À medida que a economia global se expande e os mercados se tornam mais abertos para os investimentos, as empresas dividem atividades entre as suas unidades estabelecidas em diferentes países. A determinação dos preços praticados em operações de transferência entre companhias associadas situadas em diferentes jurisdições fiscais é chamada de Preços de Transferência. Para fins tributários, os preços de transferência determinam o valor de receita que cada empresa recebe e o referente valor de tributos incidentes sobre receitas e/ou resultados no país exportador e no país importador, sendo um assunto relevante para as administrações tributárias dos países onde essas operações ocorrem e para as empresas com unidades em mais de um pais. O presente estudo apresenta uma análise relacionada aos Preços de Transferência praticados por uma empresa brasileira que importa matéria-prima de suas empresas vinculadas estabelecidas em outras jurisdições tributárias. É apresentado um estudo de caso descritivo que ilustra essa situação e as regras de Preço de Transferência brasileiras. Ao final, conclui-se que o contribuinte deve aplicar mais de uma metodologia de cálculo dentre as disponibilizadas pela legislação brasileira, a fim de identificar a que resulte em menor ajuste tributário. Conclui-se, adicionalmente, que a temática dos preços de transferência depende de muitas variáveis individuais, as quais devem ser estudadas e analisadas caso a caso, de acordo com as particularidades envolvidas em cada situação. / As the global economy continues to expand and markets become more open to investment, enterprises share activities among their units established in different countries. The prices determination for the transfer of goods between affiliated companies situated in different tax jurisdictions is called Transfer Pricing. For tax purposes, transfer pricing determines the amount of income that each party earns and thus, the amount of income tax due in both the export and import countries, representing a relevant issue to the tax administrations in countries where these operations occur and to the companies which have units in more than one country. This study presents an analysis related to Transfer Prices practiced by a Brazilian company that imports raw material from its associated units established in other tax jurisdictions. A case study that shows this situation and the Brazilian Transfer Pricing rules are presented. The conclusion is that the company should apply more than one of the available calculus methodology in order to identify which one results in the lower tax adjustment. In addition to that, it is concluded that the Transfer Pricing is an issue that depends on many variables that should be carefully analyzed for each situation or company, considering the particularities of each situation.

Accounting / M.Com. (Accounting0

À medida que a economia global se expande e os mercados se tornam mais abertos para os investimentos, as empresas dividem atividades entre as suas unidades estabelecidas em diferentes países. A determinação dos preços praticados em operações de transferência entre companhias associadas situadas em diferentes jurisdições fiscais é chamada de Preços de Transferência. Para fins tributários, os preços de transferência determinam o valor de receita que cada empresa recebe e o referente valor de tributos incidentes sobre receitas e/ou resultados no país exportador e no país importador, sendo um assunto relevante para as administrações tributárias dos países onde essas operações ocorrem e para as empresas com unidades em mais de um pais. O presente estudo apresenta uma análise relacionada aos Preços de Transferência praticados por uma empresa brasileira que importa matéria-prima de suas empresas vinculadas estabelecidas em outras jurisdições tributárias. É apresentado um estudo de caso descritivo que ilustra essa situação e as regras de Preço de Transferência brasileiras. Ao final, conclui-se que o contribuinte deve aplicar mais de uma metodologia de cálculo dentre as disponibilizadas pela legislação brasileira, a fim de identificar a que resulte em menor ajuste tributário. Conclui-se, adicionalmente, que a temática dos preços de transferência depende de muitas variáveis individuais, as quais devem ser estudadas e analisadas caso a caso, de acordo com as particularidades envolvidas em cada situação. / As the global economy continues to expand and markets become more open to investment, enterprises share activities among their units established in different countries. The prices determination for the transfer of goods between affiliated companies situated in different tax jurisdictions is called Transfer Pricing. For tax purposes, transfer pricing determines the amount of income that each party earns and thus, the amount of income tax due in both the export and import countries, representing a relevant issue to the tax administrations in countries where these operations occur and to the companies which have units in more than one country. This study presents an analysis related to Transfer Prices practiced by a Brazilian company that imports raw material from its associated units established in other tax jurisdictions. A case study that shows this situation and the Brazilian Transfer Pricing rules are presented. The conclusion is that the company should apply more than one of the available calculus methodology in order to identify which one results in the lower tax adjustment. In addition to that, it is concluded that the Transfer Pricing is an issue that depends on many variables that should be carefully analyzed for each situation or company, considering the particularities of each situation.

This paper provides an exploration of major traded derivative instruments in Chile, the interest rate swaps, and most commonly used valuation methods, addressing financial risk management in the context of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). We analyze the requirements for adopting hedge accounting, particularly with regard to evidence of effectiveness, and discuss particular aspects of the Chilean case that companies must face the time to prove the validity of contracts and contract coverage. The study’s findings suggest that the local market still has problems of efficiency and availability of information to (i) properly manage financial risks and (ii) demonstrate the effectiveness of hedges under IFRS. / El presente trabajo realiza una revisión, análisis y exploración de uno de los principales instrumentos derivados transados en Chile, los swaps de tasas de interés, y sus métodos de valorización más utilizados, además de abordar la gestión de riesgos financieros en el contexto de las International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Se analizan los requisitos exigidos para adoptar contabilidad de cobertura, especialmente las pruebas de efectividad, y se discuten otros aspectos particulares del caso chileno que las compañías deben enfrentar al momento de demostrar la validez de las coberturas contratadas y por contratar. Las conclusiones del estudio apuntan a que el mercado local aún presenta problemas de eficiencia y disponibilidad de información para (i) gestionar correctamente los riesgos financieros y (ii) demostrar la efectividad de las coberturas bajo IFRS.

À medida que a economia global se expande e os mercados se tornam mais abertos para os investimentos, as empresas dividem atividades entre as suas unidades estabelecidas em diferentes países. A determinação dos preços praticados em operações de transferência entre companhias associadas situadas em diferentes jurisdições fiscais é chamada de Preços de Transferência. Para fins tributários, os preços de transferência determinam o valor de receita que cada empresa recebe e o referente valor de tributos incidentes sobre receitas e/ou resultados no país exportador e no país importador, sendo um assunto relevante para as administrações tributárias dos países onde essas operações ocorrem e para as empresas com unidades em mais de um pais. O presente estudo apresenta uma análise relacionada aos Preços de Transferência praticados por uma empresa brasileira que importa matéria-prima de suas empresas vinculadas estabelecidas em outras jurisdições tributárias. É apresentado um estudo de caso descritivo que ilustra essa situação e as regras de Preço de Transferência brasileiras. Ao final, conclui-se que o contribuinte deve aplicar mais de uma metodologia de cálculo dentre as disponibilizadas pela legislação brasileira, a fim de identificar a que resulte em menor ajuste tributário. Conclui-se, adicionalmente, que a temática dos preços de transferência depende de muitas variáveis individuais, as quais devem ser estudadas e analisadas caso a caso, de acordo com as particularidades envolvidas em cada situação. / As the global economy continues to expand and markets become more open to investment, enterprises share activities among their units established in different countries. The prices determination for the transfer of goods between affiliated companies situated in different tax jurisdictions is called Transfer Pricing. For tax purposes, transfer pricing determines the amount of income that each party earns and thus, the amount of income tax due in both the export and import countries, representing a relevant issue to the tax administrations in countries where these operations occur and to the companies which have units in more than one country. This study presents an analysis related to Transfer Prices practiced by a Brazilian company that imports raw material from its associated units established in other tax jurisdictions. A case study that shows this situation and the Brazilian Transfer Pricing rules are presented. The conclusion is that the company should apply more than one of the available calculus methodology in order to identify which one results in the lower tax adjustment. In addition to that, it is concluded that the Transfer Pricing is an issue that depends on many variables that should be carefully analyzed for each situation or company, considering the particularities of each situation.

The squeeze-out has been introduced into Czech law in June 2005. Until now, 780 squeeze-outs have been executed, during that almost 22 billion CZK have been distributed among minority shareholders. The rights of different shareholders groups are in conflict during squeeze-out which makes the whole process quite controversial. Minority shareholders' basic right to participate in the company, which is usually accompanied by the profit participation right is taken from them. On the other side, the major shareholder gets the chance of more effective company governance or the chance to sell the company in the merger for much higher sale price. The whole process is honest only if the minority shareholders receive an appropriate compensation for the termination of their participation in the company.

The International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) introduced an amendment to the International Accounting Standard 39 – Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39) and to International Financial Reporting Standard 7 – Financial Instruments: Disclosures (IFRS 7) on 13 October 2008. These amendments allowed entities to reclassify non-derivative financial assets from the fair value option to historical cost. The purpose of this study is to explore how Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs) applied the amendment to IAS 39 since 2008/2009. The study is guided by four main objectives in which the first two objectives explores how the G-SIBs applied the reclassifications during the allowed period, 2008/2009 and the period beyond 2009 when the application of the standard should have been stopped. The study further investigates if any G-SIBs used restatements to circumvent the requirements of the IAS 39 that does not allow reclassifications into and out of the ‘designated as at fair value' category. Finally, the study explores the impacts of the reclassifications on the G-SIBs' ROE and total regulatory capital with the aim to determine if G-SIBs reaped any long-term benefits from the reclassifications and whether any traces of earning and capital management exist in the way G-SIBs applied the amendment to IAS 39. To achieve these objectives a comparative case study approach, which is qualitative in nature/scope was used with 10 G-SIBS forming part of the units of the analysis of the study. The study finds that: (i) 70 percent of G-SIBs reclassified assets during 2008/2009; (ii) a significant improvement on the reported net income was observed with a slight improvement on the return on equity and regulatory capital during 2008/2009, while the long-term impacts on ROE and total capital are insignificant; and (iii) G-SIBs did not restate comparative figures to evade the prohibition on reclassifications into and out of the ‘designated as at fair value' category. As far as can be reasonably established, this kind of study has not been published before for G-SIBs. As such, the study contributes by including the analysis of G-SIBs and the long-term implications of applying the amendment to IAS 39 to the current literature, as well as adding another possible type of a restatement to the financial restatements' literature. All these aspects are currently lacking in the existing literature.

When society, and especially the financial markets, experience a downturn real estate companies are often front and center of discussions. This sector is a capital-intensive industry which often carries a large fraction of borrowed funds. The last decade has been marked by good economic growth, low interest rates, and rising property values which the real estate market has profited from. Public real estate companies appraise investment properties exclusively on fair value, which means that estimated market values influence companies’ financial reports. The study aims to scrutinize how property values impact debt, and further shed light on the pro-cyclical nature of property values. Using a deductive approach, fair value changes of real estate in relation to debt are analyzed through a correlation analysis and multiple regression. The study applies two dependent variables where debt-equity ratio constitutes one of them, and interest-bearing debt in relation to net operating income constitutes the other. The result shows that fair value changes have a significant weak negative correlation to the debt-equity ratio, and a non-significant weak positive correlation to interest-bearing debt to net operating income. The authors conclude that the weak correlation found in debt-equity ratio implies that real estate companies react to fair value changes. The non-significant correlation with interest-bearing debt in relation to net operating income indicates that fair value changes increase companies’ debt. Furthermore, the study shows that there are individual differences between companies. / När samhället, och i synnerhet de finansiella marknaderna, upplever försämrade tider är ofta fastighetsbolag på tapeten. Sektorn är en kapitalintensiv bransch som ofta förfogar över en stor del lånade medel. Det senaste årtiondet har präglats av god ekonomisk tillväxt, låga räntor och stigande fastighetsvärden vilket har gynnat fastighetsbranschen. Börsnoterade fastighetsbolag värderar förvaltningsfastigheter uteslutande till verkligt värde, vilket innebär att uppskattade marknadsvärden ger effekt på bolagens finansiella rapporter. Studien ämnar särgranska huruvida fastighetsvärdet inverkar på skuldsättning och vidare belysa fastighetsvärdens procykliska natur. Ur en deduktiv ansats analyseras orealiserade värdeförändringar på fastigheter i relation till skuldsättning genom en korrelationsanalys och en multipel regression. Studien tillämpar två beroende variabler där skuldsättningsgrad utgör den ena och räntebärande skulder i förhållande till driftnetto utgör den andra. Resultatet visar att orealiserade värdeförändringar har ett statistiskt signifikant svagt negativt samband med skuldsättningsgrad och ett icke statistiskt signifikant svagt positivt samband med räntebärande skulder i förhållande till driftnetto. Författarna kommer fram till att det svaga sambandet med skuldsättningsgrad antyder att fastighetsbolag agerar på orealiserade värdeförändringar. Det ickestatistiskt signifikanta positiva sambandet med räntebärande skulder i förhållande till driftnetto indikerar att orealiserade värdeförändringar ökar bolagens skuldsättning. Avslutningsvis visar studiens resultat att det finns individuella skillnader mellan bolagen

Förvaltningsfastigheter värderas ofta till verkligt värde. Under en lång tid har värdering till verkligt värde varit något svårdefinierat, där begreppet haft olika betydelse i olika sammanhang. IFRS 13 uppkom till viss del med anledning av detta. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om IFRS 13 har påverkat underprissättningen för fastighetsföretag vid börsintroduktioner. Genom en Difference-in-Differences metod baserad på en uni- och en multivariat modell mäter vi det statistiska sambandet mellan IFRS 13 och underprissättning mellan åren 2005-2022 vid börsnotering av företag i fastighetsbranchen. Behandlingsgruppen består av länder inom Europeiska Unionen samt Norge, då dessa efterföljer IFRS som redovisningsstandard. Kontrollgruppen består av nio länder som inte har IFRS som obligatorisk redovisningsstandard. Resultatet visar på en negativ trend mellan underprissättningen och införandet av IFRS 13, men kan inte på ett statistiskt signifikant sätt fastställas. Resultatet visar dock ett negativt statistiskt signifikant samband på 0.1 procent mellan kapitalintäkten från börsintroduktionen och underprissättning samt ett statistiskt signifikant samband på 0.1 procent mellan Post och underprissättning för två av våra regressioner.

本論文之研究目的係驗證公允價值資訊是否會影響聯合貸款的借款條件。實證結果顯示公司採用更多公允價值，尤其是第1等級輸入值，可在聯合貸款市場中可取得較有利的聯合貸款條件，例如可取得更低的利率及更高額的貸款金額。然而實證結果也顯示，若公司採用更多公允價值，尤其是第1等級輸入值，會有更高的機會被債權人要求提供債務擔保。由此可知，公司採用更多公允價值可有助於取得更有利的聯合貸款借款條件，同時第1等級輸入值可獲得更顯著的結果。