Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The expansion of the ancient Kingdom of Macedonia, under the leadership of Alexander The Great, prompted the accession of Hellenic cultural dimensions throughout the West and Middle East in a process of cultural diffusion known as Hellenization. However, hellenistic cultural dominance was not without struggle Thus, this research has proposed as an hypothesis that the Old Testament book of Daniel is a result of a socio-religious experience that countered epicureanism by highlighting the principle of faithfulness to Yahweh. Daniel’s apocalypse offers a conception that the Jewish monotheistic deity interferes history in a conclusive manner, since in the end of time it will be judging all of the infidels (Dan 7: 13-14). Such philosophical system believed that the gods were in a state of ataraxia, blissfulness, serenity, antipathetic to any human feeling. Therefore, from a cultural approach of the religious phenomenon it has been scrutinized if the book of Daniel, written in an apocalyptic language, presents a proposal of socio-religious way of life posing an antithesis to the Epicurean doctrine while fostering the maintenance of a Jewish identity related to the divine figure of Yahweh in the second century BCE. / A expansão do império macedônico, sob a égide de Alexandre o Grande, impulsionou a adesão de dimensões culturais helênicas pelo mundo Ocidental e Médio-Oriental em um processo de circularidade cultural denominado de helenização. Contudo, houve contestações à dominação cultural helenística. Desse modo, esta pesquisa propôs como hipótese que, o livro veterotestamentário Daniel é produto de uma experiência sócio-religiosa e se opôs ao epicurismo colocando em evidência o princípio de fidelidade a Javé. O apocalipse daniélico apresenta uma concepção de que a divindade monoteísta judaica interfere na história de modo definitivo, pois no final dos tempos julgará todos os infiéis (Dn 7, 13-14). Esta percepção se opõe sobremaneira ao pensamento de uma escola filosófica do período helenístico, a epicurista. Tal sistema filosófico veiculava que os deuses eram ataráxicos, bem aventurados, imperturbáveis, incompatível com qualquer sentimento humano. Então, a partir de uma abordagem cultural do fenômeno religioso investigou-se, se o livro de Daniel, redigido em uma linguagem apocalíptica, apresenta uma proposta de modo de vida, na qual é possível perceber uma contra-argumentação à doutrina epicurista ao mesmo tempo em que fomentava a manutenção de uma identidade judaica ligada a divindade Javé no II séc. a.E.C. / São Cristóvão, SE

Mon travail de thèse a comme objectif de reconstituer la théorie du vivant d’Épicure en clarifiant la relation entre l’âme et le corps. Autrement dit, je vise à comprendre l’explication épicurienne du vivant en vérifiant comment et en quelle mesure l’âme et le corps sont impliqués dans les phénomènes vitaux comme le sommeil, la respiration, la digestion, etc. Pour ce faire : 1) dans la première partie je reconstitue la doctrine psychologique à travers les écrits d’Épicure (Lettre à Hérodote et livre XXV du Peri Physeos), les témoignages épicuriens (notamment Lucrèce mais aussi Démétrius Lacon et Diogène d’OEnoanda) et anti-épicuriens (Cicéron, Plutarque, etc.) ; 2) dans le deuxième partie j’examine le développement de la psychologie, telle que je l’ai reconstituée, sur la base d’une comparaison dialectique avec Démocrite et Aristote ; 3) dans la troisième partie je reconstitue la théorie physio-biologique à partir du livre IV du De rerum natura en montrant ses liens avec la théorie psychologique et je confronte les explications épicuriennes des phénomènes psychobiologiques avec les explications provenant du milieu atomiste, péripatéticien et médicale ; 4) dans la quatrième partie je ferai une comparaison entre les théories psychobiologiques d’Épicure avec celles d’Asclépiade de Bithynie en confrontant leur application dans l’explication des maladies. / My thesis aims at providing an explanation for the Epicurean theory of the living being by accounting for the relationship body and soul entertain in psycho-biological phenomena. In other words, the aim of this thesis is to investigate in which manner and to what extent both the body and the soul are involved in vital phenomena such as sleep, breathing, digestion etc. To this purpose, sections 1 and 2 will deal more closely with Epicurus’ psychological doctrine, while sections 3 and 4 will integrate the discussion with Epicurus’ account of (psycho-)biological phenomena. Accordingly, section 1 will provide a reconstruction of Epicurus’ psychological doctrine through an analysis of Epicurus’ own writings (Letter to Herodotus; Book XXV of the Peri Physeos), Epicurean testimonies (including Lucretius but also Demetrius Lacon and Diogenes of OEnoanda) and anti-Epicureans accounts (Cicero, Plutarch, etc.). Section 2 will offer a dialectical explanation for the development of Epicurus’ psychology (as reconstructed in section 1) in its relationship with the previous philosophical background, Democritus and Aristotle specifically. Section 3 will consider the physio-biological theory from book IV of the De rerum natura and will acknowledge the links this entertains with Epicurus’ psychological theory. In this context, Epicurean explanations of psycho-biological phenomena will be compared with those offered by the atomist, Peripatetic and medical milieu. Lastly, section 4 will offer a comparison between Epicurus’ psycho-biological theories and those of Asclepiad of Bithynia and will examine their respective application in the context of explaining diseases.

This thesis compares the interaction of philosophy and literature in Plato and Lucretius. It argues that Plato influenced Lucretius directly, and that this connection increases the interest in comparing them. In the Introduction, I propose that a work of philosophical literature, such as the De Rerum Natura or a Platonic dialogue, cannot be fully understood or appreciated unless both the literary and the philosophical elements are taken into account. In Chapter 1, I examine the tradition of literature and philosophy in which Plato and Lucretius were writing. I argue that the historical evidence increases the likelihood that Lucretius read Plato. Through consideration of parallels between the DRN and the dialogues, I argue that Plato discernibly influenced the DRN. In Chapter 2, I extract a theory of philosophical literature from the Phaedrus, which prompts us to appreciate it as a work of literary art inspired by philosophical knowledge of the Forms. I then analyse Socrates’ ‘prelude’ at Republic IV.432 as an example of how the dialogue’s philosophical and literary teaching works in practice. In Chapters 3 and 4, I consider the treatment of natural philosophy in the Timaeus and DRN II. The ending of the Timaeus is arguably an Aristophanically inspired parody of the zoogonies of the early natural philosophers. This links it to other instances of parody in Plato’s dialogues. DRN II.333-380 involves an argument about atomic variety based on Epicurus, but also, through the image of the world ‘made by hand’, alludes polemically to the intelligently designed world of the Timaeus. Through an examination of Plato’s and Lucretius’ polemical adaptation of their predecessors, I argue that even the most seemingly technical passages of the DRN and the Timaeus still depend upon literary techniques for their full effect. The Conclusion reflects briefly on future paths of investigation.

<p>Uppsatsen tar upp frågan om döden inom den epikureiska filosofin. Det visar sig att frågan kan delas upp i flera frågor. Dessa delfrågor kring döden är kopplade till olika rädslor. Uppsatsen tar även upp hur frågan kring döden blir bron mellan metafysiken och etiken inom den epikureiska filosofin. Uppsatsens huvudpunkt är utredningen av Lucretius, <em>De rerum natura</em>. Uppsatsen följer Lucretius argumentation kring naturen, världen och universums uppbyggnad , gudarnas förehavanden och till slut döden som en icke-händelse och därför inget att frukta.</p><p>För att förstå Lucretius bör man även studera Epikuros originaltexter.</p><p>Frågan är om<em> </em>Lucretius argument tillför någonting nytt inom den epikureiska filosofin, eller om Lucretius endast omformulerar och ger nya liknelser kring det som redan står att finna i Epikuros originaltexter.</p><p>Uppsatsens slutsats blir att Lucretius egentligen inte tillför någonting nytt och att Epikuros argument om döden som en icke-händelse står sig bra.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to examine the question of death within the epicurean philosophy. The main question can be divided into part questions. These part questions are connected to different fears. The essay also discusses how the question of death becomes the bridge between metaphysics and ethics within the epicurean philosophy. The essay’s main focus is the examination of Lucretius, <em>De rerum natura.</em> The essay follows Lucretius argumentation about the construction of nature, the word and universe, the whereabouts of the gods and finally death as a non-event and therefore nothing to fear.</p><p>To understand Lucretius one also has to study the original texts written by Epicurus. The question is if Lucretius argument adds anything new to the epicurean philosophy, or if Lucretius only rephrases and comes up with new metaphores about what already is found in the original texts by Epicurus.</p><p>The essay’s conclusions are that Lucretius doesn’t add anything new, and that Epicurus original argumentation about death as a non-event is strong.</p>

Uppsatsen tar upp frågan om döden inom den epikureiska filosofin. Det visar sig att frågan kan delas upp i flera frågor. Dessa delfrågor kring döden är kopplade till olika rädslor. Uppsatsen tar även upp hur frågan kring döden blir bron mellan metafysiken och etiken inom den epikureiska filosofin. Uppsatsens huvudpunkt är utredningen av Lucretius, De rerum natura. Uppsatsen följer Lucretius argumentation kring naturen, världen och universums uppbyggnad , gudarnas förehavanden och till slut döden som en icke-händelse och därför inget att frukta. För att förstå Lucretius bör man även studera Epikuros originaltexter. Frågan är om Lucretius argument tillför någonting nytt inom den epikureiska filosofin, eller om Lucretius endast omformulerar och ger nya liknelser kring det som redan står att finna i Epikuros originaltexter. Uppsatsens slutsats blir att Lucretius egentligen inte tillför någonting nytt och att Epikuros argument om döden som en icke-händelse står sig bra. / The purpose of this essay is to examine the question of death within the epicurean philosophy. The main question can be divided into part questions. These part questions are connected to different fears. The essay also discusses how the question of death becomes the bridge between metaphysics and ethics within the epicurean philosophy. The essay’s main focus is the examination of Lucretius, De rerum natura. The essay follows Lucretius argumentation about the construction of nature, the word and universe, the whereabouts of the gods and finally death as a non-event and therefore nothing to fear. To understand Lucretius one also has to study the original texts written by Epicurus. The question is if Lucretius argument adds anything new to the epicurean philosophy, or if Lucretius only rephrases and comes up with new metaphores about what already is found in the original texts by Epicurus. The essay’s conclusions are that Lucretius doesn’t add anything new, and that Epicurus original argumentation about death as a non-event is strong.

In this Study, the empiricist ethical system of Epicurus and idealist ethical system of Kant will be compared. Kant maintains that as Epicurus&rsquo / ethics regards morality as a means for the attainment of happiness, it is nothing but a self-love ethics. He, for this reason, calls Epicurean morality &ldquo / selfishness.&rdquo / According to Kant, the maxims of happiness can be known only through experience but he says, experience can never produce a law which is universal and necessary. He contends that as Epicurean ethics has happiness as its ultimate goal (i.e., the highest good), it cannot be able to produce an objective morality, valid for all rational beings. Kant, on the other hand, tries to found his ethical system on an a priori moral law of pure reason which borrows nothing from experience. This Study would, in a sense, be a defense of Epicurean ethical system against Kant&rsquo / s claims. The main argument of the thesis is that Epicurean ethics is not a self-love ethics, but rather a system which propounds happiness for all. I will be arguing that for Epicurus, one&rsquo / s own happiness is necessarily bound up with the happiness of others, and that his system is sound and consistent. I will also try to show that Kant is not successful in deducing a transcendentally ideal (a priori) law of reason and that his system has some inconsistencies.

The presentation of pietas in Lucretius has often been overlooked since he dismisses all religious practice, but when we consider the poem’s overall theme of growth and decay, a definition for pietas emerges. For humans, pietas is the commitment to maintaining the foedera naturae, “nature’s treaties.” Humans display pietas by procreating and thereby promoting their own atomic movements into the future. In the “Hymn to Venus,” Lucretius uses animals as role models for this aspect of human behavior because they automatically reproduce come spring. In the “Attack on Love,” Lucretius criticizes romantic love because it fails to promote the foedera naturae of the family. Lucretius departs from Epicurus by expressing a concern for the family’s endurance into the future, or for however long natura will allow. It becomes clear that Lucretius sees humans as bound to their communities since they must live together to perpetuate the foedera naturae of the family. / text

Aux vers 102 et 109 du premier livre de DRN, Lucrèce, poète épicurien, condamne les Vates (poète, prophète) qui, par leurs paroles, inspireraient une peur de la mort liée à des supplices d’après-vie. Pour un épicurien, l’âme cesse d’exister lors de la mort, d’où la condamnation exprimée dans les vers de Lucrèce. On a pensé que Lucrèce utilisait tout simplement le terme de façon péjorative en référence générique à des prophètes latins. Sous Auguste, le mot signifiera poète, tandis que des auteurs comme Virgile se désigneront eux-mêmes par ce terme. Ce travail cherche à donner une réponse à la question: qui sont les vates dont Lucrèce parle? Nous proposons d’identifier les vates de Lucrèce comme étant Orphée et Musée. Ces poètes étaient très connus dans l’antiquité, en particulier par leur association aux rituels mystiques. Ces cultes étaient pour leur part essentiellement eschatologiques. En ce sens, ils véhiculaient une croyance en l’immortalité de l’âme, et des menaces de punition ou de mauvais sort dans le cas où les rituels initiatiques n’étaient pas accomplis. Parmi ces rituels, on peut compter les fameux mystères d’Éleusis. Par leur forte association avec ces cultes, Orphée et Musée se présentent comme les poètes eschatologiques les plus importants du monde antique. Épicure et son système, qui enseignaient que l’âme était mortelle, étaient donc certainement en conflit avec l’ensemble des croyances associées aux rituels mystiques et à leur pratique. Qui plus est, une étude de la piété épicurienne révélera qu’Épicure encouragea la participation aux cultes traditionnels dont les mystères, tout en rejetant les raisons traditionnelles de ces rituels (bienfaits des dieux, eschatologie de l’âme, etc.) Ainsi, Épicure ne put manquer de critiquer les croyances associées aux initiations, ainsi que les deux poètes qui en étaient inséparables. C’est cette critique que nous retrouvons dans le poème de Lucrèce. / In lines102 and 109 of his first book, Lucretius uses the term vates of unnamed persons that preached eternal punishment of the soul. Lucretius (and Epicurus) reject the reality of these punishments, holding them a cause of needless trouble for the mind. Most translators understand the word vates to mean «prophet». But given such a translation, it is hard to identify clearly who the vates could be, especially if we seek the answer in the Roman world. This paper seeks a satisfactory answer to the question "Who are Lucretius’ vates?" The author proposes to identify those Lucretius had in mind when he wrote the lines as Orpheus and Musaeus. These two mythical poets were well known in antiquity, especially through their association with mystic rites and initiations. These rites, it turns out, were fundamentally eschatological. As such, they promoted belief in the immortality of the soul, and of eternal punishments if the rituals were not accomplished. Such rites included the famous Mysteries of Eleusis. Through their association with them, Orpheus and Musaeus are the most important eschatological poets of the ancient world. Because Epicurus asserted that the soul was mortal, there certainly existed a tension between the complex of beliefs associated with mystic rites and the Epicurean system. In addition, a study of Epicurean piety reveals that Epicurus encouraged participation in traditional cults, among them the mysteries, although the Epicurean had to reject the traditional justification of the cults (eschatology, good deeds from the gods, etc.). Consequently, Epicurus must have developed a critique of the beliefs associated with initiations, and certainly a critique of the two well-known poets that were inseparable from these rites. This critique is the one we find in Lucretius’ poem.

Cette thèse s’attache à mettre en lumière les points de rencontre entre la philosophie épicurienne et l’épopée de Virgile. Si les relations entre la philosophie d’Épicure et l’œuvre de Virgile ont fait l’objet de nombreux développements, les correspondances et les liens mis en lumière concernent pour l’essentiel ses œuvres de jeunesse, soit les poèmes des Géorgiques et des Bucoliques. A contrario, on constate que dans l’épopée d’Énée, les empreintes de l’épicurisme se trouvent bien souvent mises au second plan.Chez Virgile comme chez Lucrèce et les épicuriens, ce qui a trait à la vision et au phénomène des songes tient une place importante. Cette étude envisage de montrer dans quelle mesure le traitement littéraire des différents épisodes de songes et d’apparitions qui rythment l’épopée virgilienne constitue un reflet des considérations épicuriennes qui ont participé à la formation philosophique du jeune poète. La façon dont il aborde le sujet des rêves et des apparitions au travers d’un récit épique codifié se trouve mise en parallèle avec les écrits d’Épicure et plus spécifiquement avec de De rerum natura de Lucrèce. Les questions épistémologiques en lien avec l’épicurisme, de même qu’une analyse du vocabulaire lié aux images et aux songes sont au cœur de ce travail.S’il y avait a priori un enjeu dans le choix d’appréhender une œuvre de l’ampleur de l’Énéide du point de vue de l’épicurisme et en se limitant aux seuls textes traitant des songes et des apparitions, l’analyse des vers de Virgile à la lumière du texte de Lucrèce permet de faire émerger des affinités tant au niveau du lexique que des thématiques traitées. Les empreintes d’une influence épicurienne dans l’épopée de Virgile sont, comme les songes et apparitions, d’une nature parfois ténue, mais si on veut bien y prêter attention, elles ne sont pour autant ni impalpables ni insaisissables. / This thesis aims to highlight links between the epicurean philosophy and Vergil’s epic. If the relations between Epicurus’ philosophy and Vergil’s work have been widely discussed, the highlighted interconnections and links mainly deal with his early works, ie. Georgics and Bucolics. On the other hand, it is possible to note that in Aeneas’ epic the footprint of epicureanism are often put on a second plan.Both as in Vergil and in Lucretius and the Epicureans, the topic dealing with the vision and the dream has an important status. This study aims to demonstrate the way the literary interpretation of the differents episodes of dreams and apparitions, that punctuate Vergil’s epic, is a mirror of the epicurean considerations that took part in the philosophical background of the young poet. The way he deals with the subject of the dreams and the apparitions through a codified epic story is compared with Epicurus’ writings and more specifically with Lucretius’ De rerum natura. Epistemological questions linked with the epicureanism, as well an analysis of the vocabulary refering to images and dreams are the main point of the study.through the epicureanism, limited to the texts dealing with dreams and apparitions, the analysis of Vergil’s verses thanks to Lucretius’ work allows us to highlight affinities in terms of the lexicon as well as the topics covered.The marks of an epicurean influence in Vergil’s epic are, as the dreams and the apparitions, of a tenuous essence, but if we look at this carefully, they are nevertheless neither intangible nor elusive.

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