmatically simulated on alternator measurements. The experimental results prove that both the EK-SVSF and DEKF strategies were very effective in alternator modeling and detecting open diode faults, shorted diode faults, and stator imbalance faults. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)