Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-03T11:58:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 23.pdf: 947947 bytes, checksum: 06d4c30cbfbb326f6b1a35c2c21b5583 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-03T11:58:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 23.pdf: 947947 bytes, checksum: 06d4c30cbfbb326f6b1a35c2c21b5583 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / Nenhuma / Houve um aumento da riqueza e uma melhora na qualidade de vida das nações ao redor do mundo, notadamente desde o início do século XX. Neste contexto de crescimento econômico, percebe-se que nem todos os países cresceram da mesma maneira e que aproximadamente uma em cada seis pessoas vive em extrema pobreza atualmente. Uma alternativa para resolver este problema é a ajuda internacional e tem se estudado e debatido como ela pode acelerar o processo de crescimento econômico. Inúmeros fatores são mencionados na literatura como essenciais para este avanço. O presente trabalho debate os resultados de recentes estudos empíricos quanto aos impactos da ajuda internacional sobre o crescimento econômico dos países receptores. Assim, a partir da perspectiva das possibilidades de atuação para apressar o desenvolvimento econômico e abreviar a desigualdade de renda, este estudo avalia o crescimento econômico dos países menos desenvolvidos, sobretudo a pobreza, enfatizando o comportamento do continente africano. A seguir, são expostos os conceitos referentes à ajuda internacional para os países e sua evolução ao longo do tempo, buscando decompor os gêneros de assistência e suas finalidades. A revisão de literatura também contempla diferentes maneiras testadas na avaliação da eficácia da ajuda para os países favorecidos, identificando os métodos e indicadores que buscam elucidar a relação entre ajuda e crescimento. / Since the beginning of the XIXth century the world has been living in an era of economic prosperity and quality of life improvement. In this context of economic growth, there have been different kinds of growth among countries and there are about one in six people in the world that live in extreme poverty. One alternative that has been discussed to reduce poverty is foreign aid and how it can haste this process. The literature mentions several factors as essential to this progress. Thus, from the perspective of possibilities to accelerate economic development and shorten the income inequality, this paper aims to address the international aid as a motivator of progress. Initially, the study assesses the economic growth of less developed countries, especially the issue of poverty, emphasizing the behavior of the African continent. Then foreign aid is delimitated by actors, types and purposes. The literature review also addresses the different ways tested in evaluating the effectiveness of aid in recipient countries by identifying and selecting methods and indicators that explain the relationship between aid and growth.

This thesis, with special emphasis on African recipient countries, aims to compare and clarify the foreign aid practices adopted by China and South Korea. While South Korea is mostly portrayed as an emerging donor country intending to tie economic relations to recipients, China draws a very diverse audience with reactions to its aid policy ranging from strong suspicion to sincere curiosity. In this thesis, we examine relationships between economic indicators such as population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), GDP per capita, trade, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), energy production of African recipient countries and the foreign aid policies of these two donors. Through the statistical research method of panel data analysis, we found that the Chinese government has a tendency to provide its aid to more populous African countries, while the often hypothesized China’s resource-securing aid intention is not confirmed. In the case of South Korea, Seoul has a more risk-avert attitude in its Official Development Assistance (ODA) by providing these funds to higher income-level recipients.

This dissertation examines in depth one of the potential causes of the low performance of foreign aid; in particular, the role incentive structures within international donor agencies could play in leading to “a push” to disburse money. This pressure to disburse money is termed as the “Money-Moving Syndrome”. In this dissertation, the “Money Moving Syndrome” exists when the quantity of foreign aid committed or disbursed becomes, in itself, an important objective side by side or above the effectiveness of aid. The theoretical analysis relies on the principal-agent theory to explore how donor agencies’ institutional incentive systems may affect the characteristics of an optimal and efficient incentive contract and thus give rise to the “Money-Moving Syndrome”. We adapted the basic framework developed in Baker (1992) to fit the organizational settings of international development agencies. The model concludes that the extent to which a performance measure based the amount of aid allocated within a specific period of time would lead to the “Money-Moving Syndrome” and affect aid effectiveness depends on the level of institutional imperatives for survival and growth, the degree of aid agency’s accountability for effectiveness, the level of corruption in recipient countries and the degree of difficulty to evaluate development activities. Due to data unavailability regarding other bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, the empirical framework tests several predictions of the theoretical model by examining whether money moving incentives affect World Bank’s decisions regarding project loan size in developing countries. Overall, the empirical results suggest that there seems to be some degree of “Money-Moving Syndrome” in effect within the World Bank.

Post-development theorist, Arturo Escobar's influential work, Encountering Development as well as other post-development academic works discussed the concept and delivery of "development" based on known antecedents--Western countries as practitioners and non-Western countries as beneficiaries. Even though cultural sensibility has become a significant issue in development today, there is little research that analyzes the construction of non-Western donors' discourse such as those of the Japanese governmental aid agency, Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers. Moreover, non-Western aid donors and practitioners' engagement with indigenous development in Latin America has not been discussed. This dissertation aims to answer the following questions: How do Western and non-Western governmental donor agencies construct and deliver 'development' to 'non-developed' countries in Latin America, particularly to countries with large indigenous populations? How do these donor agencies' volunteer practitioners implement development projects in the field? What are the differences in the aims and delivery of development projects between Western and non-Western donors and their volunteer practitioners, especially in those projects aimed at indigenous populations? A corollary to those questions was to attempt to discover how the agencies and their volunteers negotiated notions of development with indigenous peoples as well as how agencies and volunteers perceived and addressed ethnic differences in the aid recipients' countries. To answer these questions I compared and contrasted two governmental agencies that are the most prominent and with the longest record of volunteer aid in Latin America: the United States Peace Corps and the Japanese agency, Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV). Although the U.S. Peace Corps and its notion of development were models of "development" for the JOCV program, JOCV's discourse of development and its development practices are not the same as the Peace Corps. Both agencies' cross-cultural policies for their volunteers as well as the development practices the agencies adopted likely reflect how the Japanese and United States understand their own societies in general cultural terms, as well as in terms of moral and religious preferences, ethnicity and sexual orientation. The Peace Corps and JOCV volunteers' experiences with indigenous populations showed several limitations to their programs and provided suggestions for the future particularly in the area of indigenous development. / text

Against the backdrop of the historical failure of official development assistance to alleviate poverty in the Third World, this thesis examines the current approach of Western aid donors toward development. The thesis asks whether aid policy processes indicate a willingness, or capacity, on the part of official donors to more fully engage with the causal complexity of development, and so potentially improve development outcomes. Considering the case study of the Australian bilateral aid program to Papua New Guinea from both top-down and bottom-up policy perspectives, the thesis concludes that, in relation to Australia, there are significant structural and institutional impediments to change. The Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and its interpretation of national interest, dominate high-level aid policy-making, even though the objectives of foreign policy and those of foreign aid differ. Australia's official development agency, AusAID, is limited in its capacity to legitimately challenge this dominance, not least because its use of contracted-out projects restrict its corporate knowledge and its ability to influence policy agendas and networks. Overcoming this impasse requires creative management on the part of senior public servants and non-governmental members of the aid policy community alike.

The effects of foreign aid in the process of economic growth in developing countries is a subject of intense debate. While its favorable effects in the struggle with poverty are undeniable, its determining factor for economic development has positions in favor and against. This article presents a review of the literature on foreign aid, focusing on the fundamental aspects to facilitate its analysis. Other aspects that are addressed are the main arguments used to support the granting and receiving of foreign aid towards a developing country, as well as those arguments that criticize its suitability. The final part includes some conclusions about the presented arguments. / Los efectos de la cooperación internacional en el proceso de crecimiento económico de los países en desarrollo es un tema de intenso debate. Si bien sus efectos favorables en la lucha contra la pobreza resultan innegables, su condición de factor determinante para el desarrollo económico tiene posiciones a favor y en contra. En este artículo se hace una revisión de la literatura sobre la cooperación internacional, concentrándose en los factores fundamentales para facilitar su análisis. Otro aspecto tratado son los principales argumentos utilizados para respaldar el otorgamiento y recepción de cooperación internacional hacia un país en desarrollo, así como aquellos argumentos que critican su conveniencia. La parte final incluye algunas conclusiones sobre los argumentos expuestos.

Submitted by Pedro Accorsi Amaral (pedroaccorsi10@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-05T20:10:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis.pdf: 2092692 bytes, checksum: cf0bf23ba85b5e1297c36503f1a0d52a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-07-06T20:51:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis.pdf: 2092692 bytes, checksum: cf0bf23ba85b5e1297c36503f1a0d52a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T18:01:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis.pdf: 2092692 bytes, checksum: cf0bf23ba85b5e1297c36503f1a0d52a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-16 / This work addresses the determinants of the decisions made by small powers to fight alongside great powers in major conflicts. When faced with the request from a great power to participate in wars, some peripheral countries abide and others remain uninvolved. To explain this variation, the case study of the Colombian participation in the Korean War is used, comparing the country to other Latin American cases. Building on rational choice models of leaders’ behavior, I expect that leaders decide to go to war when the rewards for this action increase their likelihood of remaining in power. I use explicit process tracing to investigate the causes for the Colombian decision and organize them into necessary and sufficient conditions. Evidence suggests that the causes for the Colombian participation in Korea were an attempt from the president to improve his relationship with the United States in order to obtain more foreign aid, the Colombian authoritarian regime, and an attempt from the president to please the armed forces, which had the power to keep him in office. I also use synthetic control method to test whether the Colombian decision increased the foreign aid received by the country from the United States. Results show a significant increase in received aid. These findings corroborate the expectation that leaders of small powers will go to war in order to receive more aid and to make policy concessions for those who hold the power to keep them in office, and that they are rewarded from the great power for this decision under certain conditions.

Resultatstyrning är idag den centrala styrningsformen inom svenskt bistånd. På senare år har ett ökade fokus på resultatstyrning, kallat resultatagendan, kritiserats för hur frågor om långsiktighet och hållbarhet hamnar i skymundan med fokus på kvantitativa och kortsiktiga prestationsmått i utvärderingar. Syftet med denna studie är således att undersöka vad svenska civilsamhällesorganisationer upplever som dagens utmaningar med att utvärdera hållbarhet i biståndsprojekt. Datainsamling har skett genom en litteraturstudie från officiella dokument och tidigare forskning samt fyra intervjuer med medarbetare hos svenska civilsamhällesorganisationer. Uppsatsen har utmynnat i tre övergripande slutsatser: För det första upplever civilsamhällesorganisationer att de lever i en s.k. post-resultatagenda där resultatagendans eftermälen inte är anpassat för mer långsiktigt fokus. Vidare önskas ett processorienterat tillvägagångssätt för hållbarhetsperspektivet där biståndsaktörer arbetar tillsammans för att låta hållbarhetsperspektivet genomsyra svenskt bistånd på en strategisk och aggregerad nivå. Slutligen upplevs det även finnas konkreta hinder för god hållbarhetsutvärdering kopplat till projektens finansiering där ett exempel är timingen på utvärderingar. / Results-Based Management (RBM) is the central form of management in Swedish aid today. In recent years, the focus on RBM, commonly called the Results Agenda, has been criticised for how questions concerning long-term goals and sustainability has become neglected with the focus of quantitative and short-term results in foreign aid evaluations. The purpose of this thesis is to examine what Swedish Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) consider challenging when evaluating sustainability criteria in foreign aid projects. The data collection consists of a literature study of official documents and previous research as well as four interviews with coworkers at Swedish CSOs. The thesis has resulted in three overarching conclusions: Firstly, Swedish CSOs today experience living in a time of so-called Post-Results Agenda were the aftermath of the Results Agenda is not considered suited for more flexible and long-term focus. Furthermore, a process oriented approach for the sustainability perspective is desired, where foreign aid actors work together for a comprehensive sustainability approach on a strategic and aggregated level. Lastly, a couple of concrete obstacles for better evaluation of sustainability criteria are found to originate from the projects’ funding, such as the timing of evaluations.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The thesis examines how elite perspectives on foreign aid affect the subsequent path of aid dependence. The focus is on aid-seeking foreign policy change. Two foreign policy change cases are examined for the study, which took place in Korea under Park Chung-hee and in Ghana under Rawlings through a lens of comparative historical analysis. The thesis aims to make two original contributions to knowledge. First, it explains recipient foreign policy using two different forms of mercantilism, and second, it reveals the dependent path created by the mercantilist oriented elite. Mercantilism in the thesis is used as dual-frameworked concept. First, it is a lens to see state behaviour. Despite the fact that mercantilism has been mainly used to explain a donor‘s behaviour, it can elucidate that of an aid-recipient state when the aid-seeking country is in dire need of the foreign aid for the survival of the state. The thesis applies mercantilism to explain aid-receiving countries‘behaviour. Second, more importantly, mercantilism also explains elite perspectives. The elite in aid receiving countries search for foreign aid not only for the wealth and power of their state, but also for the prosperity and survival of themselves. Mercantilism is used as an ostensible principle in practicing the private search for advantages of the elite. The thesis uses the dual-mercantilism idea to examine aid-seeking foreign policy in Korea and Ghana. In Korea, the elite saw the key to their survival in industrialising the nation, and their search for foreign aid took place based on that raison d’être. In Ghana, on the other hand, the elite found the way to their survival and prosperity in acquiring more foreign aid and the aid per se became the ultimate goal. The thesis finds industrial mercantilism a useful framework to understand the elite perspective in Korea

Purpose of this diploma thesis is to analyze foreign aid as a stabile part of nations expenditures of all developed countries since 60's. But at the same time foreign aid not being important enough for developed countries to manage it more effectively. This diploma thesis analyses among others development of different economic approaches on this topic, financial flows of this sort since the beginning and also an analysis of foreign aid as whole as well as some of its parts. I`m also trying to find reasons why developed nations provide foreign aid and also motives for accepting it by developing nations. Also trade liberalisation is described as the only way of solving foreign aid poor effeciency.