The aim of this study is to contribute knowledge of how preschool teachers work with equal value. My questions has been about how preschool teachers do to show children every humans equal value and how they do to meet all children based of this idea. I have used individual qualitative interviews whit 4 preschool teachers as the method for this study. In my result I have found that the preschool teachers worked a lot with equal values. Some preschool teachers worked in different ways every day using different methods like valuational and themelike activities. Common for all the preschool teachers is that they all say that it is extremely important to use the everyday interactions with the children to make them learn the importance of and meaning of every humans equal rights. Previous research and literature shows that it is important to work as a role model for the children. This is something that the preschool teachers I interviewed talk about as well. / Syftet med detta arbete är att bidra med kunskap om hur förskollärare arbetar med allas lika värde. Mina frågeställningar har handlat om hur förskollärare gör för att visa på allas lika värde samt hur förskollärarna gör för att bemöta barnen utifrån denna tanke. Jag har använt mig av kvalitativa intervjuer med 4 förskollärare som metod för arbetet. I mitt resultat fann jag att förskollärarna arbetade mycket med allas lika värde, på några av avdelningarna dagligen med hjälp av bland annat värderings- och temainriktade aktiviteter. Gemensamt för mitt resultat är att förskollärarna på alla avdelningar betonar vikten av samspelet med barnen för att få ut kunskap om allas lika värde. Att vara en förebild är även något jag kan se förskollärarna jag intervjuat och tidigare forskning samt litteratur jag läst lägger stort fokus vid.

European legal regulation of the remuneration of women and men Abstract This thesis focuses on the legal regulation of the principle of equal pay in European law. Despite the fact that the priciples of equality of men and women are anchored in the international, regional and national laws, the actual fulfulment of the principle of equal pay in the European countries is not satisfactory. This thesis is trying to provide a systematic overview of the relevant legal regulation of the principle of equal pay on the international and European level. Within the respective legal systems, this thesis focuses on the particularity of the regulation, on the existence of controll and enforcing mechanism and on the actual aplication of the principle of equal pay through these mechanisms. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter defines the concepts essential for this thesis. In particular, it contains definitions of concepts of equality and discrimination. Furthermore, the concepts of sex, gender and diferences in remuneration are defined. The second chapter focuses on the legal regulation of equal pay as adopted by the UN. It analyses the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women and the relevant treaties of the International labour organisation, including the overview...

This thesis is mainly concerned with how equality is related to social and individual wellbeing. It is widely believed that inequalities are both necessary and beneficial for society. This has been repudiated by recent studies claiming the opposite. This thesis will first elaborate on the concept of equality before investigating the relation between inequalities and different components of wellbeing with the use of a literature review. It finds that several adverse effects are correlated with inequalities and that competition might be an explanation for- as well as an amplifier of the adverse effects. Based on these findings, the thesis presents some guidelines for incorporating equality within a set of policy-areas. It concludes that the main points of importance are to avoid connecting the ability and merit of a person to the value of that person as well as to achieve material equality: both these working as a foundation for a subjective feeling of equality in value.

The purpose of the thesis is to gain knowledge about how preschool teachers talk about the handling of children's ethnic differences circle time. In order to collect data, qualitative interviews with preschool teachers at five different pre-schools in the Stockholm area have been selected. In the result analyzed with discourse analysis as applied and through Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory, eight different concepts (characters) emerged which preschool teachers use when talking about children's ethnic differences. The result shows which discourses are actualized when preschool teachers talk about children's ethnic differences. Within the various discourses it emerges that preschool teachers talk about differences by using the concepts of differences, language, culture, ethnicity, interculturalism, justice, identity and equal value. Some of the preschool teachers talk about the concept of ethnic differences as a possible exclusion of children's equal value, which means that they instead want to talk about similarities. What has emerged from the study is that the concept of ethnic differences can be replaced by ethnic diversity in order to enable another meaning which also covers everyone's equal value. / Uppsatsens syfte är att få kunskap om hur förskollärarna talar om hanteringen av barns etniska olikheter under samling. För att samla in data har kvalitativa intervjuer med förskollärare vid fem olika förskolor i Stockholmsområdet genomförts. I resultatet som analyserats med diskursanalys som ansats och genom Laclau och Mouffes diskursteori framkom åtta olika begrepp (tecken) vilka förskollärare använder sig av när de talar om barns etniska olikheter. Resultatet visar vilka diskurser som aktualiseras när förskollärarnas talar om barns etniska olikheter. Inom de olika diskurserna framkommer att förskollärarna pratar kring olikheter genom att använda begreppen olikheter, språk, kultur, etnicitet, interkulturalitet, rättvisa, identitet och lika värde. Några av förskollärarna talar kring begreppet etniska olikheter som ett möjligt uteslutande av barns lika värde vilket leder till att de istället vill prata om likheter. Det som framkommit i studien är att begreppet etniska olikheter kan ersättas av etnisk mångfaldför att möjliggöra en annan innebörd vilken även omfattar allas lika värde.

The purpose of this paper is to visualize how vital the concept of social sustainability is to secure a sustainable society. To answer this, two surveys have been made. One study examines and compares how selected concepts are highlighted in the curricula Lgy 70, Lpf94 and GY11, in order to answer how the concept of social sustainability changed over time. The second survey analyzes the positive effects that may arise with increased social sustainability in the school. In order to answer this question, an interview has been made with a teacher who has been working for all three curricula. The choice of subject is based on the latest Friends-report, which states that every fourth child in school is exposed to abusive treatment and every tenth child is subjected to bullying. The essay is based on a hermeneutic theory whose purpose is to interpret collected material to bring in a deeper understanding. In order to create a deeper understanding, the essay has used a qualitative method that stands out to give an overall picture. The essay also contains a comparative method for analyzing similarities and differences between the different curricula Lgy70, Lpf94 and GY11. The results of the essay show that the concept of social sustainability has undergone a major change from the 1970s to today. The results also show that if social sustainability is given more space in education, hopefully we can see a reduction in discrimination in school. This would in turn result and contribute to a stronger society.

Finns det några skillnader mellan kön? Mellan det manliga och kvinnliga, att vara en mamma eller pappa? Finns det även skillnader i att vara en kvinnlig eller manlig socialarbetare? Svaret på dessa frågor enligt en del forskning är att, ja, det finns skillnader. Den här studiens resultat tyder på att de finns skillnader i både samhället och inom socialtjänsten. Dessa skillnader kan ta sig i uttryck hur handläggare inom socialtjänsten tänker kring könsroller i hemmet, vilka förväntningar som finns på ensamstående pappor respektive mammor eller hur den enskilde individen inte passar in i den förväntade rollen eller den mall som är satt för dem. Handläggare inom socialtjänsten behöver ha organisatoriska förutsättningarna för att lägga vikt vid ett genustänk. Handläggare behöver ha tid för reflektion samt synliggöra arbetet av genusmedvetenhet i sitt arbete. Den aktuella forskningen inom området behöver lyftas än mer för att verkligen skapa förändring och medvetenhet inom socialtjänsten. För att enskilda individer som söker stöd inte ska komma att feltolkas eller bemötas på felaktiga grunder när det kommer till att bevilja bästa möjliga insatser eller bistånd för den enskilde. Vår studie syftar till att fördjupa kunskapen om hur socialtjänsten arbetar med genusfrågor i relation till att säkerställa att den sökandes behov ligger i fokus, med stöd av arbetssätt som hjälper handläggaren att inte präglas av könsstereotypiska föreställningar i bedömningen. Uppsatsen stödjer sig i kvalitativa intervjuer och vi har använt oss av grundad teori som metodval utifrån studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Resultaten som sedan blev grund till den genomförda analysen, blev kategorierna 1) faktorer som kan påverkar en jämställd bedömning 2) upplevda fördelar med könsneutrala ärendedragningar 3) svårigheter med könsneutrala ärendedragningar, 4) könets betydelse och 5) organisatoriska hinder. De slutsatser som har dragits är att det kan finnas skillnader i bedömningarna i ärendedragningar där handläggare berättar kön kontra där kön inte nämns. Det kan ses som viktigt att inte nämna kön för att arbete mer rättssäkert. Handläggare som arbetar med genustänk ger effekter och har betydelse i handläggningen. Därutöver så dras slutsatsen att det krävs organisatoriska förutsättningar för att använda sig av detta arbetssätt. / This paper aims to examine the use of gender-neutral case- and errand managements in different units of the social services. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in both society and the social services. These differences can be expressed in how social service administrators think about gender roles in the home, what expectations there are of single fathers and mothers or how the individual does not fit into the expected role, or the template set for them. Administrators in the social services need to have the organizational conditions to emphasize gender thinking and they also need the time for reflection and to make the work of gender awareness visible in their work. Current research in the field needs to be highlighted more to really create change and awareness in the social services, so that individuals seeking support will not be misinterpreted or treated on incorrect grounds when it comes to granting the best possible efforts for the individual.Our study aims to deepen the knowledge of how the social services work with gender issues in relation to ensuring that the applicant's needs are in focus, with the support of working methods that help the administrator not to be characterized by gender stereotypical notions in the assessment. The results then became the basis for the analysis, became the categories 1) Factors that can influence the administrator's assessment, 2) Perceived benefits of gender-neutral case-drawing, 3) Difficulties with gender-neutral case-drawing, 4) Gender significance and 5) Organizational barriers.The conclusions that's been drawn is that there may be differences in the assessments in case cases where one tells gender versus where one does not tell gender. It can be seen as important not to mention gender in order to work with legal certainty. The administrators in the social services who work with gender-thinking, have noticeable effects and are important in case management. In addition, it is concluded that organizational conditions are required to use this way of working.

The legislation relating to equal remuneration claims is an area of law which is nuanced and consequently poorly understood. It has posed an unattainable mountain for many claimants who came before the South African courts. This is as a direct result of the lack of an adequate legal framework providing for same in the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998. The case law recognises two causes of action relating to equal remuneration. The first cause of action is equal remuneration for the same/similar work. The second is equal remuneration for work of equal value. The former is easily understood by both claimants and courts but the latter is poorly understood and poses many difficulties. The aim of this dissertation is fourfold. Firstly, the problems and criticisms regarding equal remuneration claims will be briefly highlighted. Secondly, a comprehensive analysis of the current legal framework will be set out together with the inadequacies. Thirdly, an analysis of international law and the law of the United Kingdom relating to equal remuneration claims will be undertaken. Fourthly, this dissertation will conclude by proposing recommendations to rectify the inadequacies. / Mercantile Law / LL.M. (Labour law)

Trust, cooperation and equal value. The purpose of the current study has been to present evidence of interracial bridging social capital between groups and individuals in South African small-town society. An ethnological field study has been executed by searching, observing and interviewing citizens at various meeting points in civil society where interracial interaction is taking place. The collected empirical data will be evaluated in relation to established theories regarding the importance of social capital in relation to political prospering of liberal democracies. This will be done in order to answer the question: in what way and in which spheres of South African society can evidence of bridging social capital be found? The discussion and conclusion will be dependent on to what extent bridging social capital is taking place in conjunction with interracial meetings. The research will be divided into three phases. The first phase will be presenting the idea of the research and the preparation of how it is going to be performed. The second phase demonstrates the execution of data gathering with the theories at its core. Finally, the third phase of the essay will be carried out by discussing the results and how it contributes to the existing science base (George and Bennet, 2005, p. 73). In conclusion, the study showed that bridging social capital is possible to find primarily in the spheres of education and Christian parishes close to communities where the middle and upper-class live.

This thesis is a case study of the implementation of Ontario's 1987 pay equity legislation. Ontario's pay equity legislation was very progressive and was aimed at eliminating the portion of the wage gap between men and women caused by discrimination. The legislation mandated both public and private sector employers with more than 10 employees to create pay equity plans to eliminate the discriminatory portion of the wage gap. The legislation has met with some success. However, measuring the progress of eliminating wage discrimination is difficult because the Ontario government was unwilling to impose a coercive implementation regime. Consequently, the government has little information to measure either employer compliance or the results of employer pay equity plans. Employers have few incentives to comply with the legislation and the implementing agency has insufficient financial resources to monitor compliance. Clearly this implementation regime was a delicate political balancing of the interests of business and labour and women.

The legislation relating to equal remuneration claims is an area of law which is nuanced and consequently poorly understood. It has posed an unattainable mountain for many claimants who came before the South African courts. This is as a direct result of the lack of an adequate legal framework providing for same in the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998. The case law recognises two causes of action relating to equal remuneration. The first cause of action is equal remuneration for the same/similar work. The second is equal remuneration for work of equal value. The former is easily understood by both claimants and courts but the latter is poorly understood and poses many difficulties. The aim of this dissertation is fourfold. Firstly, the problems and criticisms regarding equal remuneration claims will be briefly highlighted. Secondly, a comprehensive analysis of the current legal framework will be set out together with the inadequacies. Thirdly, an analysis of international law and the law of the United Kingdom relating to equal remuneration claims will be undertaken. Fourthly, this dissertation will conclude by proposing recommendations to rectify the inadequacies. / Mercantile Law / LL.M. (Labour law)