Submitted by Viviane Borim de Goes null (viviane_borim@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-19T11:32:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Versão Final_Viviane borim.pdf: 1660097 bytes, checksum: 5a7b7a20f668bfe605743bc3785b11ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-03-19T15:00:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 goes_vb_me_mar.pdf: 1660097 bytes, checksum: 5a7b7a20f668bfe605743bc3785b11ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T15:00:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 goes_vb_me_mar.pdf: 1660097 bytes, checksum: 5a7b7a20f668bfe605743bc3785b11ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O processamento da informação auditiva é item fundamental para a função social, de modo a estar envolvido com domínios cognitivos como a função executiva, memória e linguagem. Isso permite ao indivíduo compreensão da linguagem e contribui posteriormente para expressão da mesma durante a comunicação. Nesse mesmo contexto, durante a situação comunicativa, a mesma é modulada pelo organismo por meio do funcionamento do sistema nervoso autônomo. Esse sistema também se relaciona com a cognição e esta, por sua vez, é fundamental para a aquisição e desenvolvimento da linguagem. Em tarefa executiva de linguagem ocorre o envolvimento dos domínios cognitivos acima citados. Dessa maneira, sugere-se que o processamento da informação auditiva se relaciona com o controle autonômico da frequência cardíaca e que tarefa executiva de linguagem pode modificar o desempenho dos potenciais relacionados a evento, de modo a representar maior esforço cognitivo, resultando em menor atividade da modulação parassimpática. Objetivos: Investigar a relação entre os potenciais relacionados a evento e a modulação parassimpática da frequência cardíaca antes e após tarefa executiva de linguagem e verificar os efeitos de tal tarefa. Método: Participaram desta pesquisa 42 mulheres saudáveis entre 18 e 30 anos de idade, com ensino médio completo, divididas em dois grupos: fonológico (n=21) e semântico (n=21). Após a colocação da cinta do cardiofrequencímetro na região do processo xifoide, a voluntária foi orientada a permanecer 10 minutos em repouso, sendo realizado os registros da frequência cardíaca. Em seguida, na primeira fase considerada pré-teste, foi iniciado o registro dos potenciais relacionados a evento com estimulação binaural nos parâmetros de frequência (1KHz/ 2KHz) paradigma oddball, concomitante ao registro da frequência cardíaca. Após, na segunda fase considerada teste, a tarefa executiva de linguagem foi realizada por meio do teste de fluência verbal fonológica para o grupo fonológico e teste de fluência verbal semântica para o grupo semântico. Na terceira fase considerada pós-teste, os registros dos potenciais relacionados a evento e da frequência cardíaca foram realizados utilizando os mesmos protocolos descritos na fase pré-teste. Resultados: Houve correlação da latência de P3 com o índice pNN50 no grupo fonológico pós-teste de fluência verbal fonológica (p=0,036). Na comparação dos potenciais relacionados a evento entre os momentos pré e pós-teste, foi observado diferença média e estatisticamente significante entre a latência de P3 após teste de fluência verbal fonológica, no grupo fonológico (p=0,020). Na comparação da modulação parassimpática da frequência cardíaca entre os momentos repouso, pré e pós-teste, houve diferença entre os índices RMSSD (p=0,007), pNN50 (p=0,035) e SD1 (p=0,007) após teste de fluência verbal fonológica, no grupo fonológico. Conclusão: Houve associação entre os potenciais relacionados a evento com a modulação parassimpática da frequência cardíaca após tarefa executiva de linguagem, em específico o teste de fluência verbal fonológica. Este teste, por sua vez, de forma significante, aumentou a latência de P3 e diminuiu a modulação parassimpática da frequência cardíaca. / The processing of auditory information is a fundamental element for the social function, involved with cognitive domains such as executive function, memory and language. This allows the individual to understand the language and subsequently contributes to its expression during communication. In the same context, during the communicative situation, it is modulated by the organism through the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. This system is also related to cognition and this, in turn, is fundamental for the acquisition and development of language. In the executive task of language, the involvement of the cognitive domains mentioned above occurs. Thus, it is suggested that the auditory information processing is related to the autonomic control of the heart rate and that the executive task of language can modify the performance of the event-related potentials, in order to represent greater cognitive effort, resulting in less activity of the parasympathetic modulation. Objective: To investigate the relationship between event-related potentials and the parasympathetic heart rate modulation before and after language task and verify the effects of such a task. Method: We analyzed 42 healthy women between 18 and 30 years of age with complete high school, were divided into two groups: phonological (n = 21) and semantic (n = 21). After placement of the cardiofrequency measuring strap in the xiphoid process region, the volunteer was instructed to remain at rest for 10 minutes, and heart rate records were performed. Then, in the first phase considered as a pre-test, the event-related potentials with binaural stimulation were started in the frequency parameters (1KHz/ 2KHz) oddball paradigm, concomitant to heart rate recording. After, the second phase, the executive task of language was performed using the phonological verbal fluency test for the phonological group and the semantic verbal fluency test for the semantic group. In the third phase considered post-test, the register the event-related potential and heart rate were performed using the same protocols described in the pre-test phase. Results: There was a correlation between the latency of P3 and the pNN50 index in the phonological group post-test of phonological verbal fluency (p = 0.036). In the comparison of the event-related potentials between the pre- and post-test moments, a mean and statistically significant difference between the P3 latency after phonological verbal fluency test was observed in the phonological group (p = 0.020). There was a difference between the RMSSD (p = 0.007), pNN50 (p = 0.035) and SD1 (p = 0.007) indices in the comparison of the parasympathetic heart rate modulation between the resting, pre and post-test moments phonological verbal fluency, in the phonological group. Conclusion: There was association between the event-related potentials with the parasympathetic heart rate modulation after executive language task, specifically the phonological verbal fluency test. This test, in turn, significantly increased P3 latency and decreased parasympathetic heart rate modulation.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T19:58:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucimara Rodrigues de Freitas - 2013.pdf: 1562277 bytes, checksum: 978562bdab7096ef50f9cc0ebdf51219 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2014-12-05T14:19:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucimara Rodrigues de Freitas - 2013.pdf: 1562277 bytes, checksum: 978562bdab7096ef50f9cc0ebdf51219 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-05T14:19:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucimara Rodrigues de Freitas - 2013.pdf: 1562277 bytes, checksum: 978562bdab7096ef50f9cc0ebdf51219 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-29 / This exploratory, cross-sectional descriptive and quantitativestudy was performed in 11 inpatient units of a large public teaching hospital in the city of Goiânia, Goias, Brazil. The general objective was to assess the safety of processed patient care equipment during transportand storage in inpatient units, and the specific objective was to identify those responsible for the equipment after processing and distribution to inpatient units, identify structural features and material resources available for transportation and storage of equipment in inpatient units, describe the handling of the equipment by the healthcare team with regard to the transportation of and storage of equipment in inpatient units, and to describe any factors that could contribute to contamination of the processed equipment during transport to and storage in inpatient units. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the hospital (Protocol 167/2011), and pertanent ethical aspects were observed. Data were collected from July to September 2012 using two instruments, both of which were evaluated and went through pilot testing: a check list completed through direct observation, and an interview of nurses responsible for managing each unit. Those responsible for the care, custody, and transportation of equipment were processed predominantly by practicing nurses (72.7%). No storage system from 11 inpatient units met all of the recommendations regarding the structural and material resources for the storage of processed equipment, ten units (90.9%) kept equipment in non-dedicated areas, and other materials were kept near products that were not sterilized. Access to clean storage was unrestricted in all units, and did not adhere to most of the recommendations for the storage and distribution of processed equipment, only three items had adhere, two with low frequency: inventory of processed equipment kept in the storage area (100.0%); proper identification of equipment on the shelves (27.3%), and maintaining stock rotation (9.1%). The nursing staff was most frequently involved in recorded events, the most frequent across all units being: "handled without proper hand hygiene" (20.0%) and "handled excessively" (18.3%) processed equipment. The event "opening the package and closing it again", considerede serious, was the most frequent in basins, gowns and drapes, which are products frequently packaged in pairs. The packages of compression dressings, gauze, and bandages often "fell down" and were picked up off the floor and used. The material sterilization center offered no carts to transport the processed equipment to inpatient units and the carts brought from the units themselves were open, with irregular and difficult to clean surfaces, like shopping carts, which are considered unsuitable for transport. The study also revealed carelessness on the part of the healthcare team with regard to processed equipment following distribution to inpatient units, which presents a risk to the maintenance of the sterile environment, and consequently, patient safety. / Estudio exploratorio, transversal y descriptivo, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en 11 unidades de internación de un hospital de enseñanza, público y de grande porte del municipio de Goiânia/GO. El objetivo general fue analizar la seguridad de productos para la salud procesados durante su transporte y almacenaje, en unidades de internación y los específicos fueron: identificar los responsables por los cuidados con los productos para la salud procesados después de su distribución en las unidades de internación; identificar aspectos estructurales y recursos materiales disponibles para el transporte y almacenaje de productos para la salud, en unidades de internación; describir los cuidados dispensados por el equipo de salud, con el transporte y almacenaje de productos para la salud, en las unidades de internación y describir los eventos relacionados que pueden contribuir para la contaminación de los productos para la salud procesados durante el transporte y almacenaje en las unidades de internación. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Pesquisa del hospital local del estudio (protocolo nº 167/2011) y fueron observados los aspectos éticos pertinentes. Los datos fueron recolectados de julio a septiembre de 2012, por medio de dos instrumentos evaluados y sometidos a prueba experimental: un check list rellenado por medio de observación directa y una entrevista realizada a los enfermeros responsables por la gerencia de cada unidad. Los responsables por los cuidados con el transporte y guardia de PPS procesados eran predominantemente los técnicos de enfermería (72,7%). Ningún sistema de guardia de las 11 unidades de internación atendía a todas las recomendaciones acerca de los aspectos estructurales y recursos materiales para el almacenaje de PPS procesados, siendo que diez unidades (90,9%) los guardaban en áreas no exclusivas, destinadas a otras funciones y junto a productos no esterilizados. El acceso al área de guardia era irrestricto en todas las unidades y no hubo adhesión a la mayoría de las recomendaciones para la guardia y distribución de PPS procesados, apenas tres ítems tuvieron adhesión, dos con bajas frecuencias: control de la entrada de los PPS procesados en la área de guardia (100,0%); disposición en las platilleras de acuerdo con la identificación (27,3%) y organización según el orden cronológico (9,1%). El equipo de enfermería fue el que más frecuentemente se involucró en los eventos relacionados, que cuando son sumados en todas las unidades los más frecuentes fueron: “manipular sin higienizar las manos” (20,0%) y “manipular en exceso” (18,3%) PPS procesados. El evento “abrir el embalaje y cerrarlo nuevamente”, considerado grave, fue el más frecuente en vasijas, capotes y campos quirúrgicos, correspondiendo a aquellos productos embalados en pares. Los paquetes de compresas, gasas y fajas frecuentemente “se cayeron al piso” y fueron recogidos para uso. El CME no ofrecía los vehículos para transporte de PPS procesados a las unidades de internación y aquellos pertenecientes a las propias unidades eran carritos abiertos, con superficie irregular y de difícil limpieza, como los usados en supermercados, considerados inadecuados para transporte. El estudio reveló el descuido del equipo de salud con los PPS procesados después que ellos son distribuidos a las unidades de internación, lo que coloca en riesgo el mantenimiento de su esterilidad y consecuentemente la seguridad del usuario. / Estudo exploratório, transversal e descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em 11 unidades de internação de um hospital de ensino, público e de grande porte do município de Goiânia/GO. O objetivo geral foi analisar a segurança de produtos para saúde processados durante o seu transporte e armazenamento, em unidades de internação e os específicos foram: identificar os responsáveis pelos cuidados com os produtos para saúde processados após sua distribuição nas unidades de internação; identificar aspectos estruturais e recursos materiais disponíveis para o transporte e armazenamento de produtos para saúde, em unidades de internação; descrever os cuidados dispensados pela equipe de saúde, com o transporte e armazenamento de produtos para saúde, nas unidades de internação e descrever os eventos relacionados que podem contribuir para contaminação dos produtos para saúde processados durante o transporte e armazenamento nas unidades de internação. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do hospital local do estudo (protocolo nº 167/2011) e foram observados os aspectos éticos pertinentes. Os dados foram coletados de julho a setembro de 2012, por meio de dois instrumentos avaliados e submetidos a teste piloto: um check list preenchido por meio de observação direta e uma entrevista aplicada aos enfermeiros responsáveis pelo gerenciamento de cada unidade. Os responsáveis pelos cuidados com o transporte e guarda de PPS processados eram predominantemente os técnicos de enfermagem (72,7%). Nenhum sistema de guarda das 11 unidades de internação atendia todas as recomendações acerca dos aspectos estruturais e recursos materiais para o armazenamento de PPS processados, sendo que dez unidades (90,9%) os guardavam em áreas não exclusivas, destinadas a outras funções e junto a produtos não esterilizados. O acesso à área de guarda era irrestrito em todas as unidades e não houve adesão à maioria das recomendações para a guarda e distribuição de PPS processados, apenas três itens tiveram adesão, dois deles com baixas frequências: controle da entrada dos PPS processados na área de guarda (100,0%); disposição nas prateleiras de acordo com a identificação (27,3%) e organização segundo ordem cronológica (9,1%). A equipe de enfermagem foi a que mais frequentemente se envolveu nos eventos relacionados, que quando somados em todas as unidades os mais frequentes foram: “manusear sem higienizar as mãos” (20,0%) e “manusear excessivamente” (18,3%) PPS processados. O evento “abrir a embalagem e fechar novamente”, considerado grave, foi o mais frequente em bacias, capotes e campos cirúrgicos, correspondendo àqueles produtos embalados em pares. Os pacotes de compressas, gazes e ataduras frequentemente “caíram no chão” e foram recolhidos para uso. O CME não oferecia os veículos para transporte de PPS processados às unidades de internação e aqueles pertencentes às próprias unidades eram carrinhos abertos, com superfície irregular e de difícil limpeza, no modelo dos usados em supermercados, considerados inadequados para transporte. O estudo revelou o descuidado da equipe de saúde com os PPS processados depois que eles são distribuídos às unidades de internação, o que coloca em risco a manutenção de sua esterilidade e consequentemente a segurança do usuário.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:39:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Campanha.pdf: 2234537 bytes, checksum: 330a99b6a7ecb7751a711132a17ecb0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-14 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Decisions engage careful consideration of the risks and benefits involved in a particular choice. As we live in society, these choices are not only related to our personal interests. Therefore, social interaction has an important role, because the other is part of the context in which we evaluate decisions. Previous studies show the importance of trust and empathy in decision-making processes. In fact, Boudreau, McCubbins and Coulson (2009) showed that trust in another person interferes with behavioral response and also in event related potentials recorded during the test. However, as in other studies, trust was studied by the instruction given to participants that they will base their choices by reports made by another human being - unknown person. The use of an unknown person limits the interpretation of the role of trust involved in decision making processes. Thus this study aims to investigate the decision making processes in a task in which the participant brought to the lab a person (a trusted friend) that act as reporter. In addition, there are few studies investigating event-related potentials in tasks of social decision. Therefore, this study aim to understand the role of trust in decision-making by analysis of behavioral performance in an adapted version of the Ultimatum Game task and also investigate the event related potentials collected simultaneously. Among the main findings, we found a change in the perception of fairness (in fact there was no difference) and, consequently, a change in decision-making with more acceptance of proposals on the condition of interaction with the trusted person than other proposers. Moreover, the P3, FN and LPC potential were modulated by the impact of trust, and by moral internalization, and differed between genders. This study may increase knowledge about the neurobiological bases of behavior and decision making processes involving social interaction, trust and empathy. / Decisões envolvem considerações cuidadosas sobre os riscos e benefícios envolvidos em uma determinada escolha. Por vivermos em sociedade, estas constantes escolhas estão relacionadas não só aos nossos interesses pessoais. Nesse sentido, a interação social tem um importante papel, pois o outro faz parte de um contexto no qual avaliamos possíveis decisões. Estudos prévios mostram a importância da confiança e da empatia em processos de decisão. Nessa direção, Boudreau, McCubbins e Coulson (2009) mostraram que a confiança no outro interfere na resposta comportamental e também nos potenciais cognitivos registrados durante o teste. Entretanto, assim como em outros estudos, a confiança foi estudada pela orientação ao participante de que este estaria sendo orientado por outro ser - humano uma pessoa desconhecida). O uso de uma pessoa desconhecida limita a discussão a respeito do papel da confiança envolvida em processos decisórios. Dessa forma este estudo busca investigar os processos decisórios em uma tarefa na qual o participante levou ao laboratório uma pessoa (amigo de alta confiança) que funcionará como propositor. Além disso, ainda são poucos os estudos investigando potenciais relacionados a evento em tarefa de decisão social. Com isso, este estudo buscou compreender o papel da confiança em processos de decisão analisando o desempenho comportamental em tarefa adaptada do teste Ultimatum Game e também os potenciais cognitivos coletados simultaneamente. Entre os principais achados, encontrou-se uma alteração na percepção de justiça (o que na realidade não havia diferença) e, por conseqüência, uma alteração na tomada de decisão com maior aceite de propostas na condição de interação com a pessoa de confiança em comparação com os outros propositores. Além disso, os potenciais P3, FN e LPC foram modulados pelo impacto da confiança, pela interferência da internalização moral e apresentaram diferenças entre gênero. Este estudo pode aumentar o conhecimento sobre as bases neurobiológicas e comportamentais de processos decisórios envolvendo interação social, confiança e empatia.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Aparecida Valasek.pdf: 3051872 bytes, checksum: 74892c88676016fa1df9dfd31b5764d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-07 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / In the last decades the research interests in the false memory phenomenon have been amplified. The number of studies in the literature that investigate the electrophysiological components underlying the true recognition and the false recognition is still scarce, principally with respect to children and adolescents with autism diagnostic. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavioral differences in the performance of the subjects in the adapted Roediger and McDermott paradigm task in both groups and verify the presence of electrophysiological components in the recognition phase. Fifteen children/adolescents participated in the experiment. Seven of the subjects belonged to the autism diagnostic group (mean 15 + 3,6) and 8 subjects belonged to the typical development group (mean 10,7 + 2,5). The behavioral results showed that there was not a significant difference in the rates of correctness on the recognition of the target word, error by critical clue and critical distractor. Contrary to what was expected, this difference was also not observed in the children with autism. This might indicate that a literal information processing does occur in this kind of task. The analysis of the electrophysiological data in the recognition phase revealed the old/new component (500-1000ms) that presents higher amplitude for true recognition than for false recognition. It is interesting to notice that this component was observed on both typical development and autism groups. Moreover, it has been observed the low amplitude P1 component for correct rejection of critical clues in comparison to other types of correct answers. This component seems to be sensible to the discrimination of semantically associated words. Another component found but not described in the literature for this type of task is the P2 component. Therefore, this study may increase the knowledge about the neurobiological basis and the behavioral functioning, especially regarding the semantic word processing. / Nas últimas décadas o interesse pela investigação do fenômeno da falsa-memória tem se ampliado. Na literatura ainda é escasso o número de estudos que investigam os componentes eletrofisiológicos subjacentes ao reconhecimento verdadeiro e ao reconhecimento falso, principalmente no que diz respeito a crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de autismo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as diferenças comportamentais no desempenho da tarefa adaptada do paradigma de Roediger e McDermott nos dois grupos e verificar a presença de componentes eletrofisiológicos na fase de reconhecimento. Participaram do estudo 15 crianças/adolescentes, sendo 7 de grupo com diagnóstico de autismo (média 15 ±3,6) e 8 de grupo com desenvolvimento típico (média 10,7 ±2,5.). Resultados comportamentais mostram que não houve diferença significativa entre as taxas de acertos por reconhecimento da palavra-alvo, erro por falsas-pistas e erro por distratores. Ao contrário do que se esperava essa diferença também não foi observada no grupo de crianças com autismo, indicando assim que talvez não ocorra neste tipo de tarefa um processamento literal da informação. Análise dos dados eletrofisiológicos na fase de reconhecimento revelou o componente old/new (500-1000ms) que apresenta maior amplitude para reconhecimento verdadeiro em comparação ao reconhecimento falso. O interessante é verificar que esse componente foi observado tanto no grupo de desenvolvimento típico como no grupo com autismo. Além disso, foi encontrado componente P1 de menor amplitude para rejeição correta de falsas-pista em comparação aos outros tipos de acertos. Esse componente parece sensível a discriminação das palavras com associação semântica. Outro componente encontrado e que não é descrito na literatura para esse tipo de tarefa é o componente P2. Dessa forma, este estudo pode aumentar o conhecimento sobre as bases neurobiológicas e comportamentais do funcionamento no especialmente no que se refere ao processamento semântico de palavras.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os Potenciais Evocados Auditivos, associados à avaliação comportamental, podem ser uma ferramenta útil no diagnóstico e no monitoramento das mudanças ocorridas no Sistema Nervoso Auditivo Central em indivíduos com Transtorno de Processamento Auditivo (Central) submetidos a Treinamento Auditivo. OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar o P300 em crianças com Transtorno de Processamento Auditivo (Central) e verificar a evolução dos achados deste potencial frente ao Treinamento Auditivo. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 29 indivíduos com Transtorno de Processamento Auditivo (Central) (Grupo Estudo) e 29 indivíduos sem Transtorno de Processamento Auditivo (Central) (Grupo Controle) com idades entre oito e 16 anos. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à avaliação inicial do processamento auditivo (central) e a uma primeira gravação do P300. O Grupo Estudo foi submetido a um programa de Treinamento Auditivo em cabina acústica durante oito sessões e, um mês após o término deste período, foi realizada nova avaliação do processamento auditivo (central) e nova gravação do P300. O Grupo Controle foi submetido a uma nova avaliação do P300 após três meses da avaliação inicial. RESULTADOS: Para os testes comportamentais, houve diferença estatisticamente significante em todos os testes quando comparados o Grupo Estudo ao Grupo Controle e nas situações pré e pós Treinamento Auditivo do Grupo Estudo. Quando comparados os dados eletrofisiológicos do Grupo Estudo antes e após o Treinamento Auditivo, houve diferença estatisticamente significante para a latência da onda P300. No Grupo Controle, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos dados eletrofisiológicos entre a avaliação inicial e a final. Na comparação entre o Grupo Estudo e o Grupo Controle antes do Treinamento Auditivo, houve diferença estatisticamente significante nas medidas de latência e de amplitude e, após o Grupo Estudo ser submetido ao Treinamento Auditivo, houve diferença estatisticamente significante apenas na amplitude entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O P300 mostrou-se um instrumento útil no diagnóstico e no monitoramento da reabilitação de crianças com Transtorno de Processamento Auditivo (Central). / INTRODUCTION: Auditory Evoked Potentials associated to behavioral assessment may be a useful tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of changes in the Auditory Central Nervous System of individuals with (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder submitted to Auditory Training. AIM: The aims of this study were to characterize the P300 of children with (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder and to verify the improvement of this potentials findings after the Auditory Training. METHOD: 29 individuals with (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder (Study Group) and 29 individuals without (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder (Control Group), ranging in age from eight to 16 years old took part in this study. All of them underwent the initial assessment of (Central) Auditory Processing and a first recording of P300. The Study Group underwent an Auditory Training program in acoustic booth during eight sessions, and a month after the end of this period, a new (Central) Auditory Processing assessment and a new recording of P300 were performed. The Control Group underwent a new recording of P300 three months after the initial assessment. RESULTS: Significant statistical differences were found in all behavioral tests when the Study Group was compared to the Control Group, and in the pre and post Auditory Training situations of the Study Group. When the electrophysiological data of the Study Group was compared before and after the Auditory Training, there was a significant statistical difference for the latency of wave P300. In the Control Group, no significant statistical differences were found between the initial and the final assessments. Comparing the Study Group and the Control Group before the Auditory Training, it was observed a significant statistical difference concerning measures of latency and amplitude, and after the Auditory Training of the Study Group, it was observed a significant statistical difference between the two groups only regarding the amplitude. CONCLUSIONS: P300 showed to be a useful instrument for the diagnosis and monitoring the rehabilitation of children with (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une approche dimensionnelle de la psychopathologie et son objectif est d’apporter de nouvelles connaissances au champ de recherche qui considère l’existence d’un continuum entre schizophrénie et trouble bipolaire ainsi qu’entre traits de personnalité et pathologies. Afin d’explorer ces continuums, nous avons étudié, grâce à la méthode des potentiels évoqués cognitifs et l’étude de certaines de leurs composantes (N400, LPC), les processus neurocognitifs sous-tendant l’intégration d’un contexte sémantique et sémantico-émotionnel dans la schizophrénie, le trouble bipolaire, les traits de personnalité schizotypique et les traits de personnalité hypomaniaque. Premièrement, nous avons montré, que les patients schizophrènes stabilisés et les patients bipolaires euthymiques présentent des patterns de modulation de la N400 différents lors de tâches impliquant l’intégration d’un contexte sémantique ou sémantico-émotionnel. Néanmoins, ces résultats en défaveur de l’existence d’un continuum entre schizophrénie et trouble bipolaire pourraient être la conséquence de l’absence de symptomatologie commune entre nos deux échantillons de patients. Deuxièmement, les résultats des études portant sur la population pathologique et ceux des études portant sur la population générale présentant des traits de personnalité semblent en faveur de l’existence d’un continuum entre population générale et pathologie. En effet, les personnes présentant des traits de personnalité hypomaniaque présentent des similitudes dans les atteintes des processus neurocognitifs sous-tendant l’intégration d’un contexte sémantique et sémantico-émotionnel avec les patients bipolaires, et les personnes présentant des traits de personnalité schizotypique présentent des similitudes dans les atteintes des processus neurocognitifs sous-tendant l’intégration d’un contexte sémantico-émotionnel avec les patients schizophrènes. L’ensemble de nos résultats associés à ceux de la littérature semblent en faveur d’une approche dimensionnelle de la psychopathologie bipolaire et schizophrénique où les symptômes, davantage que le diagnostic, doivent être envisagés comme le point central du continuum. / This work is part of a dimensional approach of the psychopathology. Its goal is to bring new knowledge to the field of research that considers the existence of a continuum between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as well as between personality traits and pathologies. In order to explore these continuums, we have studied, thanks to event-related potential method and the study of N400 and LPC components, neurocognitive processes involved in the integration of semantic and semantico-emotional context in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizotypal personality traits and hypomanic personality traits. We have first demonstrated that stabilized schizophrenic patients and euthymic bipolar patients have different patterns of the N400 modulation during tasks involving semantic and semantico-emotional integration. However, these results against the existence of a continuum between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder could be due to the lack of common symptoms in both samples. Secondly, the results of our studies dealing with clinical population and those dealing with general population with personality traits seem to be in favor to the existence of a continuum between general population and pathology. As a matter of fact individuals with hypomanic personality traits have similitude with bipolar patients in disturbance in neurocognitive processes involved in the integration of semantic and semantico-emotional context. Furthermore, individuals with schizotypal personality traits have common difficulties with schizophrenic patients in neurocognitive processes involved in semantico-emotional context integration. The results of our investigation, combined with those in the literature, are in favor of a dimensional approach of schizophrenic and bipolar psychopathology. And this approach is more about considering the symptoms as the central point of the continuum rather than the diagnostic.

Do you think we can concentrate in noisy situations? I bet most of us would spontaneously answer “no” to this apparent simple question. Although we admit it is intuitively the best answer to give, this thesis aims to evidence that it is not always true and that, under certain circumstances, noise can be beneficial.<p><p>To appropriately discuss this question, it is necessary to answer others, such as: what is concentrating, paying attention? And, what is noise? Everyone has an idea of what attention is, and can give examples of situations in which it is required: school, work, driving, listening to our parents’ requests and so forth. But who could say that we can fully control attention like if we had a button to press, switching on and off according to the context? When we were little, my father used to say to my brothers and me: “Ok, you did not do this on purpose, but, please, pay attention to your attention”. Well, I can say now that it is not that easy and certainly not for everyone. In the population, around five percent of children and adults meet serious difficulties to pay attention. These people, more than others, often express their deficit with excessive distraction and/or hyperactivity as well as impulsivity. These multiple symptoms, for the individual who lives these behavioral excesses, represent an issue for his/her everyday-life: at school, at work, driving, trying to listen to his/her parents’ requests, etc.<p><p>Such symptoms refer to a syndrome called attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although the definition of this syndrome has changed across the course of History, the first descriptions of ADHD go back to 1798. Since, a lot has been written about this disorder, which we do not fully understand yet. Beyond these simple words, “inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity”, a consequent number of etiologies (environmental, genetic, psychosocial), subtypes, comorbidities, and outcomes reflect the enormous heterogeneity of the phenotypes that are found in this syndrome. The main treatment offered to individuals with ADHD is a psychostimulant drug called methylphenidate. This medication, acting mainly on dopaminergic brain functioning, has proven efficacy regarding ADHD symptoms. However, it has several limitations. For instance, its use remains controversial in the society; it causes side effects and around 30% of individuals with ADHD do not respond to this treatment. These mentioned limitations, among others, highlight the necessity to find alternative ways to reduce ADHD symptoms.<p><p>This is the main objective of this thesis. To do so, we will investigate a counterintuitive phenomenon. In certain situations, what can be called noise might improve cognition and, consequently, potentially reduce the symptoms associated with ADHD. As mentioned in the beginning of this preamble, one could think that everything unnecessary in our direct environment is a potential distraction. Intuitively, a sensible person would suggest that individuals prone to distraction, as those with ADHD, would benefit from a stimulation- free environment to improve attention and reduce impulsivity as well as hyperactivity. However, already in the 1970’s, authors such as Zentall (1975) developed a theory supported by empirical data, i.e. the optimal stimulation theory, showing that adding stimulation in the environment (with pictures, posters, music, colors, etc.) might improve symptoms of children with ADHD. Successively, many theories and findings were developed and related to the observation that the environmental context affects attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. For instance, the delay aversion theory (Sonuga-Barke, Taylor, Sembi, & Smith, 1992) suggests that, as children with ADHD are motivated to discount delay, the inattentive, overactive and impulsive behaviors are the expression of such aversion when they cannot avoid the delay. Related to this theory, adding stimulation in the environment has evidenced hyperactivity and impulsive choice reduction (Antrop, Roeyers, Van Oost, & Buysse, 2000; Antrop et al. 2006). Another theory advocates that the ADHD-related symptoms are explained in terms of energetic dysfunction (Sergeant, 2000). For instance, children with ADHD would meet difficulties to adjust their internal state (e.g. their arousal) required for a task. Accordingly, Sergeant (2000) suggested that performance is influenced not only by cognitive capacity but also by environmentally determined levels of arousal and showed the extent to which variations in these energetic factors can be managed to ensure optimal performance. A recent theory, called the Moderate Brain Arousal model (Sikstrom & Soderlund, 2007), particularly caught our interest. This theory postulates that white noise has beneficial effect on cognition. The first study of these authors (Soderlund, Sikstrom, & Smart, 2007) supported their hypothesis, showing that children with ADHD improved their episodic memory performance when they were exposed to white noise. This is, to our knowledge, the first study that evidenced such improvement with white noise, considered as extra-task stimulation, in children with ADHD.<p><p>The objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential beneficial effect of noise in individuals with and without ADHD regarding attentional and executive functioning. We will first review, in the first chapter of this Introduction, the general aspects of ADHD: definition criteria, prevalence, etiologies, treatments and outcomes. In the second chapter, we will present the main theories and findings related to this syndrome and to our main objective.<p>After the Introduction, we will describe the different experimental studies that we have carried out in the context of this thesis. Hereunder, we propose a short overview of these studies.<p>The first study of this thesis is a pilot study, aimed to validate the relevance to use event- related potentials (ERPs) in children with and without ADHD to further investigate noise effect. Accordingly, the second study investigated noise effect on behavioral and ERPs aspects in children with and without ADHD. To do so, children performed a visual cued Go/Nogo. They were also submitted to a neuropsychological assessment. Afterwards, in a third study, we used the same paradigm in adults with and without ADHD. Here, we also added a music condition to investigate another stimulation than noise.<p><p>In the fourth study, we decided to explore the effect of noise in a more ecological environment. To do so, we used a virtual reality tool that allowed to immerse the children in a virtual classroom environment. Children with and without ADHD were then assessed, being immersed in a classroom, with a continuous performance task (CPT) presented on the blackboard while several auditory and visual realistic distracters emerged during the test. Children performed the task with and without white noise exposure as well as a neuropsychological assessment. In the fifth study, we used the virtual classroom to investigate noise effect on interference control. Children with and without ADHD were submitted to a bimodal virtual reality Stroop (with auditory and visual target stimuli) and to a neuropsychological assessment. Finally, in a last study, we explored the effect of noise in consecutive young adults. Immersed in the virtual classroom, they were submitted to the CPT task with and without white noise. ADHD questionnaires and a neuropsychological assessment were also undertaken.<p><p>To end this thesis, we will discuss to what extent our studies allowed going one step further in the investigation of “on what, with whom, when and where” noise can be beneficial. We will discuss all our studies and results in the light of the theories and findings exposed in the Introduction. Finally, we will comment the clinical validation of these results.<p><p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse était d’avancer dans la connaissance des effets du vieillissement normal sur les capacités d’attention soutenue et les mécanismes de contrôle attentionnel qui les sous-tendent. A cette fin, nous avons combiné l’utilisation de mesures comportementales, subjectives, et électrophysiologiques (potentiels évoqués). Les résultats comportementaux mettent en évidence des effets différenciés de l’âge sur les capacités d’attention soutenue en fonction de l’approche utilisée : détérioration dans les tâches de détection, et préservation dans les tâches d’inhibition. Les données électrophysiologiques mettent en évidence plusieurs spécificités des seniors dans l’engagement des mécanismes de contrôle attentionnel en situation d’attention soutenue : une activation globalement plus importante de ces mécanismes, une activation maintenue ou augmentée de ces mécanismes au fil de la tâche, et une topographie plus frontale des régions qui les sous-tendent. / The purpose of this project was to gain more knowledge about the effects of normal aging on sustained attention ability and attentional control mechanisms underlying this ability. To that end, we combined the use of behavioral, subjective and electrophysiological (event-related potentials) measures. Behavioral results evidenced differential effects of age on sustained attention ability according to the approach used: deterioration in detection tasks, and preservation in inhibition tasks. Electrophysiological data evidenced several special features of seniors regarding the recruitment of attentional control mechanisms in a situation of sustained attention: overall greater activation of these mechanisms, stable or increased activation of these mechanisms over the course of the task, and a more frontal topography of the regions underlying these mechanisms.

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’avancer dans les connaissances des mécanismes de contrôle cognitif sous-tendant les détériorations et fluctuations d’attention soutenue chez les patients souffrant de schizophrénie et les sujets sains. Dans ce but, nous avons combiné mesures comportementales, électrophysiologiques et subjectives. Nos résultats montrent une préservation des capacités d’attention soutenue chez les patients ainsi qu’une origine distincte des variations d’attention soutenue chez les patients. Les détériorations sont sous-tendues par une diminution du mode de contrôle réactif chez les patients et du mode proactif chez les témoins. De plus, différents précurseurs des lapses attentionnels ont été mis en évidence chez les patients selon l’état attentionnel. Les variations d’attention soutenue sont principalement liées à une diminution des ressources attentionnelles chez les patients, alors que chez les témoins, en fonction de l’état attentionnel, elles pourraient également être liées à un désengagement, une défaillance du contrôle cognitif. / The purpose of this project was to gain more knowledge about cognitive control mechanisms underlying deteriorations and fluctuation of sustained attention in schizophrenia and healthy participants. To that end, we combined the use of behavioral, electrophysiological (event-related potentials and functional connectivity) and subjective measures. Our results revealed spared sustained attention in schizophrenia and a distinct patterns of sustained attention changes in schizophrenia. Deteriorations are underlined by a decrease of reactive mode of cognitive control in patients and by a decrease of proactive mode in controls. Our results also highlighted slightly distinct patterns of precursors of lapses in sustained attention in schizophrenia according to the attentional state. Sustained attention changes are associated with resource depletion in patients, whereas in healthy participants, according to attentional state, they could also be caused by disengagement of cognitive control.

Reward prediction errors are quantitative signed terms that express the difference between the value of an obtained outcome and the expected value that was placed on it prior to its receipt. Positive reward prediction errors constitute reward, negative reward prediction errors constitute punishment. Reward prediction errors have been shown to be powerful drivers of reinforcement learning in formal models and there is thus a strong reason to believe they are used in the brain. Isolating such neural signals stands to help elucidate how reinforcement learning is implemented in the brain, and may ultimately shed light on individual differences, psychopathologies of reward such as addiction and depression, and the apparently non-normative behaviour under risk described by behavioural economics. In the present thesis, I used the event related potential technique to isolate and study electrophysiological components whose behaviour resembled reward prediction errors. I demonstrated that a candidate component, “feedback related negativity”, occurring 250 to 350 ms after receipt of reward or punishment, showed such behaviour. A meta-analysis of the existing literature on this component, using a novel technique of “great grand averaging”, supported this view. The component showed marked asymmetries however, being more responsive to reward than punishment and more responsive to appetitive rather than aversive outcomes. I also used novel data-driven techniques to examine activity outside the temporal interval associated with the feedback related negativity. This revealed a later component responding solely to punishments incurred in a Pavlovian learning task. It also revealed numerous salience-encoding components which were sensitive to a prediction error’s size but not its sign.