ABSTRACT AN ANALYSIS OF ADA TITLE I ALLEGATIONS OF WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION AS FILED WITH THE EEOC BY PERSONS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS Jessica Erin Hurley A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Related Sciences—Rehabilitation Leadership Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Dissertation Chair: Brian T. McMahon, Ph.D., CRC This study explores employment discrimination as experienced by persons with mental illness who filed allegations under Title I (the employment provisions) of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990. The entire universe of employment discrimination allegations filed under Title I of the ADA from July 26, 1992 (its first effective date) until the present is maintained by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in a database named the Intermission System (IMS). This database contains over 2 million allegations of workplace discrimination filed not only under Title I of the ADA, but also under all statutes in its jurisdiction. From the IMS, two extractions containing ADA Title I allegations only and ranging from July 26,1992 through December 31, 2008 [the last date before the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act (ADAAA) of 2008 went into effect] were made: the first including all Title I allegations for all impairments, not just mental illness (402,291); and the second containing only those Title I allegations filed by persons with mental illness (56,846 total: depression (25,375); unknown mental illness (11,977); anxiety disorder (10,370); bipolar disorder (7,675); and schizophrenia 1,449). Using nonparametric tests of proportion, each group of allegations is compared to the balance of mental illness allegations that is left once the group of allegations is removed. In addition, each group individually, as well as the complete group of all mental illness allegations, is evaluated with an exploratory technique called the Exhaustive Chi Squared Interaction Detector. Lastly, findings are provided and implications for employees, employers, rehabilitation professionals, policy makers, and future researchers are discussed.

In 2016, women represented 16.6% of all Chief Administrative Officers (CAOs) in local governments across the United States. Previous studies have investigated gender disparities in managerial representation, which is explained by the glass ceiling phenomenon; however, little is known about whether the women that occupy these male dominated positions have the similar levels of responsibilities as their male counterparts. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to understand if gender disparities in levels of work authority manifest as a new form of the glass ceiling. Work authority in this study is operationalized as CAOs’ sanctioning authority (control over personnel operations) and decision-making authority (control over formal operations). Using a mixed methods research design, this investigation is implemented in two phases. The first phase employs Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression to explore the relationship between CAOs’ gender and CAOs’ level of work authority as well as the relationship between CAOs’ levels of work authority and annual pay. In the second phase, using a qualitative research method, I conduct an in-depth investigation of similarities and differences in the career paths of CAOs and the factors that shape their career-related decisions. This research has five main findings. First, female CAOs do not have similar level of sanctioning authority as their male counterparts. Second, disparities in level of sanctioning authority yield economic inequality among CAOs. Third, male and female CAOs take different career paths. Last, female CAOs perform dual roles—professional and personal—whereas most male CAOs are less burdened with household responsibilities in their personal lives. Last, for female CAOs with family responsibilities, their career paths are significantly fashioned by the presence of institutional and social support networks. Findings inform policy makers and public management practices. It informs that gender-based disparities in the workforce continually manifest in new forms, creating unequal employment opportunities for men and women in the workforce. Such disparities also continue perpetuating economic inequalities among men and women in the workforce. Also, it informs public management practices of the critical impact that institutional support has on leveling the playing field women to participate in male-dominated careers.

The thesis addresses subject of innovative projects of NGOs in the field of parental support to return to the labour market after maternity leave. The main purpose of the thesis is to deliver a report about the role of the NGO in the process of implementation of innovative projects by using case studies. The objective of the thesis is to identify outcomes and level of innovation of these projects on the basis of testimonies of active participants. The theoretical part of the thesis describes NGOs and their basic functions, definition of innovation, and definition of social innovation. Another part of the thesis discusses issues related to the return to the labour market after maternity leave, family politics in the Czech Republic, and its support in the form of the Structural Funds of the European Union. Main findings of the research is that NGOs in the Czech Republic have mainly linking function between individuals and corporations. Networking enables mutual exchange of information and experience. It is a highly important contribution of these projects. Key words Civil Society, Civil Sector, Non-profit Sector, Function of NGO's, Innovation, Social Innovation, Labour Market, Equal Employment Opportunity, Work Life balance.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse in detail the issue of the position of women in top management positions in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part of the thesis focus mainly on the legislation and mapping of the current situation of the issue. The thesis also examines gender, gender identity and gender mainstreaming, all of those terms are defined in detail in the text. The first part of the theses builds an important theoretical base and explains terms such as glass ceiling and the mentioned gender mainstreaming. The work also investigates the issue of equal pay and employment of women. The practical part of the thesis contains its own qualitative research that was done with specific top managers in the selected company. The aim of the practical part is to compare the theoretical concepts of the position of women on the Czech labour market with the situation in a particular Czech company. During the research are investigated both opinions of top managers on the nationwide situation as well as the situation within the company. Based on the research results, the research questions are answered and recommendations for improving the current position of women on the Czech labour market are formulated.

1987年國父紀念館女性員工因懷孕而遭到雇主解雇的事件發生，促使婦女新知基金會檢討台灣女性的工作權益，並於1989年草擬完成一部專屬勞動婦女的「男女工作平等法」草案。但從法案的提出到三讀通過卻歷經了12年之久，因而誘發作者想瞭解到底是國家部門刻意忽視女性的權益，或有其它的結構性因素的操作延宕法案的通過。 過去國家機器與資本家是建立在「共謀」關係上，因此，法案的提出勢必影響兩者的「共謀」關係。丙國家如何在不傷及資本家又能顧及女性勞動利益下，制訂出「兩性工作平等法」。國家尋求哪些不同的解決途徑？資本力量又是如何鑲嵌在政治勢力中對法案產生嚴重的阻撓作用？法案的通過是否代表婦運團體對於國家機器與資本主義運作的挑戰成功？ 本文目的在於釐清婦運如何挑戰國家機器與市場機制，而制定出保障婦女的法令政策，同時在整個推法過程中，新知如何逼使國家提出相對法案。文中也將呈現資本家如何透過在立法院的代言人影響法案的通過與制定，以及在整個立法過程中，婦運團體如何顛覆父權思想與資本主義體系的運作邏輯。因此，除了探究職場中存在哪些性別不平等的結構事實外，還必須剖析這些現象的產生是因結構、制度因素而成的，或是婦運變遷的結果。以及到底是國家部門刻意忽視女性的權益，或是因為其他的結構性因素的操作而不能完成立法。 在資本主義下女性除了面臨職場內兩性不平等的對待外，更要擔負沈重的家務責任。但對於這些不平等的對待，過去並未有學者深入分析研究。第二章即說明女性因料理家務未就業、因懷孕生子退出勞動市場等行為何以稱為是「就業歧視」。經濟學觀點、社會文化觀點又如何看待女性勞動，女性主義觀點對於父權及資本主義叉提出哪些批判？ 第三章將論述80年代末期台灣政治結構轉型加速了社會運動的發展，其中社會運動的特質、運動方式及策略有哪些？婦女運動與社會運動有何不同之處何在？本章主要論述社會運動與婦女運動問的關係以及婦女運動中的「兩性工作平等法」的出現，與台灣政經脈絡及社會結構有何種關係。 第四章將陳明國家與資本家如何回應婦運團體的立法？此外，並論述婦運團體如何推法，運用哪些運動策略以及如何將女性主義實踐在法律條文中，便其成為體制或制度的一部分。最後，本章將側重國家在法案推動過程中角色的扮演。國家在法案推動過程中，是否一如過去馬克思主義所言是資本階級的代言者，或是國家在法案中另有其政策考量？為何國家態度從原先的拖延到主動提出相對版本，甚至有轉為積極的態度？ 第五章則在於論述「兩性工作平等法」如何挑戰資本主義市場運作？而它的出現又是如何制衡資本主義市場對女性勞動者的過度剝削或歧視行為？女性主義如何將其理念實踐在法條中，對資本主義與父權進行更進一步的挑戰？如第四章所論，國家過去與資本家關係密切，所以在不願得罪資本家的態度下一直拖延法案審查。資本家透過哪些管道間接或直接影響法案本身的推動？運用哪些方式阻撓法案的通過？婦運團體又運用哪些策略與戰術逼使國家正視法案且最終通過三讀。 關鍵字：國家機器、父權、資本主義、婦女運動、女性主義、「兩性工作平等法」、婦女新知基金會 / In 1987, female employees who worked in Sun-Yet-Sen Memorial Hall, were laid off because of their pregnancy, thus promoting the Awakening Foundation to look back to the bill regarding female labor in Taiwan, and the draft belongs to laboring women-The Men and Women Equal Employment Bill was finished In 1989, but it took 12 years from the lift to the passing of the three-read, so this induced the author to want to understand if the government ignored the rights of women on purpose or are there other constant factors which caused the delay of the passing of the draft. In the past, the state apparatus and the capitalists were built on collusion; thus, the lifting of the Bill must affect the relationship of the collusion of the two. Therefore, the state must decide on the Equal Employment Bill without hurting all capitalists while caring for the interests of women. What solution is our government seeking? How is capital power embedded in the political power frustrating the effect to the law? Does the passing of the Bill successfully present the women group to challenge the operation of state apparatus and capitalism? The aim of this article is to clarify the women movement challenging the state apparatus and marketing organism, to make relative laws of state guarding the women while promoting the laws how Awakening stops our government to offer relative laws. This article shows how the capitalists have affected the passing and making of the law through legislators, and in the whole process of making the law, how the women group overthrow the operating logic of patriarchy and capitalism. Thus, aside from discussing what unfair structural facts exist in the working field, we must dissect whether the producing of phenomenon belong to structure or institutional factor or the outcome of the change of women movement, and is the state ignoring women's right purposely or there are other institutional factors that prevents the Bill from being passed. Aside from facing the unfair treatment in the working field under capitalism, women also need to bear the heavy burden of a caring for the family. In the past, no scholars analyzed and researched these unfair treatments. The second chapter informs us how women quit working because of family duty or pregnancy, either of which is considered a discrimination, how the economical opinion or social-cultural opinion looks at women labor, and what is the opinion of feminists opposing and criticize patriarchy and capitalism? The third chapter discusses the political transformation of Taiwan by the end of the eighties, which accelerated the social movement development, discussing what character, ways and tactics of the social movement, and the difference between women movement and social movement. In this chapter, we'll talk about the relationship of the social movement and women movement, and the appearance of the Equal Employment Bill in the women movement? What kind of relationship is there between the political and economic contexts, and social structure in Taiwan. The forth chapter talks about how the state and capitalists respond to the women group pushing the Bill? Even more, I will discuss how women group was able to complete the bill, what actions they used and how feminism was realized the law, promoting these to become part of the apparatus or the institution. In the end, this chapter will focus on the role-playing of the state in this Bill. In the process of pushing the Bill, according to Marxism: is state the spokesman of capital class, or are there other considerations in the policy? How come the attitude of the state from originally delaying the passing of the bill to actively offering relative solutions, even turning to aggressive attitude? The fifth chapter discusses how the Equal Employment Bill challenges the work of capitalism, and how its appearance balances capitalism's work over women labor to exploit or discriminate them too much? How does feminism, realized in the Bill, challenges capitalism and patriarchy? As what we have discussed in the fourth chapter, state and capitalists are very much related in the past, so the state constantly delays the examination of the Equal Employment Bill so as not to offend the capitalists. Through what do the capitalists frustrate the Bill directly or indirectly? What ways do they use to frustrate the completion of the Bill? And what ploy and tactics do women groups use to make our state facing up to the Bill and eventually pass the three-read. How did feminism challenge capitalism and patriarchy, thus improving or advancing the practice of law? Key Words : state apparatus、patriarchy、capitalism、women movement、feminism、Equal Employment Bill、Awakening Foundation

跨向廿一世紀的組織，就應當關注「多元化（Diversity）」的議題，畢竟未來的工作隊伍將因為加入更多的異質性成分而呈現多元化的風貌，尤其是過去身處弱勢而未受組織開發的人力資源，例如：女性、殘障者、年老者、不同國籍與不同族群者等，在組織中有增多的趨勢。 然而，異質性一向被組織所排斥，弱勢群體更因為主流群體的偏見與刻板印象而未受到組織所重視，雖然一九六○年始，美國倡議平等就業機會來抑制就業上的歧視，訂定弱勢優先法案強迫組織對弱勢者進行的優惠待遇，或是呼籲重視差異性來改善人際關係，目的是要讓組織接受多元化與弱勢群體，但是皆因為基於責任道德與法律規範的外在約束而成效不彰。面對現今瞬息萬變的環境，組織實應基於競爭優勢的內在動力，而對多元化擁有不同的解讀，多元化不僅是組織寶貴的資產，更是爭取市場利基的契機，所以，弱勢群體加入工作隊伍應被視為組織的生力軍而非沈重的負擔，此有賴於組織如何去管理，這也就是「多元化管理」的重要課題。 多元化管理就是要結合異質性的工作隊伍，建立一個平等的工作環境，促使組織成員相互尊重與合作，以充分發揮自我潛能，共同為組織目標而努力。所以其強調以尊重的態度來包容成員間的異質性，以自我發展的信念來鼓勵弱勢群體展現才能，同時從組織漸進地改變做起，塑造尊重多元化的組織文化，發展多元化的人力資源，以及整合多元化的管理策略，藉由建立多元化的工作團隊，秉持不斷改善、學習與包容的心態來為組織共享願景而努力。 原住民一直為我國的弱勢群體之一，即將邁向廿一世紀的台灣如何以多元化管理的理念與精神來解決原住民的就業問題？台北市政府初審通過「促進原住民就業自治條例」，欲以定額僱用原住民進入市府所屬機關工作，雖為一項創舉，但是以多元化管理的角度分析，該措施仍秉持弱勢優先的信念，如此是否真的能夠解決台北市原住民的失業問題，實是政府應當審慎思考與規劃的問題。 總括本研究論點，「多元化管理」的中心理念在於尊重並發展多元價值的潛能，此乃對弱勢優先的一種反思，以更積極與前瞻性的思惟，關懷弱勢群體。而文化的改變誠屬不易，故而提出漸進的觀點，以及相關的配合策略來達成此一理想，並期能為組織創造競爭優勢。 章節目錄 第一章 緒論**********************1 第一節 研究動機與目的*******************..1 第二節 研究範圍、方法與限制****************..6 第三節 研究架構與流程*******************.10 第四節 重要概念界定********************.14 第二章 多元化管理的理念與精神************20 第一節 多元化管理的發展背景****************.20 第二節 多元化管理的意涵******************.39 第三節 多元文化組織********************.58 第三章 多元化管理的策略***************82 第一節 多元化管理的管理模式與組織案例***********.82 第二節 塑造多元化的組織文化****************.99 第三節 發展多元化的人力資源****************114 第四節 整合多元化的管理策略****************130 第四章 個案研究——以台北市原住民就業為例 *****148 第一節 原住民就業措施評介*****************150 第二節 多元化管理理念的反思****************159 第三節 組織因應原住民就業的策略**************174 第五章 結論*********************188 第一節 研究發現**********************188 第二節 研究建議**********************200 參考書目***********************211

De « facture classique », cette thèse se veut particulièrement originale tant dans le choix de l’objet investigué que dans les résultats obtenus. En s’attachant à mieux comprendre la dynamique qui a prévalu au cours de l’intégration stratégique d’un projet culturel et managérial en faveur de la diversité dans une organisation du Supérieur, ce travail s’inscrit à la lisière de la stratégie et de la GRH. Il prend son origine dans le cadre général des études traitant de la non-discrimination et du management de la diversité en France, en s’intéressant toutefois à une organisation particulière puisqu’il est question de la Business School, dont le rôle socioéconomique est singulier. En effet, elle produit la future génération de managers et dans une moindre mesure les futurs leaders et décideurs économiques.Ce travail s’intéresse donc à l’application de l’approche conceptuelle et managériale de la diversité dans ce type d’organisation et aux changements induits par une telle démarche dans le cadre d’une étude processuelle longitudinale de cinq ans d’un cas unique (monographie). Reposant sur une ethnométhodologie à visée transformative, cette thèse restitue un changement en train de se faire en mobilisant l’approche contextualiste de Pettigrew. / Despite its classical style, this thesis is highly original in both the subject of the investigation – the strategic integration of diversity into the organizational culture of a French business school – and its results. Focused on the social responsibility of French higher education establishments, this thesis addresses issues that lie at the boundary of strategy and HRM. It targets the institutions that could be called the ‘antechamber’ of the business world, and that produce the next generation of managers: leading business schools. Diversity and non-discrimination at work are recent streams of research in the French managerial literature and this work takes a detailed look at the dynamics of change of a phenomenon that has received little attention: the construction of an organizational culture that fosters diversity. As the emphasis is on ‘organized’ and ‘organizing’ action rather than the institution itself, an intervention research strategy is adopted to investigate ongoing organizational change. This single-domain (monograph), longitudinal and process-based case study was carried out in situ, while Pettigrew’s contextualist approach provided the framework for a detailed description and in-depth analysis.