Cette thèse présente Adetoa, système dédié au repérage et à l'annotation sémantique automatique d'expressions temporelles dans des pages Web pour une application de e-tourisme. Une étude linguistique détaillée a permis de mettre en avant les caractéristiques et la complexité de l'expression de la temporalité dans les pages Web touristiques. Une étude sémiotique de ce type de pages a montré que les données y étaient organisées de manière fort variée, ne présentant aucune régularité, ce qui rend difficile voire parfois impossible l'automatisation de leur analyse. Ces analyses ont mené à l'élaboration d'un ensemble important de transducteurs (avec Unitex) pour les tâches de repérage et d'annotation des expressions temporelles, ce qui constitue une ressource pouvant être généralisée. De plus, d'autres informations du domaine touristique sont repérées : les objets du tourisme et les adresses. Des transducteurs de liage permettent de grouper toutes les informations concernant une même offre touristique. Pour l'annotation et l'intégration d'Adetoa à la chaîne de traitement du projet Eiffel, un schéma d'annotation et des règles de transformations ont été mis au point. Sans en être un calque direct, le schéma d'annotation suit une ontologie du tourisme. Il permet ainsi de rester au plus près des expressions linguistiques de manière à les caractériser finement. L'ontologie a ensuite pu être adaptée en conséquence, pour un meilleur stockage des données dans la base de connaissance qui lui correspond. L'évaluation d'Adetoa, présentée dans cette thèse, a montré des résultats satisfaisants aussi bien d'un point de vue théorique que pour cette application industrielle.

<p>The subject of this thesis is the application of Support Vector Machines on two totally different applications, facial expressions recognition and remote sensing.</p><p>The basic idea of kernel algorithms is to transpose input data in a higher dimensional space, the feature space, in which linear operations on the data can be processed more easily. These operations in the feature space can be expressed in terms of input data thanks to the kernel functions. Support Vector Machines is a classifier using this kernel method by computing, in the feature space and on basis of examples of the different classes, hyperplanes that separate the classes. The hyperplanes in the feature space correspond to non linear surfaces in the input space.</p><p>Concerning facial expressions, the aim is to train and test a classifier able to recognise, on basis of some pictures of faces, which emotion (among these six ones: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sad, and surprise) that is expressed by the person in the picture. In this application, each picture has to be seen has a point in an N-dimensional space where N is the number of pixels in the image.</p><p>The second application is the detection of camouflage nets hidden in vegetation using a hyperspectral image taken by an aircraft. In this case the classification is computed for each pixel, represented by a vector whose elements are the different frequency bands of this pixel.</p>

<p>Taste, or gustation, has long been considered a primitive, and even non-rational, perceptual sense. Taste, as a subject of academic research, has been given very little attention; especially, when contrasted to other human perceptual senses. The knowledge of how people express and discuss their perceptions and sensations of tastes, and, specifically, the descriptions of tastes of chocolate, is very limited.</p><p>Furthermore, the terminological inconsistency in the vocabulary of chocolate tasting, with the risk of misunderstanding or miscommunication, suggests that a basic method for representing tastes is needed.</p><p>This thesis presents a study of how people actually express the perception or sensation of tasting, and specifically when tasting chocolate. This study also explores the possibility of crafting a method for use when describing the tastes of chocolate.</p><p>The study was carried out by holding two tasting workshops. The first one was concerned with recording conversations about tasting chocolate. Participants were asked to taste different kinds of chocolates and, freely, discuss what they perceived and sensed. In the second workshop the participants were asked to describe the tastes of chocolate using predetermined vocabulary and formatted questionnaires.</p><p>The results of this study are linguistic semantic analyses of the different words that were used, and also a proposal for a prototypical method to use when tasting chocolate.</p>

<p>The aim of this study was to investigate the emotions among the staff at the group housings when they observe the caretakers expressions of masturbation and how the staff handles these expressions in their daily and long-term work. The theoretical concepts that were used in this study are group housing as a public and private arena, occupational role, relation, humanistic effort, pedagogical effort, empowerment, care ethic and emotions. The concepts are related to each other and constitutes the foundation for the analysis of the empirical data used in this study. A qualitative study was carried out, in forms of half structured interviews with six informants, of which the majority was women. It came to light that the interviewees only had positive feelings for the caretaker’s expressions of masturbation. The interviewees had different procedures in their daily work, while there were more similarities in how the staff worked in a long-term perspective with the caretaker’s expressions of masturbation.</p>

<p>Feminist initiative – an idea analysis.</p><p>On the fourth of April in the year 2005 Feministic initiative (Fi) was created, it was an main response to the slow changes in the Swedish society, which claimed to establish an equal society. Equality has become one of the major indicators of a contemporary democratic society. The Swedish government has long proclaimed to reach this goal, but even though Sweden currently lies in the front among the democratic societies, while you consider equality issues, especially between the sexes, there is still a lot that need to be done in the Swedish society. Feministic initiative began as an organization and established a political party and participated in the election during the year 2006, but failed to reach a place in the parliament. Recently Feministic initiative said that they will participate in the upcoming election in the year 2010.</p><p>It made me wonder which feministic ideals that Feministic initiative actually practices. Feminism is a broad ideology, and a reaction against the society that claims to be democratic but systematically oppresses women. This oppression created feminism; but there is different views of feminism, my main objective in this paper is to present a few different feministic directions. These are, radicalfeminism, marxistic feminism, liberalfeminism, socialistic feminism, post-modernfeminism and black (women’s) feminism. From these theories will I create a analyze frame and try to locate different kinds of feministic ideas within Feministic initiatives policy documents called <em>F! for a feministic policy, election manifest</em> and <em>platform for Feministic initiative </em></p><p>Thus, the main focus in this paper to do an idea analyze and focus on Feministic initiative, do they really use the different ideas expressed within the different types of feminism that I consider in this paper in a equal manner? The conclusion is that Feministic initiative is tendentious, Feministic initiative uses ideas, perspectives and expressions that are typical for radicalfeminism more than they use ideas, perspectives and expressions from other types of feminism.</p>

<p>This corpus-based study of the use of expressions of future in English has two aims: to examine how certain expressions of future are used in Present-day English, and to explore how electronic corpora can be exploited for linguistic study. </p><p>The expressions focused on in this thesis are five auxiliary or semi-auxiliary verb phrases frequently discussed in studies of future reference in English: <i>will</i>, <i>’ll</i>, <i>shall</i>, <i>going to</i> and <i>gonna</i>. The study examines the patterned ways in which the expressions are used in association with various linguistic and non-linguistic (or extra-linguistic) factors. The linguistic factors investigated are co-occurrence with particular words and co-occurrence with items of particular grammatical classes. The non-linguistic factors examined are medium (written vs. spoken), text category, speaker characteristics (age, sex, social class, etc.), region and time. The data for the study are exclusively drawn from computer-readable corpora of Present-day English. Corpus analyses are performed with automatic and interactive methods, and exploit both quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques.</p><p>The study finds that the use of these expressions of future varies with a number of factors. Differences between spoken and written language are particularly prominent and usage also varies between different types of text, both within spoken and written corpora. Variation between groups of speakers is also attested. Although the linguistic co-occurrence patterns are similar to some degree, there are nonetheless differences in the collocational patterns in which the expressions are used. </p><p>Methodological issues related to corpus-based studies in general are discussed in the light of the insights gained from this study of expressions of future.</p>

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre général de l'étude de la production et de la compréhension du discours. Afin de comprendre un texte, le lecteur doit identifier correctement les relations entre les phrases et entre les segments. L'auteur peut faciliter l'identification de ces relations par différents dispositifs linguistiques. Parmi ceux-ci, nous avons choisi d'étudier les marqueurs qui signalent une continuité ou une rupture thématique. Deux types de marqueurs ont retenu notre attention : les anaphores possessives et les marqueurs temporels. D'une manière générale, le groupe "déterminant possessif + syntagme nominal" représente deux entités : un possesseur (par le biais du déterminant) et un possédé (le syntagme nominal). Un des objectifs de cette thèse est d'étudier l'impact de cette propriété de l'anaphore possessive sur les processus cognitifs à l'œuvre lors de la production et de la compréhension du discours. Spécifiquement, nous avons testé l'impact de cette propriété sur l'accessibilité du possesseur et son éventuel effet structurateur du discours. Après une analyse théorique de ces concepts, des expériences de production libres ou sous contraintes, ainsi que des expériences où les participants devaient faire des choix d'anaphores ou de suites adéquates ont été menées. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux analyses de corpus. Nous étudions les dispositifs signalant la structure d'un texte, dont les anaphores possessives et les marqueurs temporels. Ces derniers jouent un rôle très important en production et en compréhension du discours. L'auteur les utilise pour mettre en évidence la structure de son texte. L'étude de ce type de marqueurs nous a permis de développer des outils pour l'analyse automatique de grands corpus de textes. Nous avons également étudié de manière simultanée plusieurs types de marques afin de comparer leur efficacité en tant que marqueurs de rupture thématique et d'analyser l'emploi cumulatif des adverbiaux temporels et de certaines expressions référentielles. Si les marqueurs temporels sont importants en langue maternelle, ils le sont encore plus lors de l'apprentissage et de la maîtrise d'une langue étrangère. C'est pourquoi nous avons réalisé une étude avec des apprenants du néerlandais qui fait l'objet de la troisième partie.

This thesis aims to study how infants actively look at different social figures: parents and strangers. To study infants’ looking behavior in “live” situations, new methods to record looking behavior were tested. Study 1 developed a method to record looking behavior in “live” situations: a head-mounted camera. This method was calibrated for a number of angles and then used to measure how infants look at faces and objects in two “live” situations, a conversation and a joint action. High reliability was found for the head-mounted camera in horizontal positions and the possibility of using it in a number of “live” situations with infants from 6 to 14 months of age. In Study 2, the head-mounted camera and a static camera and were used in a “live” ambiguous situation to study infants’ preferences to refer to and to use the information from parents and strangers. The results from Experiment 1 of Study 2 showed that if no information is provided in ambiguous situations in the lab, infants at 10 months of age look more at the experimenter than at the parent. Further, Experiment 2 of Study 2 showed that the infants also used more of the emotional information provided by the experimenter than by the parent to regulate their behavior.  In Study 3, looking behavior was analyzed in detail when infants looked at pictures of their parents’ and strangers’ emotional facial expressions. Corneal eye tracking was used to record looking. In this study, the influence of identity, gender, emotional expressions and parental leave on looking behavior was analyzed. The results indicated that identity and experience of looking at others influences how infants discriminate emotions in pictures of facial expressions. Fourteen-month-old infants who had been with both parents in parental leave discriminated more emotional expressions in strangers than infants who only had one parent on leave. Further, they reacted with larger pupil dilation toward the parent who was actually in parental leave than to the parent not on leave. Finally, fearful emotional expressions were more broadly scanned than neutral or happy facial expressions. The results of these studies indicate that infants discriminate between mothers’, fathers’ and strangers’ emotional facial expressions and use the other people’s expressions to regulate their behavior. In addition, a new method, a head-mounted camera was shown to capture infants’ looking behavior in “live” situations.

Taste, or gustation, has long been considered a primitive, and even non-rational, perceptual sense. Taste, as a subject of academic research, has been given very little attention; especially, when contrasted to other human perceptual senses. The knowledge of how people express and discuss their perceptions and sensations of tastes, and, specifically, the descriptions of tastes of chocolate, is very limited. Furthermore, the terminological inconsistency in the vocabulary of chocolate tasting, with the risk of misunderstanding or miscommunication, suggests that a basic method for representing tastes is needed. This thesis presents a study of how people actually express the perception or sensation of tasting, and specifically when tasting chocolate. This study also explores the possibility of crafting a method for use when describing the tastes of chocolate. The study was carried out by holding two tasting workshops. The first one was concerned with recording conversations about tasting chocolate. Participants were asked to taste different kinds of chocolates and, freely, discuss what they perceived and sensed. In the second workshop the participants were asked to describe the tastes of chocolate using predetermined vocabulary and formatted questionnaires. The results of this study are linguistic semantic analyses of the different words that were used, and also a proposal for a prototypical method to use when tasting chocolate.

Hemlöshet börjar bli en ökande del av det amerikanska samhället. Få studier har gjorts där den hemlöse själv beskriver sitt behov av omvårdnad och sjukvård. Denna studie syftar till att belysa vad amerikanska hemlösa uttryckt som sitt dagliga behov av omvårdnad och sjukvård. Graneheim och Lundmans (2004) kvalitativa innehållsanalys har använts för att bearbeta data. Med de existerande levnadsomständigheterna för hemlösa uppkommer behov och komplikationer som riskerar att orsaka ett ökat behov av sjukvård. I deras sökande efter behövlig sjukvård möttes de av utmaningar. I datamaterialet upptäcktes negativa yttringar likväl som uttryck av behov av omvårdnad som blivit tillgodosedda. Slutsats, hemlösa är i ett stort behov av omvårdnad och sjukvård i sitt dagliga liv. Sjukvårdssystemet behöver förändra sitt tillvägagångssätt och utvecklas för att bättre kunna möta de behov som finns bland dessa personer. / Homelessness is becoming an increasing part of the American society. Few studies have been done describing what the homeless themselves express as needs in care and healthcare. The aim in this study is to describe how homeless American individuals express needs of care and healthcare in their daily life. In doing so literature were analyzed by Graneheim and Lundmans (2004) qualitative content analysis. With the living conditions of the homeless there arose needs and complications, having the potential to cause health care needs. There were obstacles in their way while trying to receive health care. Negative expressions as well as fulfillment in care were also discovered in the data. In conclusion the homeless individuals are in great need of care and health care in their daily lives. The health care system needs to broaden its views and approaches when it comes to caring for these individuals to be able to meet their conditions better.