The hashtag #phdchat is used by doctoral students all over the world to engage with their peers, share information, and commiserate over their experiences in academia. Anyone can join the conversation simply by typing the tag and publishing a tweet, but many regularly contribute to what has become a vibrant emergent social network community. Using an analysis of the discourse that was labeled with the hashtag over about a one-month period, this paper draws conclusions about who belongs to this community and what the network achieves for the users and as an entity of its own. The researcher makes conclusions about this network by drawing on the attributes of communities of practice and knowledge building communities in order to ground it as its own permutation of a learning community. / text

This thesis is based on a qualitative study on four different preschools in Sweden of which two are monolingual and two are multilingual. The purpose has been to study and compare literacy practices initiated by preschool teachers in mono- and multilingual preschools to examine how the preschool teachers themselves discuss on this topic. The theoretical framework of the study draws upon a socio-cultural theory based on literacy with an emergent literacy perspective in focus. The empirical material has been collected through observations and interviews. We are two authors on this study and the result is distributed in two case studies which are divided on the mono – and multilingual preschools. We have handled the responsibility for one case study each, including the collection of the empirical material. Results show that children in preschools are introduced and schooled in different literacy- practices where the preschool teachers work actively with the development of childrens literacity. Preschool teachers want to develop childrens literacy with the purpose to give children an interest and curiosity to develop the written language. Literacy practices that preschool teachers initiate to children are reading and narrative literacy practices and literacy- practices based on text and writing. Results have shown that there generally are no larger differencies in which literacy practices preschool teachers initiate in monolingual and multilingual preschools. However the results show that multilingual preschools have more aspects to consider, among them the native languages importance for the development of literacy. The importance to concretize in order to give support in the context and the relationship between spoken language and future reading comprehension.

Cette thèse est une partie du projet ONEMA pour le dimensionnement des passes à poissons et pour l’amélioration de la continuité écologique des cours d’eau. Ce travail s’est concentré sur les passes à poissons naturelles qui présentent des avantages de coût et paysager. Il s’agit d’un écoulement à forte pente autour des blocs (macro-rugosités) régulièrement repartis en quinconce avec des grands nombres de Froude. Les conditions hydrodynamiques sont alors très diverses, et peuvent être franchissables par un nombre élargi d’espèces de poisson. Ce mémoire présente les travaux réalisés à l’Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT). Afin d’étudier l’écoulement dans ces passes, on va mener des expériences sur des canaux réduits ainsi que des simulations numériques à l’aide du modèle Telemac 2D. L’objectif est de mieux connaître la structure de l’écoulement en fonction des conditions hydrauliques et géométriques comme le nombre, la forme et la taille des macro-rugosités. Plus particulièrement, la compréhension de l’interaction de phénomènes physiques généralement étudiés séparément, tels que le passage en régime torrentiel, l’interaction de sillage ou l’écoulement autour de macro-rugosités, a été recherchée. Des relations hauteur-débit ont été établies permettant une aider au dimensionnement des passes naturelles. Elles fournissent des critères de franchissement comme les vitesses maximales, la puissance dissipée ou la hauteur d’eau minimale. Pour atteindre une description plus locale de l’écoulement, des mesures de Vélocimétrie Acoustiques Doppler ont été conduites. Elles ont aussi permis de définir la plage de validité du modèle numérique 2D (Telemac). Ce modèle a alors était utilisé pour extrapoler les critères de franchissement pour des configurations non testées expérimentalement. Finalement, les connaissances sur l’écoulement ont été synthétisées pour définir des préconisations générales de dimensionnement. La précision des relations établies en laboratoire a pu aussi être vérifiée sur des passes réelles. L’hydrodynamique de ces passes est maintenant suffisamment connue pour savoir si un poisson peut remonter le courant et se reposer. Il restera à s’assurer que leur attractivité soit bonne et que des phénomènes liés aux échelles de longueurs de la turbulence ne présentent un obstacle au franchissement. / This thesis is supported by an ONEMA project for the design of fishways and improve ecological continuity of rivers. This work focused on nature-like fish passes that have cost and landscaped appearance advantages. There is a steep flow around the blocks (macro-roughness) regularly distributed in a staggered configuration with large Froude numbers. The hydrodynamic conditions are sufficiently different to be passable by an expanded number of fish species. This thesis presents the work carried out at the Institute of Fluid Mechanics of Toulouse (IMFT). To study the flow in these passes, experiments are conducted on physical models and numerical simulations using the Telemac 2D model. The goal is to better understand the flow structure based on hydraulic and geometric conditions such as the number, shape and size of macro-roughness. In particular, we considered the interaction of physical phenomena usually studied separately such that the passage in supercritical regime, the interaction of wake or flow around macro-roughness. The stage-discharge relationships were established to assist in the design of nature-like passes. They provide criteria useful for passability such as maximum speeds, power dissipation or minimal water height. To reach a local description of the flow measurements with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter were conducted. They also helped to define the valid range of the 2D model. This model was then used to extrapolate passability criteria for untested experimental configurations. Finally, the knowledge on flow has been synthesized to define general recommendations sizing. It has also been able to verify on real scale passes, the accuracy of the relations established in the laboratory. The hydrodynamics of these passes is now sufficiently described to know if a fish can swim upstream and rest. It will remain to ensure that their attractiveness is good and that phenomena related to the turbulence length scales do not present an obstacle to the fish passage.

Denna studie syftade till att undersöka hur förskollärare kan arbeta med att stimulera barns nyfikenhet för skriftspråket. Tidigare studier har visat att intresset är avgörande för barns skriftspråkliga utveckling, eftersom det påverkar hur mycket barnen kommer i kontakt med detta. Intresset varierar barn emellan och därmed även förutsättningarna, vilket visat sig vara problematiskt. Studien baserades på kvalitativa intervjuer med yrkesverksamma förskollärare för att belysa hur läsning förekommer i förskolan, hur läsning bidrar till barns lärande samt hur barns intresse för skriftspråket stimuleras. Resultatet visade att läsning i förskolan ofta förekommer som högläsning i samband med vila. Läsning sker även på barns egna initiativ, vilket studien gav perspektiv på hur förskollärare kan tillvarata. I studien framkom dessutom att barn tidigt möter skriftspråket genom att skriva och att detta är viktigt att ta på allvar. Förskollärare behöver vidare vara medvetna om att barn både har och ges olika förutsättningar för skriftspråklig utveckling. Verksamheten måste därför anpassas efter barns intressen och behov. I studien framgick betydelsen av barns hemförhållanden, där barn som är ovana vid läsning hemifrån ofta visar begränsat intresse för läsning även i förskolan. En god relation mellan hem och förskola kan däremot bidra till att intresset stimuleras och utvecklas. / The aim of this study was to investigate how Swedish preschool teachers work with children’s curiosity for the written language. Previous studies have shown that interest is of crucial importance in children’s development of written language, since this affects the level of exposure. Interest varies among children and consequently also the conditions, which has been shown to be problematical. The study was based on qualitative interviews with working preschool teachers to illustrate the presence of reading in preschool, how reading contributes to children’s learning and also how children’s interest for written language is stimulated. The result displayed that reading in preschool mostly occur in connection to rest with a preschool teacher reading aloud. Reading can also occur on children’s own initiative, which this study gave perspectives to how preschool teachers can utilize. The study showed that children’s early writing is yet another path to the written language and is therefore important to acknowledge. Furthermore, preschool teachers need to be aware of that children neither have the same background nor are given the same opportunities for development of written language. It is therefore important to adjust the pedagogical activities to children’s interests and needs. The study clarified the significance of children’s home conditions, where children that lack experience of reading at home also show less interest for reading in preschool. A good collaboration between home and preschool can however contribute to stimulation and development of children’s interest.

This thesis introduces lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs) and presents components that can be used as building blocks to create LEMs capable of more complex motion. As the name suggests, lamina emergent mechanisms are fabricated out of planar materials (the lamina) but their motion is out of that plane (emergent). Lamina emergent mechanisms can provide benefits that include reduced manufacturing costs and minimal volume when in the planar state. The compact initial state of LEMs is beneficial in reducing shipping costs, especially in volume critical applications. LEMs also exhibit the potential benefits of compliant mechanisms, namely increased precision, reduced weight, reduced wear, and part count reduction. The LEM components presented in this thesis include flexible segments, fundamental mechanisms, and a new complaint joint, the lamina emergent torsional (LET) Joint. The flexible segments are developed through changes in geometry, boundary/loading conditions, and material. The fundamental mechanisms presented have motion similar to planar change-point four-bar and six-bar mechanisms, and spherical change-point mechanisms. The LET Joint is presented as a compliant joint suited for applications where large angular rotation is desired, but high off-axis stiffness is not as critical. The joint is introduced and the equations necessary for determining the force-deflection characteristics and stress are presented. Since the LET Joint can be fabricated from a single planar layer, it is well suited for macro and micro applications. Illustrative examples of the LET Joint are provided with devices fabricated from materials as diverse as steel, polypropylene, and polycrystalline silicon.

Multiple-layer Lamina Emergent Mechanisms (MLEMs) are mechanisms made from multiple sheets (lamina) of material with motion that emerges out of the fabrication plane. This study has shown that understanding how layers are used in existing products and in nature provides insight into how MLEMs can also use layers to achieve certain tasks. The multi-layered nature of MLEMs and the interactions between these layers are what enhance the capabilities of MLEMs and allow them to better meet design objectives. Layer separation is one objective for which MLEMs are well-suited. Layer separation can have a variety of applications and there are a number of different ways to design a MLEM to achieve this objective. Single-layer LEM and MLEM designs could greatly benefit from suitable actuation techniques; those that are consistent with the advantages of these mechanisms and could be incorporated into their design. This work presents shape memory alloys, piezoelectrics and dielectric elastomers as suitable ways of actuating LEMs and MLEMs. A number of novel MLEMs are presented throughout this thesis.

Förskollärarens högläsning utgör en stor del av förskolans vardag. De flesta barn älskar att sitta med en bok och höra när förskolläraren läser och vill helst läsa samma bok om och om igen. Högläsning är något positivt där barnen kan utveckla sitt språk och lärande. Syftet med den här undersökningen är att få mer kunskap om förskollärarens perspektiv på högläsning i förskolan samt ta reda på deras erfarenheter kring högläsning. Därför har följande frågeställningar tagits med: I vilket syfte har man med högläsning i verksamheten och hur tillämpas högläsning i vardagligt förekommande pedagogiska situationer i förskolan? Vilken syn har förskollärare på högläsningens innebörd för barns språkutveckling? Vilka andra tankar eller idéer har förskollärarna kring högläsning? Utifrån för- och nackdelar med att använda online och ansikte mot ansikte intervjuer som metod valdes online intervjuer för två förskollärare på grund av covid-19 pandemin och två förskollärare intervjuades på plats på respektive förskola. Datainsamlingsstrategin utgår ifrån djupintervjuer med respondenterna.   Resultatet och analysen bygger på intervjuerna där jag har sammanfattat lärarnas synpunkter och erfarenheter av högläsning. Samtliga förskollärare berättade att högläsning var ett positivt pedagogiskt redskap. Respondenterna beskriver djupgående hur högläsning är ett viktigt hjälpmedel för alla barn som har svårt med det verbala språket. De anser att förskolan ska präglas av högläsning där åhörande barn ska kunna fantisera och stimuleras i sin språkutveckling, samtidigt som högläsning ska utgöra en rolig upplevelse för barnen.

<p>  </p> <p>Although young children from low-income families may (or may not) have fewer quality literacy experiences at home before attending preschool or kindergarten, instruction from an exemplary teacher matters most for emergent comprehension development. This single, intrinsic case study describes how one exemplary teacher’s interactions with her low-income preschoolers promote their emergent comprehension during read-alouds, while on Zoom, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The unique context of the COVID-19 pandemic required interviews with the teacher and observations of read-alouds to be conducted via Zoom. Socio-cultural, social constructivist and semiotic theories framed this study’s design as a case study. Data analysis utilized Cambourne’s Model of Learning (Crouch & Cambourne, 2020) and Dooley & Matthews (2009) Model of Emergent Comprehension. Key findings were that the teacher formed positive relationships with and among her children, getting to know their families and cultural backgrounds. She used this knowledge along with what she observed during read-alouds to engage her students and personalize both academic and social-emotional instruction for them. Her young students’ responses during read-alouds evidenced how they constructed meaning by making connections between school- and home-based interactions.</p>

Within Ericsson's procurement function there exists multiple examples of performance management that is not part of the intended performance management system. In this thesis the term emergent performance management is coined to describe the phenomenon of autonomous bottom-up performance management initiatives driven outside of the deliberate performance management set by the function strategy. Emergence of performance management is an unexplored aspect of the bottom-up impact on strategy formation within organizations. The approach was mixed methods, and first took a quantitative analysis of usage of dashboards that contained emergent performance management to find the location of these metrics, and after this, interviews were conducted which were coded to create a grounded theory on what enables and motivates the creation of emergent performance management. Emergent performance management emerges in all parts of the organization but is especially common in parts that interface with occupational health &amp; safety and Compliance. The key enablers of emergent performance management constitute perceived clarity of the metrics, organizational support for the initiative, homogeneity across processes and tools, governance structures set on the metrics, automated data flows, easily accessible data, high data quality and access to human resources. External demands from compliance and other parts of the organization, the showcasing of progress, supplier management, process adherence, end performance, increasing focus on an area, and metric alignment to goals are the motivators of emergent performance management. / Inom Ericssons inköpsfunktion finns det flera exempel på prestationsledning som inte är en del av det avsedda prestationsledningssystemet. I denna avhandling myntas termen emergent performance management för att beskriva fenomenet med autonoma bottom-up-prestationsledningsinitiativ som drivs utanför den avsiktliga prestationslednings som bestämts av funktionsstrategin. Framväxten av prestationsstyrning är en outforskad aspekt effekten av bottom-iå initative på strategibildning inom organisationer. Det var ett blandat tillvägagångssätt, och först var det en kvantitativ analys av användningen av resultattavlor som innehöll framväxande prestationshantering för att hitta platsen för dessa mått, och efter detta genomfördes intervjuer som kodades för att skapa en grundad teori om vad som möjliggör och motiverar skapande av framväxande prestationsledning. Framväxande prestationsledning uppstår i alla delar av organisationen men är särskilt vanligt i delar som gränsar till arbetsmiljö och compliance. De viktigaste som gör det möjligt för emergent performance management att skapas utgörs av upplevd tydlighet i måtten, organisatoriskt stöd för initiativet, homogenitet mellan processer och verktyg, styrningsstrukturer som sätts på måtten, automatiserade dataflöden, lättillgänglig data, hög datakvalitet och tillgång till mänskliga resurser. Externa krav från compliance och andra delar av organisationen, uppvisande av framsteg, leverantörsstyrning, processefterlevnad, slutresultat, ökat fokus på ett område och måtts anpassning till mål är motivationen för framväxande prestationsledning.

The purpose of this study is to investigate preschool staff’s perceptions of early literacy in preschool and their practical work to promote children's literacy development. The theoretical framework for this study is the socio-cultural perspective and the four resources model of literacy. Data was collected through a semi-structured web survey sent to preschool staff in a medium-sized municipality in central Sweden. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics method. The results show a tension between emergent literacy and reading readiness perspectives among the staff. All the four resources, namely code breaking, text participation, text use and text analysis, are understood as moderately important by the preschool staff. However, there is more emphasis on decoding abilities, in particular phonological awareness. In the practical work, activities that can support children in their role as critical analyst are the least common. Reading aloud, songs, rhymes and language games are the most common literacy activities in preschool. The study shows the need to put these common literacy events in a larger social and learning context to promote a comprehensive literacy development in children. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förskolepedagogers uppfattningar om tidig litteracitet i förskolan samt deras praktiska arbete för att främja barns lit-teracitetsutveckling. Den teoretiska ståndpunkten för denna undersökning är det sociokulturella perspektivet samt repertoarmodellen (the four resources model). Empirin genererades genom semistrukturerad webbenkät som skicka-des ut till förskolepersonal i en medelstor kommun i Mellansverige. Data ana-lyserades med hjälp av deskriptiv statistik metod. Resultatet visar en spänning mellan det emergent- och läsfärdighetsperspektivet bland personalen. Alla re-pertoarer av förmågor, således kodknäckande, textdeltagande, textbruk och textanalys, förstås som relativt viktiga av förskolepersonalen men det framträ-der mer betoning på avkodningsförmågor, i synnerhet fonologisk medvetenhet. I det praktiska arbetet är praktiker som stödjer barn i sin roll som kritisk ana-lytiker minst förekommande. Högläsning, sånger, rim och ramsor och språk-lekar är de mest förekommande litteracitetsaktiviteterna i förskolan. Studien visar behovet av att ställa dessa vanligt förekommande litteracitetshändelser i ett större socialt sammanhang för att främja en allsidig litteracitetsutveckling hos barnen.Nyckelord: