The purpose of this study is to examine how genders are made within the gender neutral discourse in the preschools equality treatment area. The study is based on critcal literature studies influed by discourse analysis and hermeneuitcs. It also relies on intervjues with two preschool teachers.  The study will examine and answer the following questions: How are genders made within the gender neutral discourse? How is the feminine and masculine problematized in preschool and how is the discourse within gender neutrality linked to norms, power and gender? The theoretical starting point of this study is gender. This starting point also includes norms, power and masculinity, to get a complete understanding of the problem area. The result of the study shows that the ambition to develope a gender natural policy in pre school is a problematic issue because the understanding of the concept neutrality excludes the feminine. Finally with critical eyes against the gender neutral concept my interpretation is that we need to concider the norms to be able to reach equal treatment and gender equality. These unwritten laws that norms produce creates  unbalance, power structure and exclusion between genders and individuals.     Keywords: Gender, Norm criticism, equal treatment, gender equality, gender neutrality. Nyckelord: Genus, normkritik, likabehandling, jämställdhetsarbete och könsneutralitet.

RESUMÉ This thesis is concerned with equal treatment and prohibition of employment discrimination. I deal with international, European and Czech antidiscrimination law. The text is divided into an introduction, four main chapters, divided into subchapters, and a conclusion. The first chapter defines the fundamental terms, which are equality and discrimination. At first, I distinguish formal and substantive equality. In context of substantive equality, I explain the concepts of equal opportunity and equality of outcome. In the following part of the chapter I deal with the concept of discrimination. I describe the basic forms of discrimination: Direct and indirect discrimination. I also briefly discuss the issue of multiple discrimination. The second chapter concerns the most important international conventions that are related to my thesis topic. Those are the conventions of United Nations, Council of Europe and International Labour Organization. The third chapter focuses on the European Union law. First, I review the development of primary law. Further, I focus on the secondary law and three main anti-discrimination directives. The relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union is regarded here as well. Great attention is given to the issue of discrimination against persons with...

This thesis deals with the prohibition of discrimination in labor law relations on grounds of gender. Discrimination in labor law relations is only part of the broad issue of discrimination, but the importance of labor relations in the society makes this issue it very important. Discrimination on grounds of gender is specific in that it covers a wide range of social groups, and despite the long development and changes in society, which was achieved with great effort of many organizations and individuals, is still the subject to date. The objective of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive view on the issue by analysis of the evolution of sex discrimination in the historical context, analysis of current legislation and isolating social phenomena that have influence on this issue. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters and conclusion. The first chapter is devoted to defining the basic terms and their evolution and changes in historical context. This chapter is divided into two parts, each of which addresses one of the main concepts of this work. These concepts are equality and discrimination. The second chapter discusses the legislation of equal treatment and non-discrimination in employment relations. The chapter is divided into four subchapters. The first subchapter is dedicated...

This thesis deals with the issue of equal treatment and prohibition of discrimination in labour relations. The principle of equal treatment and non-discrimination is one of the essential principles of labour law. Therefore, this principle is part of labour law at all levels - international labour law, labour law of the European union and national law. The author of this thesis chose this topic for its increasing social significance. The principle of equal treatment and non-discrimination is slowly becoming important social topic even in the Czech Republic. The thesis consists of four main chapters, which are further divided into subchapters. The first chapter briefly describes some of the essential concepts such as equality, discrimination, gender etc. Although these terms are commonly used, their description is important for better understanding of the topic. The other chapters deal with the law currently applicable in the Czech Republic. The second chapter describes the principle of equal treatment and non- discrimination in the documents of international law, esp. international conventions of the United Nations, International Labour Organization and the Council of Europe. The third chapter focuses on the aforesaid principle in the labour law of European Union. For the EU, the principle of equal...

Cette thèse analyse la dérogation que constitue l’action positive par rapport au principe de l’égalité de traitement, en droit de l’Union européenne. Défini comme une interdiction de discriminer sur le fondement d’un certain nombre de motifs, le principe d’égalité a pourtant vu se multiplier les régimes destinés à écarter son application, dans le droit dérivé qui assure sa mise en œuvre dans les États membres. Parmi ces différents régimes, l’action positive peut permettre l’adoption de traitements référentiels, entre autres mesures, pour les catégories discriminées de la société, afin de remédier aux désavantages qu’elles connaissent, notamment sur le marché du travail. Elle trouve sa légitimité dans un objectif concurrent à celui de l’égalité de traitement par l’indifférenciation de la norme juridique, l’égalité des chances. L’action positive représente donc la seule dérogation à l’égalité justifiée par l’égalité. Cette situation atypique est source de confusion quant à son sens, sa portée et son utilité, dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union comme dans d’autres systèmes. Cette thèse propose des pistes de réflexion pour émanciper l’action positive de la logique dérogatoire qui limite son développement, tout en démontrant son utilité en tant qu’outil de lutte active contre les discriminations et d’intégration sur le marché intérieur dans des conditions égalisées. Elle invite également à dépasser les approches polémiques d’une notion méconnue et souvent dévoyée en France. / This thesis studies the derogatory status of positive action under European Union law, from the principle of equal treatment. Although the principle of equal treatment means that there shall be no discrimination on several prohibited grounds, numerous derogatory and specific regimes, meant to prevent application of this principle, can be found in the secondary legislation implementing it in the member States. Among these various regimes, positive action allows the adoption of preferential treatments for discriminated categories in society, to compensate for the disadvantages they encounter, especially in the labor market. Its legitimacy is founded in the notion of equal opportunities, which competes with the objective of equal treatment by preventing differentiation in norms. Positive action is thus the only derogation from equality justified by equality. This peculiar situation creates a lot of inconsistencies about its meaning, scope, and use, in the European Union legal system and others. This thesis suggests some ways to overcome the derogatory perspective of positive action which restricts its development, while underlining how it represents a useful tool to combat discriminations, favouring integration into internal market on equalized conditions. It also invites to go beyond controversial approaches of a misunderstood and often distorted notion in France.

Många gånger händer det att eleverna inte syns tillräckligt för fritidshemslärare, det är då det sker kränkande handlingar utförda av andra elever. Den fysiska, psykiska och dolda mobbningen går obemärkt och det drabbar inte bara den utsatte utan det drabbar hela samhället. Syfte i denna studie är att undersöka hur fritidshemslärare arbetar förebyggande mot mobbning och kränkningar i sina verksamheter. Vi jämför två olika skolornas förebyggande arbete mot kränkning och mobbning, den ena med en likabehandlingsplan mot mobbning och kränkande behandling och den andra med en Olweus antimobbningsprogram. Vi vill undersöka i vilken utsträckning och på vilket sätt detta påverkar fritidshemlärarnas arbete gentemot mobbning och kränkande handling som finns i respektive skolor Undersökningen kommer att belysas på olika sätt genom att intervjua både fritidshemslärare, elever och respektive skolors rektorer för att få en bättre förståelse och en bredare perspektiv för undersökningen. Resultatet och diskussionen visar bland annat att fritidshems lärarnas engagemang, närvaro och delaktighet kan vara avgörande i förebyggande syfte mot mobbningen. / Many times, it happens that the students are not visible enough to after-school teachers, this is when abusive acts are performed by other students. The physical, mental, and hidden bullying goes unnoticed, and it not only affects the victim, but it affects the whole society. The purpose of this study is to investigate how after-school center teachers work to prevent bullying and abuse in their activities. We compare two different schools' prevention work against abuse and bullying, one with an equal treatment plan against bullying and abusive treatment and the other with an Olweus anti-bullying program. We want to investigate to what extent and in what way this affects the after-school teachers' work towards bullying and abusive action that exists in each school. a broader perspective for the study. The results and the discussion show, among other things, that the after-school teacher ‘s commitment, presence and participation can be decisive in the preventive purpose against bullying.

Prohibition of discrimination against women in labor law relations Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the issue of women's discrimination in labor law relations. The aim of this thesis is a complex conception of the issue, especially the examination of women's position in labor law market in the context of selected socio-cultural problems and the historical genesis of women's position, definition of terms related to discrimination and analysis of relevant legislation, including case law. The thesis also deals with historical context, the current situation of women's position in the labor market and also the legal basis of equal treatment and non-discrimination principles. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. Each chapter focuses on various aspects of the position of women in the labor market related to the principles of equal treatment and non- discrimination. The first chapter discusses the historical development of the position of women in society. The chapter is divided into four subchapters. The first subchapter is devoted to the beginnings of the Czech emancipation movement, which laid the foundations for further development of the feminist stream in our country. The second and third subchapter deals with the position of women in the interwar and socialistic...

There is a lack of studies focusing on the analysis of the democratic values in preschool. Preschool teachers lack both the necessary knowledge and tools to be able to realize the assignment and to convert what is observed in practice into analysis. Thus, the purpose of the study is to investigate how democratic values are conveyed into equal treatment plans. The research questions are: How are democratic values conveyed into equal treatment plans? What democratic values are conveyed into equal treatment plans? The theory that has been used is based on an intersectional perspective and the concepts category, construction and values, which further function as analytical tools. The methodology was conducted as a qualitative text analysis through seven Swedish equal treatment plans for preschool. The results of the analysis show that equal treatment plans convey democratic values through promotion, prevention and remedial work. In addition, all equal treatment plans convey some of the following democratic values: All people's equal value, Human rights and freedoms, Protection of minorities, Diversity of opinions and characteristics and Non- violence.

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