Afin de lutter contre l'érosion du littoral, les phénomènes de submersion marine ou d'inondation, des rechargements sédimentaires issus de sable de dragage ont été réalisés au droit d'ouvrages clés le long de la façade maritime du Grand Port Maritime de Dunkerque (GPMD). L'objectif principal de cette étude est d'analyser l'évolution de différents types de rechargements sédimentaires le long d'ouvrages présentant un intérêt stratégique : un rechargement de plage de 1,5 millions de m³ (Mm³) face à la digue des Alliés dans la station balnéaire de Malo-les-Bains et un recharchement subtidal de 3 Mm³ face à la digue du Ruytingen à l'avant-port ouest du GPMD. Des levées topographiques et bathymétriques successifs ont permis d'établir des bilans sédimentaires des zones rechargées. Bien que ces bilans soient négatifs dans les deux cas, les pertes de sédiments restent modérées, notamment concernant l'opération de la digue des Alliés dont le volume a diminué de 12,3% en un peu plus de 3 ans. Une zone d'érosion marquée a été identifiée à l'ouest, tandis qu'une partie du sable est redistribué vers l'est sous l'effet des courants de marée et de la dérive littorale comme à Malo-les-Bains où la plage à l'est du rechargement bénéficie d'un apport sableux. Le rechargement subtidal a perdu une plus grande proportion de son volume de sable que le rechargement de plage. L'analyse des forçages météo-marins a montré que l'évolution morpho-sédimentaire des rechargements dépend de leur exposition aux houles, le rechargement subtidal face à la digue du Ruytingen étant plus exposé aux houles dominantes de secteur ouest que celui de Malo-les-Bains, plus influencé par les houles de nord-est. / In order to prevent coastal erosion and marine flooding, artificial replenishments using dredged sand have been carried out in front of key coastal structures along the coast of the Grand Port Maritime de Dunkerque (GPMD). The main objective of this study is to analyse the evolution of different types of artificial replenishments along structures of strategic interest of the GPMD : a beach nourishment of 1.5 million m³ (Mm³) in front of the dike called "Digue des Alliés" in the seaside resort of Malo-les-Bains and a subtidal nourishment of 3 Mm³ in front of the "Digue du Ruytingen" in the Western Port. Successive topographic and bathymetric surveys enabled to evaluate the sediment budgets of the nourished zones. Although the sediment budgets are negative in both cases, sans losses are nevertheless moderate compared to other artificial replenishments around the world, particularly for the beach fill in front of the "Digue des Alliés" where sediment volume decreased by 12.3% over three years. Significant erosion has been identified in the western part of the nourishment site, the eroded material being partly redistributed eastward along th beach of Malo-les-Bains under the influence of tidal currents and littoral drift. The subtidal replenishment lost a higher proportion of its initial sediment volume compared to the subaerial beach replenishment. Analysis of hydro-meteorological forcing showed that the morpho-sedimentary evolution of each operation strongly depends on their wave exposition, the subtidal replenishment in front of the "Digue du Ruytingen" being much more exposed to the dominant waves from W than the one in Malo-les-Bains more influenced by waves from NE.

Dans les écoulements de convection naturelle en canal, de nombreuses structures cohérentes se développent. Leur rôle dans les transferts de masse et de chaleurs reste aujourd’hui mal connu. Des études numériques basées sur des Simulations aux Grandes Echelles d’un canal vertical dont un des côtés est chauffé uniformément à flux constant ont donc été entreprises. Différentes étapes de la transition laminaire-turbulente sont identifiées et deux bandes de fréquences sont observées en proche paroi chauffée. Une méthode, basée sur la Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), a aussi été utilisée et a permis une très nette séparation spatio-temporelle des modes les plus énergétiques de l’écoulement en fonction des fréquences précédemment identifiées. Il devient donc possible d’étudier la contribution de ces modes à l’écoulement. Une analyse POD des champs de vitesses expérimentaux permet l’identification de similarités avec les structures observées numériquement.Les variations du gradient de température extérieur au canal, ont été identifiées comme l’une des sources de ces différences et ont fait l’objet d’études expérimentales et numériques. Il est montré qu’un augmentation du gradient positif de température diminue le débit mais aussi déplace la transition plus bas dans le canal. Les études numériques permettent également d’étudier le cas de gradients de température faibles ou négatifs, gradients qui sont difficile à obtenir expérimentalement. Un modèle théorique de l’influence de la stratification extérieure sur le débit massique induit est aussi développé. L’accord entre les résultats prédits et les résultats expérimentaux et numériques est excellent. Ce dernier point souligne que la stratification thermique est un facteur clé dans ce type d’écoulement et que son influence est précisément quantifiée dans ce travail / In natural convective flows, complex coherent structures develop whose the role in heat and mass transfer are not well understood. A numerical study, based on Large-Eddy-Simulations of a vertical channel with one side uniformly was therefore carried out. Different stages of transitional flow development were identified numerically with two characteristic frequency bands being observed in the flow, near the heated wall. Methods derived from the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was also used and allows the most energetic modes to be separated accordingly to two characteristic frequency bands found numerically. As result, the contribution of the two families of modes to the near wall turbulent heat transfer and velocity-temperature correlation has been evaluated. POD was also performed on experimental measurements showing similarities with the numerically observed structures.In this work, variations of the external thermal stratification have been identified as one possible source of these differences and its influence was therefore investigated experimentally and numerically. It is shown that the increase in the positive gradient of the external stratification not only decreases the mass flow rate but also displaces the transition height to a lower location in the channel. Numerical simulations also allow the study of cases of weak and negative thermal stratifications which are difficult to achieve in laboratories. A theoretical model of the influence of the external thermal stratification on the mass flow rate was also developed. There is an excellent agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimentally and numerically obtained mass flow rates. This clearly highlights that external temperature distributions are key driving factors and their influence is accurately quantified in this work

La thèse, divisée en quatre parties (structures, pouvoirs, modèles, systèmes), propose une analyse des dynamiques spatiales sur la façade caraïbe de l'Amérique centrale de la conquête espagnole jusqu'à nos jours, en partant de l'hypothèse d'une organisation de l'espace caribéen de l'isthme centraméricain sous la forme de trois modèles territoriaux indigène (I : indio), globalisé (G : gringo et negro) et ladino (L). Les deux premières parties présentent les grandes structures de cette véritable marge parmi les marges : historiques, physiques et humaines dans une première partie la fondant comme ultime frontière, davantage en termes de pouvoirs et d'acteurs dans une seconde partie axée sur les mutations des deux derniers siècles dans les domaines culturels, économiques et politiques. Les trois modèles territoriaux proposés dans la troisième partie, idéal-types récurrents et spécifiques à la façade caraïbe, sont élaborés pour chacun en fonction de leurs structures internes, externes, et de leurs évolutions spatio-temporelles depuis cinq siècles. La dernière partie, consacrée aux systèmes territoriaux, s'attache à valider les hypothèses théoriques par trois études de cas concrets : la première rendant compte des devenirs des zones refuges indigènes sur la frontière méridionale entre Belize et le Guatemala, la seconde traitant de l'archipel touristique de Bocas del Toro, au Panamá, emblématique de la succession des territoires globalisés sur les espaces insulaires, la dernière évoquant l'Atlantique costaricien, interface ladino symptomatique des processus d'incorporation des façades caraïbes aux Etats nationaux dans la seconde partie du 20ème siècle.

L'application de la ventilation naturelle peut contribuer sensiblement à la réduction des besoins de climatisation et à l'amélioration du confort d'été dans les immeubles de bureaux. Dans cette thèse, une configuration simple de ventilation naturelle, c'est-à-dire la ventilation mono-façade, est étudiée expérimentalement et par simulation. Après avoir examiné les phénomènes qui contribuent au renouvellement de l'air, on évalue la validité et l'applicabilité des modèles existants afin de calculer le débit de ventilation, en comparant leurs résultats avec ceux d'une campagne de mesures effectuée dans une pièce expérimentale. Ensuite, on valide l'utilisation de la CFD, avec trois modèles différents de turbulence, pour la simulation de la ventilation naturelle mono-façade, par comparaison avec les essais. Les résultats d'un des modèles de turbulence (RANS RSM) sont utilisés pour l'établissement d'une nouvelle corrélation pour le calcul du débit de ventilation. Celle-ci apporte des améliorations par rapport aux corrélations existantes, en particulier lorsque l'ouverture est située sous le vent. Cette nouvelle corrélation est couplée à un modèle thermique dynamique afin d'évaluer le potentiel de rafraîchissement de la ventilation naturelle mono-façade dans des immeubles de bureaux neufs. En particulier, on étudie la réduction des besoins de climatisation dans des immeubles climatisés et le nombre d'heures d'inconfort en l'absence de climatisation. L'influence de plusieurs paramètres est considérée : climat, orientation, inertie, taux de surface vitrée, apports internes et stratégie de ventilation (diurne, nocturne et diurne + nocturne). Les simulations montrent des réductions importantes des besoins de refroidissement, entre 30 et 90%. Il est possible de se passer de climatisation, sans générer d'inconfort, à condition de privilégier une inertie lourde et de maitriser les apports internes et solaires.

The purpose of this study is to attain an understanding of my work for the viewer as well as myself. These works on paper are visual documents illustrating my ideas and opinions about media and its desire for control. Through research, critical thinking, experience, and exposure to media (both wanted and unwanted) I have created imagery that I feel is exemplary of our forced relationship with advertising. In order to accomplish this I studied my influences, and the origin of my current work. Reading upon realization of those influences further informed the work. Every conceivable influence was studied and analyzed, and those studies are contained in this thesis. Questions of audience, scale, medium, and history were also taken into account as a measure to make this thesis cohesive. As an audience for advertisers we must constantly be aware of how our sensitivities are being played upon.

Conhecidos de Vista é uma pesquisa em poéticas visuais que propõe um olhar sobre uma situação cada vez mais recorrente no contexto urbano contemporâneo: prédios com janelas próximas demais. Vizinhos que não se conhecem formalmente mas que acompanham de perto a vida do outro, mesmo involuntariamente. Através do contato com moradores de quarenta apartamentos em Porto Alegre, foram captadas fotografias e gravações de áudio que direcionaram a elaboração desta proposta. Em uma análise que parte do processo de criação para entender os caminhos que levam à concepção de um projeto em artes visuais, são evocados trabalhos anteriores, nos quais a janela aparece de alguma forma, a fim de encontrar continuidades e procedimentos operatórios na minha produção. A paisagem urbana, o conceito de vista e as relações entre o que é público e o que é privado são questões abordadas nesta pesquisa. / Known from View is a research in visual poetics that examines an increasingly frequent situation in the contemporary urban context: apartment buildings with opposite windows too close. Neighbors who don’t formally know each other, but inadvertently, follow the one another’s lives. Through the contact with dwellers from forty apartments in Porto Alegre - Brazil, photographs and audio recordings were taken in order to guide the development of this project. In an analysis that takes the creative process as a base point to understand the pathways that lead to the conception of a project in visual arts, earlier projects, where the window appears somehow, are evoked in order to find continuities and operative procedures in my production. The urban landscape, the concept of view, and relationships between public and private spaces are explored in this research.

Conhecidos de Vista é uma pesquisa em poéticas visuais que propõe um olhar sobre uma situação cada vez mais recorrente no contexto urbano contemporâneo: prédios com janelas próximas demais. Vizinhos que não se conhecem formalmente mas que acompanham de perto a vida do outro, mesmo involuntariamente. Através do contato com moradores de quarenta apartamentos em Porto Alegre, foram captadas fotografias e gravações de áudio que direcionaram a elaboração desta proposta. Em uma análise que parte do processo de criação para entender os caminhos que levam à concepção de um projeto em artes visuais, são evocados trabalhos anteriores, nos quais a janela aparece de alguma forma, a fim de encontrar continuidades e procedimentos operatórios na minha produção. A paisagem urbana, o conceito de vista e as relações entre o que é público e o que é privado são questões abordadas nesta pesquisa. / Known from View is a research in visual poetics that examines an increasingly frequent situation in the contemporary urban context: apartment buildings with opposite windows too close. Neighbors who don’t formally know each other, but inadvertently, follow the one another’s lives. Through the contact with dwellers from forty apartments in Porto Alegre - Brazil, photographs and audio recordings were taken in order to guide the development of this project. In an analysis that takes the creative process as a base point to understand the pathways that lead to the conception of a project in visual arts, earlier projects, where the window appears somehow, are evoked in order to find continuities and operative procedures in my production. The urban landscape, the concept of view, and relationships between public and private spaces are explored in this research.

No Brasil, a quase totalidade dos edifícios habitacionais empregam revestimentos de argamassa em suas fachadas. Este revestimento vem passando por alterações significativas ao longo do tempo, dentre as quais se destaca a substituição do lançamento manual de argamassas pela projeção, por meio de equipamentos mecânicos, em especial a aplicação mecanizada contínua, com bombas helicoidais. Acredita-se que este sistema, por possibilitar o fluxo contínuo na etapa de aplicação e promover a diminuição da interferência das habilidades dos operários durante a execução, permite alcançar maior produtividade e melhorar a qualidade dos revestimentos, mas as diferentes técnicas de execução empregadas para a produção dos revestimentos de argamassa aplicados com projeção mecânica contínua ainda não foram avaliadas sistemicamente quanto à sua interferência no comportamento destes revestimentos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência de algumas variáveis empregadas na execução dos revestimentos de fachada de argamassa aplicados com projeção mecânica contínua, no seu comportamento, mais especificamente na adesão inicial, fissuração e aderência. Estas variáveis foram selecionadas através de um levantamento bibliográfico e aplicadas a um estudo experimental, no qual foram executados vinte e sete painéis de revestimento, para verificação da influência das variáveis no comportamento destes revestimentos. Ao final, foram apresentados e avaliados os resultados obtidos, por meio de análises qualitativas (adesão inicial e fissuração) e quantitativas (no caso de resistência de aderência). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que, apesar de haver um acréscimo significativo da resistência de aderência à tração com a projeção mecânica contínua da argamassa, em comparação à aplicação manual, o teor de água das argamassas, associado à condição de umidade do substrato e ao tempo entre demãos, e as técnicas de acabamento da superfície do revestimento podem influenciar significativamente o comportamento dos revestimentos, aumentando ou diminuindo a resistência de aderência. / In Brazil, almost all residential buildings make use of exterior cement-based rendering. This rendering has been going through significant changes over time, among which the substitution of hand application of the mortar by mechanical methods of application, in particular the wet spraying method using rotor type machines. It is believed that this system, by allowing the continuous flow in the application step and reducing user skill interference, promotes greater productivity and helps to increase the quality of the rendering, but the different execution techniques employed in its production still havent been systematically evaluated regarding their interference in the renderings behavior. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of some variables related to the execution techniques of exterior cement-based rendering applied with the wet spraying method using rotor type machines on their behavior, more specifically on initial bonding, cracking and adhesion. These variables were selected through bibliographic data gathering, and then applied to an experimental study on which twenty seven rendering panels were executed for the verification of the influence of the variables on their behavior. The results were presented and evaluated by qualitative (in the case of initial bond and cracking) and quantitative analyses (in the case of adhesion). The results obtained allowed to conclude that, despite a significant increase in adhesion with the mechanical projection of the mortar compared to manual application, the water content of the mortar, associated with substrate moisture condition and time between coatings, as well as the techniques of surface finishing of the coating may affect the rendering quality by increasing or decreasing the adhesion strengths.

Conhecidos de Vista é uma pesquisa em poéticas visuais que propõe um olhar sobre uma situação cada vez mais recorrente no contexto urbano contemporâneo: prédios com janelas próximas demais. Vizinhos que não se conhecem formalmente mas que acompanham de perto a vida do outro, mesmo involuntariamente. Através do contato com moradores de quarenta apartamentos em Porto Alegre, foram captadas fotografias e gravações de áudio que direcionaram a elaboração desta proposta. Em uma análise que parte do processo de criação para entender os caminhos que levam à concepção de um projeto em artes visuais, são evocados trabalhos anteriores, nos quais a janela aparece de alguma forma, a fim de encontrar continuidades e procedimentos operatórios na minha produção. A paisagem urbana, o conceito de vista e as relações entre o que é público e o que é privado são questões abordadas nesta pesquisa. / Known from View is a research in visual poetics that examines an increasingly frequent situation in the contemporary urban context: apartment buildings with opposite windows too close. Neighbors who don’t formally know each other, but inadvertently, follow the one another’s lives. Through the contact with dwellers from forty apartments in Porto Alegre - Brazil, photographs and audio recordings were taken in order to guide the development of this project. In an analysis that takes the creative process as a base point to understand the pathways that lead to the conception of a project in visual arts, earlier projects, where the window appears somehow, are evoked in order to find continuities and operative procedures in my production. The urban landscape, the concept of view, and relationships between public and private spaces are explored in this research.

In Sweden, there are around 300 000 multi-family buildings with high energy consumption state a high renovation potential in the building sector. This study aims to analyze different renovation measures for a typical theoretical multi-family building to determine their effects on energy consumption, financial profitability, and impacts on obtaining an energy label in the rating system. The reference building was created based on the given energy consumption for the Nils Holgersson building (NH), where the information data accumulated and assessed utilizing dynamic energy simulation software IDA ICE.The selected renovation measures include modifications to the building envelope and ventilation. The reference building was equipped with an exhaust ventilationsystem with no heat recovery. The study showed that heat losses through ventilation contributed to the largest share. The losses through windows and walls are significant; hence selecting ventilated façade and adding insulation were relevant efficiency measures. The study analysis a vacuum insulation panel (VIP) applied for external walls due to its highly efficient thermal properties compared to conventional insulation. The results of life cycle cost analyses (LCCA) for 40 years demonstrated that VIP and ventilated façade have an economic benefit because of the energy cost saving during the operation phase of the building, despite the high initial cost. The cumulative LCC for each measure showed that VIP approaching the conventional insulation within theservice life the ventilated façade is cost-efficient at the end of the 6thyear compared to changing glazing. The selected rating system is Miljöbyggnad (MB). After renovation, the NH building could achieve the bronze level on the energy indicators.The study found that the energy consumption in the base model was 144.7 kWh/m2and the implemented renovation package leads to a reduction of 47 % annual heating demand. As a rule of thumb, the annual energy demand will be 90 kWh/m2, and the cost for the renovation package including installation would be 1150 SEK/m2causing a total energy-saving 2900 SEK/m2at the end of 40 years.