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Äldre byggnader som ligger i historiskt känsliga områden är sällan tillgängliga för personer med nedsatt rörelseförmåga. Det är viktigt att anpassa äldre byggnader så att de blir tillgängliga och uppfyller dagens krav för tillgänglighet. Otillgängliga entréer kan begränsa en persons rörelsefrihet eller förhindra personer med nedsatt rörelseförmåga att komma in i byggnaden, vilket kan leda till diskriminering och minskad inkludering i samhället. Det kan även strida mot lagar och förordningar som finns idag för tillgänglighet i offentliga byggnader. Arbetet i den här studien har fokuserat på tillgänglighet hos entréer till publika lokaler för personer med nedsatt rörelseförmåga. Arbetet syftar till att kartlägga kraven hos entréer till historiskt känsliga byggnader och hur byggnaderna kan förändras till att bli tillgängliga. I den här rapporten har tre publika lokaler belägna på Storgatan i Växjö använts som underlag. Målet är att hitta lösningar som kan leda till att entréer blir tillgängliga och kan användas av personer med nedsatt rörelseförmåga.  För att uppnå syftet och målet som satts för projektet användes tre olika metoder, den ena är litteraturstudie med utförande av fyra intervjuer med olika relevanta aktörer inom tillgänglighet för publika lokaler. Den andra metoden är en fallstudie där tre publika lokaler undersökts med hjälp av en checklista med lagar och krav från Boverkets byggregler. Den tredje metoden var att ta fram ett förslag på en tillgänglig entré som ritades med dataprogrammet Autodesk Revit på ett av de utvalda objekten.  Resultatet visar att brister som finns idag i historiskt känsliga byggnader när det gäller tillgänglighet är många och behöver åtgärdas. Brister som finns vid entréer kan exempelvis vara en brant lutning på en ramp, dålig belysning, ett för litet utrymme för manövreringen eller att det saknar kontrastmarkeringar. Åtgärder bör utföras varsamt med hänsyn till det kulturhistoriska värdet. De visade sig även att befintliga åtgärder som exempelvis en ramp, kan vara otillgängligt. En ramp behöver uppfylla alla krav som finns idag för att kunna räknas som tillgänglig. Slutsatsen visar att det bör ske förändringar när det gäller tillgänglighet i publika lokaler. De utvalda entréerna uppfyller inte kraven som finns idag för en tillgänglig ramp och tillgänglig entré. Det krävs ett samarbete mellan kommunen och fastighetsägaren för att kunna uppnå ett resultat som gynnar personer som är i behov av en tillgänglig entré. / This work has been carried out to show how it is possible to combine accessibility in buildings of cultural heritage and historical value. In this case, three local buildings have been studied on Storgatan in Växjö, with a focus on people with reduced mobility.  The work was carried out by studying laws that apply accessibility, making a site visit and interviewing experts on the subject. The goal was to come up with a proposal for each selected premises. Solutions should be able to be an inspiration to implement in real projects for buildings with the same characteristics. The results of the study showed that there is a lack of accessibility in three selected entrances. Inaccessible buildings can mean restrictions for people with reduced mobility to be able to carry out daily activities. There is also a need to include accessibility in buildings that have a building memory.

Akademiska Hus håller tillsammans med Luleå tekniska universitet på att utveckla ett nytt kvarter på universitetsområdet i Luleå idag. Det nya kvarteret som går under arbetsnamnet Deltakvarteret befinner sig fortfarande i ett tidigt skede i byggprocessen och det finns därmed ingen färdig utformning av kvarteret och den kommande byggnaden idag. I dagsläget finns endast ett flertal skissförslag på hur kvarteret skulle kunna utformas. Syftet med det här examensarbetet var därmed att undersöka hur ett entréområde kan gestaltas samt att ta fram specifika riktlinjer för hur Deltakvarterets nya huvudentré kan utformas. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna och uppfylla studiens syfte utfördes en litteraturstudie samt en platsanalys av den plats där den nya huvudentrén till Deltakvarteret ska placeras. Litteraturstudien hade tre olika perspektiv: entréns betydelse genom tiderna, vilka regelverk som styr utformningen av entréer i Sverige idag samt hur det nordiska klimatet i Sverige påverkar utformningen. Platsanalysen utfördes utifrån Jan Gehls analysmetod 12 kvalitetskriterier vilken bygger på en checklista för att bedöma hur välfungerande och inbjudande det offentliga rummet är. Syftet med platsanalysen var att undersöka de styrkor och svagheter som det blivande entréområdet har idag för att ta fram riktlinjer som kan stärka eventuella svagheter. Litteraturstudien visade på att entréer till byggnader har varit av stor betydelse genom tiderna då den bland annat har fungerat som ett sätt att visa på den status och makt som byggnadens invånare har i samhället. Däremot har dess utseende varierat efter de rådande arkitektoniska stilarna samt byggnadsteknikerna. Litteraturstudien visade även att det finns ett antal regelverk att förhålla sig till vid nybyggnation av en entré i Sverige idag, där framför allt Boverkets föreskrifter och allmänna råd är tillämpningsbara på entréer. Dock är de krav som ställs i BBR inte alltid tillräckliga och det kan därmed krävas ytterligare anpassningar för att uppnå en bra tillgänglighet. I nordiska klimat krävs det att utformningen av både entréer och byggnader i sin helhet tar hänsyn till klimatet för att undvika de negativa aspekter som vinterklimatet annars kan medföra. Tre viktiga aspekter som identifierats var att hålla de varma temperaturerna inomhus och de kalla utomhus, skapa skydd mot kalla vintervindar samt att släppa in vintersolen i byggnaden. Gehl-analysen visade på att den studerade ytan till största del uppnådde en acceptabel nivå för de tolv kvalitetskriterierna enligt metoden, men att vissa åtgärder fortfarande krävs för att uppnå ett lyckat stadsrum. De åtgärder som krävdes var bland annat att skapa mer skydd mot obehagliga sinnesupplevelser samt att skapa fler möjligheter att stå och sitta ned i stadsrummet.  Studiens bidrag är att sammanfatta och lyfta de aspekter som är viktiga att ha i åtanke när en ny huvudentré till en offentlig byggnad utformas i Sverige idag, där såväl styrande regelverk för entréns utformning och de anpassningar som krävs för det nordiska klimatet som entréns betydelse för en byggnad inkluderas. Studien har även bidragit till att ta fram riktlinjer som Deltakvarteret kan förhålla sig till vid utformningen av dess nya huvudentré. / Akademiska Hus, together with Luleå University of Technology, is currently developing a new block on the university campus in Luleå. The new block, which goes by the working name the Delta Block, is still at an early stage in the construction process and thus there is no finished design of the block and the upcoming building today. At present, there are only several sketch proposals on how the block could be designed. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how an entrance area could be designed and to develop specific guidelines for how the Delta Block's new main entrance could be designed. To answer the research questions and fulfil the purpose of the study, a literature study was performed as well as a site analysis of the place where the new main entrance to the Delta Block will be located. The literature study had three different perspectives: the importance of the entrance through the ages, the regulations that govern the design of entrances in Sweden today, and how the Nordic climate in Sweden affects the design. The site analysis was performed based on Jan Gehl's analysis method 12 quality criteria, which is based on a checklist to assess how well-functioning and inviting the public space is. The purpose of the site analysis was to examine the strengths and weaknesses that the future entrance area has today in order to develop guidelines that can strengthen any weaknesses. The literature study showed that entrances to buildings have been of great importance through the ages as it has, among other things, served as a way to show the status and power that the building's inhabitants have in society. However, its appearance has varied according to the prevailing architectural styles as well as the building techniques. The literature study also showed that there are a number of regulations to comply with when building an entrance in Sweden today, where above all the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning's regulations and general guidelines are applicable to entrances. However, the requirements set in the BBR are not always sufficient and further adjustments may be required to achieve good accessibility. In the Nordic climate, it is required that the design of both entrances and buildings takes the climate into account in order to avoid the negative aspects that the winter climate may otherwise entail. Three important aspects identified were keeping the warm temperatures indoors and the cold outdoors, creating protection against cold winter winds and to let the winter sun into the building. The Gehl analysis showed that the studied area largely achieved an acceptable level for the twelve quality criteria according to the method, but that certain measures are still required to achieve a successful urban space. The measures required included creating more protection against unpleasant sensory experiences and creating more opportunities to stand and sit down in the urban space. The study's contribution is to summarize and highlight the aspects that are important to keep in mind when designing a new main entrance to a public building in Sweden today, where both governing regulations for the design of the entrance and the adaptations required for the Nordic climate and the entrance's significance for a building are included. The study has also helped to develop guidelines that the Delta Block can use when designing its new main entrance.

The purpose of this study was to determine which types of student application information, as well as demographic information obtained through a questionnaire after matriculation, best predicted later academic performance in an international English-medium university in Japan, and to examine the "big picture" of how cognitive and non-cognitive variables interact over time in accounting for student success in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) program and in the regular university program. The study was divided into three parts that separately examined student application information, university entrance examinations, and the larger picture of student success. In the first part of the study, a hierarchical multiple regression was employed to determine the extent to which a variety of variables derived from application information predicted grade point average (GPA) in the EAP program, as well as first-year GPA and final GPA in the regular university program. The independent variables examined in the main regression analysis were: high school grade point average (HSGPA); ITP TOEFL scores obtained in April of the students' first year at the university; and hensachi rankings of the students' high schools. Results indicated that HSGPA was a consistently significant predictor of all levels of university GPA. ITP TOEFL scores significantly predicted EAP GPA, and <italic>hensachi / CITE/Language Arts

The research approached the selective process used by the Brazilian Colleges in the admission of candidates to the higher education. The raising demand for vacancies in the public universities contributed to the exceeding competition in the college entrance exams, what rebounded in the way of high school conduction, that has acquired propaedeutic characteristics. The negative reflection about the objectives of this level of the teaching trigged off searches for the alternatives selective process, that could rescue and encourage the realization of the purposes originally offered to the high school. New proposals acquired impulse with the promulgation of the Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDB) nº 9394, in 12/20/1996, that extinguished the traditional college entrance exams exclusiveness as the selection s way. The Universidade Federal de Uberlândia implanted the Alternative Process to College Entrance PAIES, a process of evaluation in series, with exams aplicated in the end of the three series of high school. The candidates that reach the best general results in the three evaluations, since 1997, are selected to occupy 25% of the offered vacancies, yearly, by the higher courses of UFU; entering always in the first semester. While the traditional college entrance exams selects for the others 75% of the offered vacancies; that enter in both semesters. The aim of this work was to know the factor of predictive validate of these two selective processes, through the comparison of the academic performance of the student s groups of the Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (FOUFU) admitted by traditional college entrance exams and by Alternative Process to College Entrance (PAIES). The subjects of the research were the students of the 51º to 56º groups of the Odontology Course, examined in pre established periods of the course, by analysis of the official registers of notes and subjective evaluation of the students and the teachers, by the application of the questionnaire. The data, collected between 2002/2 and 2003/2, were treated statistically and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results allowed to conclude that the admitted students by Alternative Process to College Entrance (PAIES) presented best academic performance and best competence of learning during the graduation, and suggested that this selective process present level of factor of predictive validate higher then the traditional college entrance exams. / A pesquisa abordou os processos seletivos utilizados pelas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) brasileiras na admissão de candidatos aos cursos de graduação. A crescente demanda por vagas nas Universidades Públicas contribuiu para a excessiva concorrência nos exames vestibulares, o que repercutiu na forma de condução do Ensino Médio, que assumiu funções meramente propedêuticas. Os reflexos negativos sobre os objetivos deste nível de ensino desencadearam buscas por processos seletivos alternativos, que pudessem resgatar e fomentar a concretização das metas originalmente propostas para o Ensino Secundário. Com a promulgação da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional nº 9394, em 20/12/1996, que extinguiu a exclusividade do vestibular como meio de seleção para o ingresso no Ensino Superior, novas propostas de processos seletivos têm sido implantadas e utilizadas pelas Instituições de Ensino. A Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) implantou o Programa Alternativo de Ingresso ao Ensino Superior (PAIES), processo de avaliação seriada com provas aplicadas ao final das três séries do Ensino Médio. Os candidatos que alcançam os melhores resultados gerais nas três avaliações, desde 1997, são selecionados para ocupar 25% das vagas oferecidas, anualmente, pelos cursos superiores da UFU, ingressando sempre no primeiro semestre. Por sua vez, o Processo Seletivo Semestral (VESTIBULAR) seleciona os candidatos para os demais 75% das vagas, que ingressam em ambos os semestres. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o Fator de Validade Preditiva1 desses dois processos seletivos, mediante a avaliação comparativa do desempenho acadêmico dos grupos de alunos da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFU admitidos via VESTIBULAR e via PAIES. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os alunos das 51ª à 56ª turmas, investigados em períodos pré-estabelecidos do curso, mediante análise dos registros oficiais de notas e avaliações subjetivas docente e discente, via questionários. Os dados, coletados entre 2002/2 e 2003/2, foram analisados de forma qualitativa e quantitativa, e tratados estatisticamente. Os resultados permitiram concluir que os alunos ingressos via PAIES apresentaram melhor performance e maior competência de aprendizagem durante a graduação, e demonstraram que o Fator de Validade Preditiva do PAIES é superior ao do VESTIBULAR. / Mestre em Odontologia

In this thesis we have tried to analyse 35 different tests, which make our entrance examination specimen sets for Year 5, 7 and 9. Some schools use the services of the 'Scio' company thus these tasks represent 52 written examinations from the subject of Czech language and literature. According to our findings the main emphasis of the tests is put on the lingual parts of the curriculum, especially on orthography. The applicants distinguish the sentences, in which there are (or are not) orthographic errors. They proof to have managed the lexical, morphological and syntactic orthography in simple and complex sentences well, primarily by correction and doing filling-in exercises. Apart from that, the tasks where the applicants have to work with text are used very often. They primarily decide whether the information given results from the particular passage, they examine the verity of the submitted statements about an article, etc. From the linguistic curriculum, the word class and the sentence constituents occur abundantly. Very often the applicant's competence regarding grammatically correct word forms are being tested - the pupils might create or recognize them or complete a part of the text. In many tests, we can find tasks in which the applicants search for synonyms (or antonyms) of Czech originated or...

The aim of this study is to determination of local diagnostic reference levels for radiodiagnostic examination in the General Teaching Hospital in Prague. Local diagnostic reference levels are used for an evaluation of radiation load which patients receive during medical examinations of specific parts of the human body. The evaluation can be on the level of a hospital and its department or on the level of concrete X-ray machine. The theoretical part describes a ionizing radiation, including its interaction with matter, creating, formation of radiodiagnostic image, legislation during optimization of radiodiagnostic examination, radiological protection and determination of values for radiation dose. The practical part describes the determination of local diagnostic reference levels with the help of entrance surface kerma and the median dose in the mammary gland. Both of these variables are relevant for determination of the risk of adverse effects of ionizing radiation which is applied during radiographic examination. Data for this study was collected with the help of operating diaries and PACS system. It has been rated twenty-six kinds of examinations from twelve mobile and nine stationary (including two mammographs) X-ray machines. All resulting values were statistically processed and compared with...

La thèse est une approche multidisciplinaire des coutumes religieuses et sociales byzantines en lien avec l’entrée au monastère et la profession monastique. L’étude se propose de mieux expliquer certains aspects peu compris de l’histoire du rituel liturgique ou de l’histoire des pratiques sociales. Parmi eux, nous mentionnons la terminologie utilisée pour décrire les étapes de la vie monastique, l’origine du petit habit monastique, l’introduction de la tonsure dans les pratiques utilisées à l’entrée au monastère, le nombre et le nom des habits reçus le jour de la profession monastique, les règles sociales qui gouvernaient le départ vers cette nouvelle forme de vie. Notre recherche vise l’évolution de l’ensemble de ces pratiques monastiques tout au long de l’histoire byzantine. Elle utilise à la fois des sources historiques, canoniques, littéraires, liturgiques et iconographiques. Le point clé de notre interprétation est la distinction entre deux traditions monastiques, l’une provenant de Jérusalem et l’autre provenant de Constantinople. Dans cette perspective, l’histoire des pratiques étudiées devient un « conte de deux cités », terme déjà utilisé dans un contexte strictement liturgique par R. Taft, mais pas encore appliqué à la vie monastique. Ce dialogue entre deux coutumes monastiques suffisamment différentes constitue la source d’un nombre important de clarifications terminologiques et liturgiques. On constate la coexistence sans conflit de ces traditions d’origines différentes, leurs influences mutuelles et une remarquable capacité de synthèse propre à la vie ascétique byzantine. Certains des traits du monachisme de cette époque sont encore observables dans le monachisme d’influence byzantine d’aujourd’hui. / The thesis is a multidisciplinary approach to the Byzantine religious and social customs in relation to the entrance into the monastery and the monastic profession. The study aims to better explain some aspects of the history of the liturgical ritual or the history of social practices that remain little understood. Among these, we discuss the terminology used to describe the stages of the monastic life, the origin of the small monastic habit, the introduction of the tonsure among the practices used at the entrance to the monastery, the number and the names of habits received on the day of monastic profession, the social rules that governed the start of this new form of life. The research focuses on the overall evolution of these monastic practices throughout the Byzantine history. In so doing, it uses the historical, canonical, literary, liturgical and iconographic sources. The key point of our interpretation is the distinction between two monastic traditions, one from Jerusalem and another from Constantinople. From this perspective, the history of the practices studied here becomes a "tale of two cities", a term already used in a strictly liturgical context by R. Taft, but not yet applied to the monastic life. The dialogue between these two different monastic traditions is the source of a large number of terminological and liturgical clarifications. We observe the non-conflictual coexistence of these practices of different origins, their mutual influence and a remarkable capacity for synthesis within the Byzantine ascetic life. Some features of the monastic life during this period are still found in the nowadays monasticism of Byzantine influence.

經濟學上有所謂先進者優勢 (First-mover Advantage) 的這個概念，認為一個產業的先驅公司，相較於後進的競爭對手，應該存在著許多優勢，例如: 可在對手未出現前先搶下大塊地盤，對市場定價的擁有主動權，以及在產業標準制定過程上的影響力及品牌知名度等等。 但是當先進者能處於原有市場之市場榮耀之際，很可能因為沉溺於舊有的成功，而對產業的新技術視而不見，或是低估新產業的崛起速度導致喪失先進者先機而兵敗如山倒。 處於典範轉移時代，產業的變遷速度已非舊有經驗可以預測，以往企業營收創新高都是大肆慶祝，但最近看市場領先者，如國內的宏碁電腦或是國外的諾基亞，均是在營收創新高時被調降企業評等，發出警訊。如近期宏碁電腦在PC市場已邁向全球第一名挑戰惠普HP之際，卻發生毛利下降，並警覺在智慧型手機市場已落後宏達電一大截，且現有產品線也難有競爭優勢而陣前換將。再看諾基亞，2007年營收或穫利都創新高，但到2011年市值僅Apple的7%，連續十四年的手機市佔率第一名也被三星超前;由於大部份都是低階手機，手機獲利狀況也僅Apple的三分之一。反之，後進廠商由於尚未形成經濟規模或商業模式，透過模仿式創新或破壞式創新，反而更容易動態調整策略去因應變動的環境或發現尚未被滿足的市場。在典範轉移時代，成功不是沿用舊有成功方式，而是需要想像力來找到創新的機會。而一個新進的軟體廠商，該掌握哪些競爭優勢，才能迅速搶佔市佔率? 本研究以導航產業為例，來看導航應用軟體的發展趨勢並比較先後進者優劣勢。導航產業由2003年神達電腦推出第一台結合GPS導航晶片的PDA Mio 168以來，迅速在市場上熱銷，並帶來台灣市場導航產業的一片榮景。但由於市場飽和，及受到車機與智慧型手機的雙面夾擊，使得原本的明星產業迅速在市場萎縮，2010整體台灣市場的數量一年已不到20萬台，較之2005年已萎縮了四分之一，且平均售價下降至USD 100，毛利率從40% 掉到8%。為了突破便攜式導航機PND(Portable Navigation Device)市場衰退的重圍，研勤科技在2008年創新推出第一套在iPhone上導航的導航軟體，後進者勤崴國際科技的「導航王」手導航軟體緊接著在2009年推出，在短短一年間，賣出一百萬套軟體，此數量是傳統導航機硬體三年的市場總和，軟體銷售量為先進者研勤科技的兩倍。在推出落後於現有廠商之下，後進者是透過哪些策略取得70%導航軟體市佔率? 本研究研究問題如下: 1. 後進者的軟體廠商其策略及競爭優勢為何? 2. 配合進入時機，後進者軟體廠商該採何種競爭策略? 3. 市場變動快速時，是否後進者更有優勢? 4. 本個案研究的策略優勢，是否可提供給硬體廠商參考，增加產品區隔性? 本研究將以導航產業為例，透過幾家導航產業公司領導者訪談及次級資料蒐集等進行研究，並藉由研究結果給現有軟硬體產商提出未來競爭優勢之建議。 本研究建議: 本研究透過各學者所提之先後進優勢比較，並利用Hamel(2000) 的新事業發展模式四大要素，來比較兩個個案在先後進優勢與事業經營策略，並以此兩個個案來看後進者具有那些競爭優勢。 本研究發現結論如下: 1. 在先後進優勢與事業經營策略之比較下，以此兩個個案看來，後進者修正了先進者所犯之錯誤，並有學習及鎖定策略的目標，較先進者有優勢。 2. 在進入時機上，在市場快速變動時，由於先進者尚未建立產業標準，故很容易被後進者取代，而在動態賽局環境下，能隨機應變的後進者更有優勢。 3. 除了先後進優勢，事業經營的策略也主宰了公司的走向及成功與否的主要關鍵因素，先進者縱有品牌網絡優勢，但策略錯誤，也反而被網絡優勢所害，在網路時代被大量散播產品或公司形象劣勢，造成負向循環。 4. 先進者研勤公司也因急於在2009上市，推出過多產品線，反而造成本身資源不匹配，無法支援產品更新，無考慮到公司資源，並作最適分配。 5. 其他先進領導導航機品牌，更是陷入管理惰性，過度依賴過去成功經驗，面對替代性產品出現卻無法跨足軟體市場，喪失新市場機會。 Keyword: 後進者優勢，先進者優勢，應用軟體，事業經營策略

University of Macau / Faculty of Education