Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2521222 bytes, checksum: cfc5f6c38f54dd1ac44a377a98ba266e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of vasorrelaxante 6 - [(E) - styryl] - 2 - pyrone (pyrone-198), a natural estirilpirona isolated from the fruit of Aniba panurensis (Meisn.) Mez (Lauraceae), with protocols in normotensive rats in vivo and in vitro on the superior mesenteric artery rings isolated from rats. In non-anesthetized normotensive rats, 198-pyrone (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg / kg; iv) induced bradycardia and hypotension. In the superior mesenteric artery rings isolated from rats pyrone-198 (1 nM - 1 mM) induced relaxation of contractions induced by phenylephrine (Phe, 10 mM) concentration dependent manner and this effect was significantly attenuated after removal of the vascular endothelium. A similar effect occurred in rings pre-contracted with 1 mM of Phe, an effect significantly attenuated after removal of the endothelium. In the presence of 100 mM of L-NAME, 10  M ODQ, 300 mM of PTIO, the relaxation was attenuated. The effect of blocking with L-NAME was completely reversed in preparations with 1 mM L-arginine. In the presence of atropine (1 nM) and indomethacin (10 M), the response induced by pyrone-198 was not changed. The pyrone-198 inhibited contractions induced by increasing concentrations of Phe (1 nM - 1 mM) as well as the relaxation induced contractions induced by U46619 (10 M). In rings pre-contracted with S (-) Bay K8644 (200 nM) caused a relaxation pyrone the like, in rings pre-contracted with Phe (1 and 10 mM) in the presence of nifedipine. The pyrone-198 also interfered in the release of Ca+2 from intracellular stores mediated by Phe (1 and 10 M). In preparations incubated with 3 mM TEA and pre-contracted with 1 M Phe, relaxation of pyrone-198 was not attenuated, unlike the rings incubated with 3 mM TEA and pre-contracted with FEN 10  M. In preparations without endothelium preincubated with 1 mM TEA, relaxation to pyrone-198 was significantly attenuated, however, in the ring without endothelium preincubation with BaCl2 (30 M), 4-AP (1 mM) or GLIB (10 M) did not alter the relaxation induced by pyrone-198. The results suggest the action of pyrone-198 on hemodynamic parameters, alémde vasorrelaxante present a potent effect, an effect mediated in part by endothelium-dependent mechanisms involving via eNOS / CGs. But also by mechanisms independent of the vascular endothelium and the ability to promote relaxation in vascular smooth muscle seems to act interfering with contractile mechanisms subsequent to the entry of calcium, prinicpalmente by inhibiting the release of Ca+2 from intracellular stores sensitive to IP3, and engagement channels sensitive potassium calcium, these effects with different presentation by submaximal and maximal concentrations of phenylephrine. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o mecanismo vasorrelaxante da 6 [(E) estiril] - 2 - pirona (pirona-198), uma estirilpirona natural isolada a partir dos frutos de Aniba panurensis (Meisn.) Mez (Lauraceae), com protocolos in vivo em ratos normotensos e in vitro sobre anéis de artéria mesentérica superior isolada de ratos. Em ratos normotensos não anestesiados, pirona-198 (10, 20, 30 e 40 mg/kg, i.v.) induziu hipotensão e bradicardia. Em anéis de artéria mesentérica superior isolada de rato, pirona-198 (1 nM - 1 μM) induziu relaxamento das contrações induzidas por fenilefrina (FEN, 10 μM) de maneira dependente de concentração e esse efeito foi significativamente atenuado após a remoção do endotélio vascular. Efeito semelhante ocorreu em anéis pré-contraidos com 1 μM de FEN 7, efeito significativamente atenuado após a remoção do endotélio. Na presença de 100 μM de L- NAME, 10 M de ODQ, 300 μM de PTIO, o relaxamento foi atenuado. O efeito do bloqueio com L-NAME foi completamente revertido em preparações com 1 mM de L-arginina. Na presença de atropina (1 nM) e indometacina (10 M), a resposta induzida pela pirona-198 não foi alterada. A pirona-198 inibiu contrações induzidas por concentrações crescentes de FEN (1 nM 1 mM), como também induziu relaxamento nas contrações induzidas por U46619 (10 M). Em anéis pré-contraídos com S(-) Bay K8644 (200 nM), a pirona promoveu relaxamento tal como, em anéis pré-contraidos com FEN (1 e 10 μM) na presença de nifedipino. A pirona-198 também interferiu na liberação do Ca+2 dos estoques intracelulares mediado por FEN (1 e 10 M). Em preparações incubadas com TEA 3 mM e pré-contraídas com 1 M FEN, o relaxamento da pirona-198 não foi atenuado, diferentemente dos anéis incubados com TEA 3 mM e pré-contraídos com FEN 10 M. Em preparações sem endotélio pré-incubadas com 1 mM de TEA, o relaxamento para pirona-198 foi significantemente atenuado, entretanto, nos anéis sem endotélio a pré-incubação com BaCl2 (30 M), 4-AP (1 mM) ou GLIB (10 M) não modificou o relaxamento induzido pela pirona-198. Os resultados sugerem a ação da pirona-198 sobre os parâmetros hemodinâmicos, alémde apresentar um potente efeito vasorrelaxante, efeito este mediado parcialmente por mecanismos dependentes do endotélio, envolvendo a via eNOS/CGs. Como também por mecanismos independentes do endotélio vascular e essa capacidade de promover relaxamento no músculo liso vascular parece atuar interferindo em mecanismos contratéis posteriores à entrada de cálcio, prinicpalmente pela inibição da liberação de Ca+2 dos estoques intracelulares sensíveis ao IP3, e envolvimento dos canais de potássio sensíveis ao cálcio, efeitos estes com apresentação diferente mediante as concentrações submáxima e máxima de fenilefrina.

The direct relationship between resistance exercise and vascular health is certain, but the complex set of metabolic and hemodynamic pathways and the effects of this type of exercise on cardiovascular tissues are still controversial. Although consensus that nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the control of blood flow during resistance exercise, are not yet fully understood the events signaling in the vasculature that mediate the release of this vasoactive agent. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of different intensities of resistance exercise on vascular adjustments in the superior mesenteric artery of healthy rats. The thesis comprises two chapters, consisting of two original articles. The first article, "Resistance exercise enhances insulin mesenteric artery acutely-induced relaxation in healthy rats", which assessed the acute effects of an exercise session held on vascular actions of insulin in rat mesenteric artery. In this first study, it was observed that a resistance exercise session increased the vasorelaxation via PI3K/eNOS. Such increase is due in part to an increased production of NO, associated with an increase in the participation of channels for K+ and Na+/K+-ATPase. The second article, "Endothelium adjustments to acute resistance exercise are intensity-dependent in healthy animals", demonstrated that a session of vigorous exercise moderately weathered and/or improves endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by insulin due to an increase in the levels of phosphorylation of eNOSser1177 and, consequently, increased endothelial production of NO healthy animals. From these findings it is possible to suggest that resistance exercise promotes vascular adjustments that work in favor of better control of vascular tone. In addition, the magnitude of these beneficial vascular adjustments is strongly related to increased resistance exercise intensity from the intensity of 50% of 1 RM. / A relação direta entre o exercício resistido e a saúde vascular é certa, mas o complexo conjunto de vias metabólicas, hemodinâmicas e os efeitos desta modalidade de exercício físico sobre os tecidos cardiovasculares ainda é bastante controverso. Embora seja consenso na literatura que o óxido nítrico (NO) contribui para o controle do fluxo sanguíneo durante o exercício resistido, ainda não estão completamente compreendidos os eventos de sinalização na vasculatura que medeiam à liberação deste agente vasoativo. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos agudos de diferentes intensidades de exercício resistido sobre os ajustes vasculares em artéria mesentérica superior de ratos saudáveis. A tese é composta por dois capítulos, constituídos de dois artigos originais. O primeiro artigo, Resistance exercise acutely enhances mesenteric artery insulin-induced relaxation in healthy rats , no qual avaliou os efeitos agudos de uma sessão de exercício resistido sobre as ações vasculares da insulina em artéria mesentérica de ratos. Neste primeiro estudo foi demonstrado que uma sessão de exercício resistido aumentou o vasorelaxamento via PI3K/eNOS. Este aumento, se deve em parte a uma maior produção de NO, associado a um aumento da participação dos canais para K+ e da Na+/K+-ATPase. O segundo artigo, Endothelium adjustments to acute resistance exercise are intensity-dependent in healthy animals demonstrou que uma sessão de exercício resistido moderado e/ou vigoroso melhora o relaxamento dependente do endotélio induzido por insulina devido a um aumento nos níveis de fosforilação da eNOS ser1177 e, consequente, incremento da produção endotelial de NO em animais saudáveis. A partir destes achados é possível sugerir que o exercício resistido é capaz de promover ajustes vasculares importantes que atuam diretamente no favorecimento do melhor controle do tônus vascular. Além disso, a magnitude destes benéficos ajustes vasculares estão fortemente relacionados ao aumento da intensidade do exercício resistido a partir da intensidade de 50% de 1 RM.

Aims In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), the reduction of nitric oxide (NO)-bioavailability and consequently endothelial dysfunction leads to LV stiffness and diastolic dysfunction of the heart. Besides shear stress, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) stimulates endothelial cells to increased production of NO via phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). For patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, earlier studies demonstrated a positive impact of exercise training (ET) on HDL-mediated eNOS activation. The study aims to investigate the influence of ET on HDL-mediated phosphorylation of eNOS in HFpEF patients. Methods and results The present study is a substudy of the OptimEx-Clin trial. The patients were randomized to three groups: (i) HIIT (high-intensity interval training; (ii) MCT (moderate-intensity continuous training); and (iii) CG (control group). Supervised training at study centres was offered for the first 3 months. From months 4–12, training sessions were continued at home with the same exercise protocol as performed during the in-hospital phase. Blood was collected at baseline, after 3, and 12 months, and HDL was isolated by ultracentrifugation. Human aortic endothelial cells were incubated with isolated HDL, and HDL-induced eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 and Thr495 was assessed. Subsequently, the antioxidative function of HDL was evaluated by measuring the activity of HDL-associated paraoxonase-1 (Pon1) and the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). After 3 months of supervised ET, HIIT resulted in increased HDL-mediated eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation. This effect diminished after 12 months of ET. No effect of HIIT was observed on HDL-mediated eNOS-Thr495 phosphorylation. MCT had no effect on HDL-mediated eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 and Thr495. HIIT also increased Pon1 activity after 12 months of ET and reduced the concentration of TBARS in the serum after 3 and 12 months of ET. A negative correlation was observed between TBARS concentration and HDL-associated Pon1 activity in the HIIT group (r = −0.61, P < 0.05), and a trend was evident for the correlation between the change in HDL-mediated eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation and the change in peak V̇O2 after 3 months in the HIIT group (r = 0.635, P = 0.07). Conclusions The present study documented that HIIT but not MCT exerts beneficial effects on HDL-mediated eNOS phosphorylation and HDL-associated Pon1 activity in HFpEF patients. These beneficial effects of HIIT were reduced as soon as the patients switched to home-based ET.

Organic nitrates, such as nitroglycerine (NTG), are widely used for their potent vasodilator capacity in the management of coronary artery disease and heart failure. Unfortunately, their beneficial effect is rapidly lost due to the development of nitrate tolerance, which is translated by an impaired vasorelaxation to NTG and an increased oxidative stress production. Although the mechanisms of the development of nitrate tolerance are still not fully elucidated, much interest has been focused in treating nitrate-receiving patients together with other drugs in order to overcome the development of nitrate tolerance. The Nitric Oxide generating enzyme, eNOS, and the superoxide anion generating enzyme, NAD(P)H oxidase, have been suggested to play a role in the development of nitrate tolerance. The aim of this study was to analyse the underlying mechanism by which ramipril, an ACE inhibitor and rosuvastatin, a new molecule of the statin class, are able to protect against the development of nitrate tolerance in the aortas isolated from rats, wild-type (wt) and eNOS-/- mice. These results show that ramipril as well as rosuvastatin are able to protect against the development of nitrate tolerance in the wt and eNOS-/- mice aortas suggesting that eNOS is not necessary for their protective effect. The aortas from nitrate tolerant rats and mice showed a significant increase in the NAD(P)H oxidase activation compared to the aortas from the control and from the co-treated ramipril+NTG or rosuvastatin+NTG animals. In line with these findings were the results obtained by RT-PCR analysis: the mRNA expression of the different subunits of the NAD(P)H oxidase, such as gp91phox, p22phox, were significantly decreased after rosuvastatin or ramipril treatment in wt and eNOS-/- mice aortas. Apocynin, the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor was also able to inhibit the development of nitrate tolerance in the rat and mouse aortas. In conclusion, these results suggest that rosuvastatin and ramipril are able to protect against the development of nitrate tolerance by counteracting the nitrate-induced oxidative stress. The mechanism of protection involves a direct interaction with the NAD(P)H oxidase pathway and seems to be completely independent of the eNOS pathway.

L’hypertension artérielle (HTA) constitue l’une des maladies les plus répandues dans notre société. L’une de ses causes consiste en une rigidité de la paroi artérielle. Cette dernière est régulée par une balance entre agents vasoconstricteurs et vasodilatateurs. L’oxyde nitrique (NO) est un vasodilatateur produit par les cellules endothéliales (CE) en réponse aux stimulations biochimiques (acétylcholine, insuline,…) ou mécanique (cisaillement). Son rôle principal consiste en la relaxation des cellules musculaires lisses (CML) afin d’adapter le vaisseau sanguin aux contraintes qui lui sont imposées. Il s’avère, selon la littérature, que NO est impliqué dans le mode d’action de certains médicaments dirigés contre l’HTA. Celui qui nous intéresse dans cette étude est le Nébivolol. Dans la littérature, il a été rapporté que la production de NO et la structure du cytosquelette d’actine sont intimement liées et que le Nébivolol entraîne la production de NO par les CE. Le but de ce travail a été d’étudier l’implication des filaments d’actine du cytosquelette dans le mode d’action du Nébivolol sur les CE, puis d’évaluer son impact sur l’activité de la eNOS. Nous avons trouvé que le Nébivolol entraîne une augmentation de la production de NO via la dépolymérisation des filaments d’actine pendant la première heure de culture. Cette dépolymérisation résulte en la libération, la translocation péri-nucléaire et la phosphorylation de la eNOS par les Akt. Au-delà d’une heure d’incubation avec le Nébivolol, les monomères d’actine se repolymérisent, entraînant la déphosphorylation de la eNOS et la diminution de la production de NO. Toutefois, il semblerait que la formation des fibres de stress ne soit pas le seul mécanisme d’inhibition de la eNOS. En effet, nous avons montré que la translocation de l’enzyme dans la région péri-membranaire contribue à son inhibition à la suite de la perturbation de l’organisation des filaments d’actine. / Hypertension is one of the most widespread diseases which is caused by a rigidity of the vascular wall. The arteries rigidity is controlled by several vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents. Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator agent, produced by the endothelial cell (EC) in response to biochemical (acetylcholine, insulin,…) or mechanical (shearing) stimulations. Its main function is to induce smouth muscle cells (SMC) relaxation to adapt the blood vessel to the imposed forces. It has been shown in the literature, that NO is implicated in the target action of some drugs, as Nébivolol, which is directed against hypertension. We know according to the literature that NO production and the structure of the actin cytoskleton are linked and that Nébivolol induces NO production. The aim of this work was to study the implication of cytoskeleton actin filaments in the Nébivolol action in EC and to evaluate the eNOS involvement in the mechanism. We found that Nébivolol increased NO production via a depolymerization of actin filaments during the first hour of incubation. This depolymerization resulted in the peri-nuclear translocation and the phosphorylation of the eNOS by Akt. After the first hour of incubation with Nébivolol, actin monomers were repolymerized leading to the dephosphorylation of the eNOS and the reduction in the NO production. However, it seems that the stress fibers formation is not the only mechanism required for eNOS inhibition. In fact, we have shown that eNOS translocation in the peri-membranar area, inhibited the enzyme activity after actin filaments disruption.

The global Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) plays a significant role in the Earth\'s climate system by redistributing all over the world the excess heat gained by Earth in low latitudes. In its superficial branch, warm waters are exchanged throughout the world\'s ocean basins. The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and the Agulhas Leakage (AL) are the main processes responsible, respectively, for importing Pacific Ocean waters into the Indian Ocean, and for exporting Indian Ocean waters into the Atlantic Ocean. Recently, changes in both systems have been reported and can be related to global warming consequences, processes of air-sea interactions and variabilities in the ocean circulation and wind patterns. In the present work, output of a high-resolution, global implementation of HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model) from different runs were used, aiming at a study of the structure and variability of the ITF, and to evaluate the use of a numerical tool for tracking virtual Lagrangian particles to correlate circulation patterns of the ITF and the AL. For the ITF, analysis of the models\' output provided a mean volume transport in the upper 700 m depth of about 13 Sv, what is in the range of values reported by observations and other numerical simulations in the region. The seasonal variability was found to be related to the monsoons wind regimes, and the ITF\'s response to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was evaluated. During five La Niña events, the mean volume transport was of approximately 16 Sv, and for also five El Niño events, of approximately 12 Sv. Results show an abrupt increase in the heat transport between 2002 and 2012, what could be related to changes in the heat content within the Indian Ocean for the same period. Heat transport anomalies were analyzed in the last years of the time series and present a clear correlation with Nino3.4 index, denoting a strong response of the ITF to the 2014/16 El Niño. Numerical test-experiments simulating Lagrangian particles have been performed, to identify and quantify water masses\' origins compounding the ITF and to correlate variabilities signals of ITF in the Indian Ocean\'s basin circulation and in the Agulhas Leakage. / A Circulação de Revolvimento Meridional do oceano desempenha um papel importante no sistema climático da Terra, através da redistribuição do excesso de calor ganho pelo planeta em baixas latitudes. No seu ramo superficial, massas de águas quentes são carregadas entre as diferentes bacias oceânicas no mundo. O fluxo que ocorre através dos estreitos dos mares da Indonésia (ITF, Indonesian Throughflow), e o Vazamento das Agulhas (VA) são dois importantes processos responsáveis, respectivamente, por importar águas do Pacífico para o Oceano Índico, e por exportar águas do Índico para o Oceano Atlântico. Recentemente, mudanças em ambos sistemas têm sido reportados e podem estar relacionados a consequências do aquecimento global, a processos de interação ar-mar e a variabilidades da circulação oceânica e de padrões de vento. No presente trabalho foram usadas saídas de diferentes rodadas usando uma implementação global em alta resolução do HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model), com o objetivo de estudar a estrutura e variabilidade do ITF e avaliar o uso de uma ferramenta numérica para rastrear virtualmente a trajetória de partículas Lagrangianas e correlacionar padrões de circulação do ITF e do VA. Para o ITF, análises dos resultados dos modelos forneceram um valor de transporte de volume de &#8776;13 Sv para os primeiros 700 m de profundidade, o qual está em acordo com valores obtidos por observações e outras simulações numéricas. A variabilidade sazonal foi demonstrada estar relacionada aos regimes de vento de monções, e a resposta do ITF para o El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) foi avaliada. Durante cinco eventos de La Niña o transporte de volume médio foi de &#8776;16 Sv, e para cinco eventos de El Niño, em &#8776;12 Sv. Os resultados mostram um aumento abrupto no transporte de calor entre 2002 e 2012, o qual pode estar relacionado a mudanças na quantidade de calor dentro do Oceano Índico para o mesmo período. Anomalias no transporte de calor foram analisadas para os últimos anos da mesma série temporal e também apresentou clara correlação com o índice Nino3.4, configurando uma forte resposta do ITF para o El Niño de 2014/16. Experimentos numéricos simulando partículas Lagrangianas foram implementados, com o objetivo de identificar origens de massas de águas que compõem o ITF e correlacionar sinais de variabilidade do ITF na bacia de circulação do Índico e do Vazamento das Agulhas.

Submitted by Kelren Mota (kelrenlima@ufpa.br) on 2018-05-16T16:19:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_InfluenciaVariabilidadeClimatica.pdf: 2847895 bytes, checksum: a60ab79154dba402e4d2c7c0090b786a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Kelren Mota (kelrenlima@ufpa.br) on 2018-05-16T16:20:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_InfluenciaVariabilidadeClimatica.pdf: 2847895 bytes, checksum: a60ab79154dba402e4d2c7c0090b786a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-16T16:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_InfluenciaVariabilidadeClimatica.pdf: 2847895 bytes, checksum: a60ab79154dba402e4d2c7c0090b786a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Um dos principais modelos para avaliar a perda de solo por erosão é o “Universal Soil Loss Equation” (USLE), onde a determinação do potencial erosivo consiste no produto de vários índices, entre eles o de erosividade da chuva (R). Através do R é possível identificar quando se tem o maior risco de erosão hídrica. Além disso, é importante estudar de que forma as mudanças climáticas influenciam neste fator, verificando assim possíveis tendências a eventos erosivos. Diante disto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a influência das anomalias climáticas ENOS (El Niño Oscilação Sul) e Dipolo do Atlântico sobre a erosividade das chuvas em Belém, PA. Assim, calculou-se a erosividade mensal da série de 1986 a 2015, classificando-as quanto à intensidade; classificaram-se os eventos ENOS no mesmo período de tempo, através do Índice de Oscilação do Niño (ION); verificou-se a ocorrência do Dipolo do Atlântico através dos índices TNA (Tropical Northern Atlantic) e TSA (Tropical Southern Atlantic), obtendo-se o gradiente inter-hemisférico (GIH). Com esses dados, foram realizadas a análise de correlação de Pearson e análise de regressão linear entre os índices de erosividade e os ION e GIH. Assim, observou-se que o potencial erosivo das chuvas é afetado, pelo fenômeno ENOS, de modo que um maior número de meses teve menor potencial erosivo em anos de El Niño. Nos anos de La Niña, foi observado aumento nos índices de erosividade devido ao acréscimo na precipitação pluviométrica, porém não representativo. Os anos de ocorrência de Dipolo Negativo apresentaram correlação forte, o que leva a concluir que este fenômeno possivelmente tem mais influência sobre a erosividade. O Dipolo Positivo mostrou pouca correlação com o potencial erosivo. Assim, percebeu-se que a erosividade sofreu alterações, apresentando efeitos que não somente se repetiram, como também mostraram fortes correlações com os índices climáticos. / One of the main models to evaluate soil loss by erosion is the "Universal Soil Loss Equation" (USLE), where the determination of the erosive potential is the product of various indexes, including erosivity of rain (R). Through the R, it is possible to identify when you have the greatest risk of water erosion. In addition, it is important to study how climate change influence in this factor, noting possible tendencies to erosive events. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the influence of climatic anomalies, ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) and Atlantic Dipole on erosivity of rainfall in Belém, PA. It has been calculated the monthly erosivity 1986 series to 2015, classifying them as to intensity; qualification events ENSO in the same time period, through the index of oscillation of the Niño (ION); It was found that the occurrence of the Atlantic Dipole through TNA indexes (Tropical Northern Atlantic) and TSA (Tropical Southern Atlantic), obtaining the inter-hemispheric gradient (IHG). With these data, Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis between the erosivity and the ION and IHG have been carried out. It was observed that the potential erosive rainfall is affected by the ENSO phenomenon, so that a greater number of months had less erosive potential in El Niño years. In La Niña years, noted increased levels of erosivity due to the increase in precipitation, but not representative. The years of occurrence of Negative Dipole showed strong correlation, this leads to the conclusion that this phenomenon probably has more influence on the erosivity. The Positive Dipole showed little correlation with the erosive potential. It was concluded that the erosivity has undergone changes, showing effects that not only repeated but also showed strong correlations with climatic indexes.

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2017-08-08T20:21:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE_ANA GUERREIRO.pdf: 5312814 bytes, checksum: 5cda6e8ab1cf2cc13bd7d29aa20fff59 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T20:21:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE_ANA GUERREIRO.pdf: 5312814 bytes, checksum: 5cda6e8ab1cf2cc13bd7d29aa20fff59 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this study, the fisher’s knowledge about extreme climatic events (drought and flood) as well as a time serie of fishery data from Amazonas River (1996-2005) colleted at the Manaus harbour was evaluated. The main objective of this thesis is to generate indicators based on the information colleted, in order to promote a better fisheries management. Fishers were able to perceive climatic extremes that occured among 1952-2012, and they were also able to recognize the impacts that they had on fisheries resources. The analysis of fishery data time series allowed identifying an increase in fishery mortality of flag-tail prochilodus Semaprochilodus insignis during climatic extremes whose anual mean diary temperature range was lowest. An increase in growth performance of S. insignis was observed during the most intense droughts, as well as a reduction in reproductive effort of Brycon cephalus and S. insignis was noted during the most intense floods. Some adequate management measures were discussed along the text. / Neste trabalho analisámos o conhecimento ecológico que os pescadores tem acerca de eventos climáticos extremos de seca e cheia bem como uma série temporal (1996-2005) de dados provenientes do rio Amazonas coletados no porto de Manaus. O objetivo da presente tese é gerar indicadores baseados na informação coletada de forma a subsidiar uma melhor gestão das pescas na Amazônia. Os pescadores conseguiram ter percepção de extremos climáticos que ocorreram entre 1952-2012, e também conseguiram identificar os impactos que os mesmos tiveram nos recursos. A série temporal de dados de captura analisados permitiram identificar um aumento da mortalidade por pesca de Jaraqui escama grossa Semaprochilodus insignis durante extremos cuja média anual da amplitude térmica diária foi menor, e também um aumento da performance de crescimento do Jaraqui escama-grossa quando as secas foram mais fortes e uma a redução do esforço reprodutivo de Brycon cephalus e Semaprochilodus insignis quando as cheias foram mais intensas. Algumas medidas de gestão adequadas aos resultados obtidos são debatidas.

Submitted by FERNANDA DA SILVA VON PORSTER (fdsvporster@univates.br) on 2015-06-22T19:07:34Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2015CamilaDalacortToffoli.pdf: 784686 bytes, checksum: 1a5c5058c758336a1cccf6fb2c4b62a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Lisboa Monteiro (monteiro@univates.br) on 2015-06-25T20:12:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2015CamilaDalacortToffoli.pdf: 784686 bytes, checksum: 1a5c5058c758336a1cccf6fb2c4b62a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-25T20:12:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2015CamilaDalacortToffoli.pdf: 784686 bytes, checksum: 1a5c5058c758336a1cccf6fb2c4b62a6 (MD5) / A Doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é uma doença multifatorial, representado uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade global. Na última década, um grande número de trabalhos sobre a relação do óxido nítrico (ON) e DAC foram publicados. A diminuição do ON no endotélio pode causar disfunção, acelerar a aterosclerose e a progressão das doenças cardiovasculares e vários estudos têm identificado polimorfismos comuns no gene da enzima óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS), responsável pela biossíntese de ON, os quais podem estar associados a aterosclerose e a doença arterial cardíaca. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o papel de dois polimorfismos do gene eNOS (rs2070744 e rs1799983) na DAC. Metodologia: A amostra foi composta de 645 pacientes, maiores de 18 anos, submetidos ao exame de cateterismo cardíaco no Hospital Bruno Born de Lajeado, RS. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para análises bioquímicas e extração de DNA, que foram realizadas nos Laboratório do Universidade do Vale do Taquari Univates. Todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e, com base em suas características clínicas, foram classificados em um Escore de Risco Global (ERG) de DAC, proposto pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. A influência dos polimorfismos em variáveis clínicas foi avaliada através de modelos lineares univariados ou por Kruskal-Wallis. A associação dos genótipos com as variáveis categóricas foi investigada pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou por regressão logística binária. Resultados: De acordo com a pontuação no ERG, 435 pacientes (68%) foram classificados em alto risco, 166 em risco intermediário (26%) e 39 (6%) em baixo risco para a DAC. As frequências alélicas dos polimorfismos investigados no gene eNOS foram 0,69 (G) e 0,31 (T) para a variante rs1799983 e 0,59 (T) e 0,41 (C) para o rs2070744. Não foram detectados efeitos genéticos significativos do polimorfismo rs1799983 nas variáveis clínicas investigadas. Efeitos genéticos do rs2070744 foram encontrados nos valores de colesterol HDL (p=0,002) e na pontuação do ERG (p=0,032). Indivíduos homozigotos TT apresentaram valores de HDL maiores que indivíduos TC e CC e menor pontuação no ERG do que pacientes TC. Na análise categórica também se detectou um aumento do risco no ERG em indivíduos heterozigotos TC, quando comparados aos indivíduos TT (p=0,028). Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que o polimorfismo rs2070744 no gene eNOS está associado com o risco aumentado de DAC na nossa amostra. / Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disease, representing a major cause of morbidity and overall mortality. In the last decade, a large number of studies related to nitric oxide (ON) and CAD have been published. The reduction of ON in the endothelium may cause dysfunction, accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases and several studies have identified common polymorphisms in the gene of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme (eNOS), responsible for the biosynthesis of ON, which may be associated with artery atherosclerosis and heart disease. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the role of two polymorphisms in the eNOS gene (rs2070744 and rs1799983) in CAD. Methods: The sample consisted of 645 patients submitted to cardiac catheterism in the Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado, RS. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analyzes and DNA extraction, which were conducted in the Laboratory of the University Center Univates. All patients included in the study signed an informed consent form and, based on their clinical characteristics, were ranked on a Score of Global Risk (SGR) of CAD, proposed by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. The influence of the polymorphisms on clinical variables was evaluated by univariate linear models or Kruskal-Wallis test. The association between the genotypes and categorical variables was investigated by the chi-square test or by binary logistic regression. Results: According to the score SGR, 435 patients (68%) were classified as high risk, 166 at intermediate risk (26%) and 39 (6%) at low risk for CAD. Allele frequencies of the investigated polymorphisms in eNOS gene were 0.69 (G) and 0.31 (t) for the rs1799983 variant and 0.59 (T) 0.41 (C) for rs2070744. No significant genetic effects were detected for the polymorphism rs1799983 in the clinical variables. Genetic effects of rs2070744 were found in HDL cholesterol (p = 0.002) and in the SGR score (p = 0.032). Individuals homozygous TT had higher HDL levels than individuals TC and CC and lowest score in the SGR than TC patients. In the categorical analysis we also found an increased risk in the SGR for individuals heterozygous TC, when compared to TT subjects (p = 0.028). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the rs2070744 polymorphism in the eNOS gene is associated with increased risk of CAD in our sample.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-05-29T14:02:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_dejanira_ferreira_braz.pdf: 7190477 bytes, checksum: 92e5cdfe7ad2233b4cb9011ab92f32d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-29T21:22:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_dejanira_ferreira_braz.pdf: 7190477 bytes, checksum: 92e5cdfe7ad2233b4cb9011ab92f32d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T21:22:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_dejanira_ferreira_braz.pdf: 7190477 bytes, checksum: 92e5cdfe7ad2233b4cb9011ab92f32d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Os eventos severos (ES) podem causar prejuízos econômicos e sociais, com danos na agricultura e pecuária de uma região. O Rio Grande do Sul (RS), por ter grande parte da sua economia baseada na agricultura, sofre diretamente com a ocorrência de ES ao longo do ciclo de desenvolvimento das culturas, o que pode acarretar em quebra de safras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a ocorrência dos ES que atingiram a agricultura no RS, e caracterizar espacial e temporalmente o ES mais frequente bem como sua distribuição temporal, a relação deste com o fenômeno ENOS e o impacto dentro das principais culturas do Estado. Para isto, foram utilizados dados de ocorrência de ES que afetaram a área rural por municípios do RS no período de 2003 a 2012, obtidos no banco de dados da Defesa Civil do RS (DCRS). Para a análise do impacto nas culturas agrícolas, foram utilizados os dados de produtividade, rendimento e valor bruto das culturas de arroz, soja, milho e trigo (EMATER e IBGE). Foi observado o registro de ES durante todos os meses de todos os anos, com maior frequência nos meses de verão e outono, sendo que os ES mais frequentes são estiagem, granizo e vendaval, respectivamente. A estiagem em geral ocorre com maior frequência nos meses de dezembro a julho, e em meses sem a atuação do fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS). Mas ao compararmos a ocorrência dentro de cada fase de ENOS, observou-se que os casos de estiagem são mais frequentes em períodos de La Niña, nos meses de dezembro a março. Em relação à distribuição geográfica, a maior parte dos municípios atingidos por ano pela estiagem no RS estavam localizados na metade norte do Estado, embora a maioria das Regionais de Defesa Civil (REDECS) tenha registrado estiagem em todos os seus municípios pelo menos uma vez no período de estudo. Os anos com maiores danos para os agricultores do RS foram 2005, 2009 e 2012, sendo que a maior perda na produção final de grãos foi em 2012 em relação a 2011 foi de quase 100 milhões de toneladas de grãos. A intensidade da estiagem devido a atuação do fenômeno La Niña gerou déficit de precipitação à 296 municípios do RS, impactando diretamente na produção agrícola do Estado. / Severe events (ES) can cause economic and social losses, damage to agriculture and livestock in a region. The state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), because much of its economy is based on agriculture, suffers directly with the occurrence of ES along with the development cycle of the crops, which can result in crop failures. The objective of this study was to analyze the occurrence of ES that hit agriculture in RS, and characterize spatially and temporally the most frequent ES and its temporal distribution, the relationship with the ENSO phenomenon and the impact within the state's major crops. For this, ES occurrence data were used that affected the rural area by RS municipalities from 2003 to 2012, obtained from the Civil Defense database RS (DCRS). For the analysis of the impact on agricultural crops, productivity data were used, yield and gross value of rice, soybean, corn and wheat (EMATER and IBGE). The ES log was observed during every month of every year, most often in the summer months and fall. And the most frequent ES are drought, hail and gale, respectively. The drought usually occurs more frequently between the months December to July, and months without the work of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). But when comparing the occurrence within each ENSO phase, it was observed that cases of drought are more frequent during periods of La Niña in the months from December to March. Regarding geographical distribution, most of the municipalities affected by the drought year in RS were located in the northern half of the state, although the majority will of REDECS has recorded drought in all municipalities at least once during the study period. The worst years with further damage to farmers in RS were in 2005, 2009 and 2012, with the greatest loss in the final grain yield was in relation to 2012 and 2011 it was of nearly 100 million tons of grain. The intensity of the drought was because of the La Niña phenomenon that generated precipitation Deficit 296 municipalities in the RS, directly impacting production.