Lors d'une démarche de modélisation énergétique d'un bâtiment, la prise en compte de l'enveloppe solaire reste souvent imprécise. L'objet du travail présenté ici est la description détaillée de solutions de protections solaires, induisant un tirage thermique (bardage, store), dans un objectif de modélisation et de valorisation pour répondre aux besoins d'industriels du secteur ; la caractérisation des performances permet alors d'assister la maitrise d'œuvre en phase conception.La mise en place d'une plateforme expérimentale - mur exposé sud muni d'une protection solaire devant lame d'air - a permis la mesure de températures d'airs et d'éléments solides présents dans le système, de vitesses d'écoulement dans la lame d'air ouverte, et du flux radiatif incident. Deux types de bardage bois, un type de store et un type de métal déployé ont été considérés.Parallèlement, un modèle 1D amélioré de transfert de chaleur dans le système étudié est développé. Trois familles de modèle de convection dans la lame d'air sont identifiées, présentées et intégrées dans le modèle global. La description de l'écoulement dans la lame d'air est retenue à partir d'analyses des résultats expérimentaux.Un modèle simplifié d'intégration de tels systèmes de protections solaires dans des plateformes de simulation thermique de bâtiments est proposé, basé sur la paramétrisation des sollicitations extérieures par le facteur solaire. La méthode de calcul du facteur solaire est présentée. Le caractère intrinsèque facteur solaire et son intérêt sont discutés notamment à partir d'analyse de sensibilités.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a forma de planos de fachada vinculados à incidência solar, potencializando a aplicação de sistemas fotovoltaicos. A identificação e parametrização de formas segundo os princípios geométricos de captação fotovoltaica, sugerem a aplicação de uma metodologia de projeto para superfícies de fachadas fotovoltaicas, de modo a otimizar a incidência direta da radiação solar, incorporada a volumetria da edificação. O modelo de otimização de fachadas fotovoltaicas consiste em quatro etapas. Inicialmente define-se a tecnologia fotovoltaica e a localização geográfica (1). Posteriormente, é realizada a modelagem elementar tridimensional (2) através do editor de algoritmos gráficos Grasshopper – integrado à ferramenta de modelagem Rhinoceros3D – estabelecendo assim, as restrições e variáveis da forma. Na terceira etapa, correlacionamse transformações geométricas tridimensionais (twist, taper e shear) e incidência solar (3) por meio dos softwares Ecotect Analysis e Grasshopper. Com isso, os parâmetros dimensionais atribuídos às variáveis – transformações geométricas – são vinculados aos parâmetros de radiação solar, visando à geração de formas. Após a seleção das formas com maior potencial fotovoltaico, identificam-se as zonas com maior incidência de radiação solar e realiza-se a manipulação dos pontos de controle das superfícies NURBS (4). Através das transformações geométricas taper, shear e twist foi possível gerar um conjunto de soluções otimizadas, correlacionando dados energéticos e geométricos, integrando métodos de geração de formas e avaliação performática da radiação solar. O estudo identificou que as possibilidades de articulação entre os planos fotovoltaicos e a eficiência energética têm implicações positivas, correlacionando variabilidade formal e geração de energia elétrica. / This work aims explore the shape of façade planes linked to the solar incidence, in order to optimize the use of photovoltaic systems. The identification and parameterization of forms according to geometric principles of photovoltaic capture suggest the application of a design methodology for optimizing the photovoltaic surface façade in order to optimize direct solar radiation, incorporating the volume of the building. The optimization model of photovoltaic façade consists of four steps. Initially decide on the photovoltaic technology and geographic location (1). Subsequently, three-dimensional elementary modeling is performed (2) through the graphic-algorithm editor, Grasshopper, – integrated with the modeling tool, Rhinoceros 3D, – thus establishing, restrictions and variables in shape. In the third stage, threedimensional geometric transformations are correlated (twist, taper and shear) and solar incidence (3) through the computer interfaces of Ecotect Analysis and Grasshopper software. With this, the dimensional parameters assigned to the variables – geometric transformations – are linked to parameters of solar radiation, in order to generate shapes. After the selection of potential photovoltaic shapes, zones with the greatest incident solar radiation are identified and the control points of NURBS surface are manipulated (4). Using the geometric transformations taper, shear and twist, it was possible to generate a set of optimal solutions, correlating geometric and energetic data, integrating shape generating methods and performatic evaluation of solar exposure. The work identified that possibilities of articulation between photovoltaic planes and energetic efficiency have positive results, correlating shape variability and electricity generation.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a forma de planos de fachada vinculados à incidência solar, potencializando a aplicação de sistemas fotovoltaicos. A identificação e parametrização de formas segundo os princípios geométricos de captação fotovoltaica, sugerem a aplicação de uma metodologia de projeto para superfícies de fachadas fotovoltaicas, de modo a otimizar a incidência direta da radiação solar, incorporada a volumetria da edificação. O modelo de otimização de fachadas fotovoltaicas consiste em quatro etapas. Inicialmente define-se a tecnologia fotovoltaica e a localização geográfica (1). Posteriormente, é realizada a modelagem elementar tridimensional (2) através do editor de algoritmos gráficos Grasshopper – integrado à ferramenta de modelagem Rhinoceros3D – estabelecendo assim, as restrições e variáveis da forma. Na terceira etapa, correlacionamse transformações geométricas tridimensionais (twist, taper e shear) e incidência solar (3) por meio dos softwares Ecotect Analysis e Grasshopper. Com isso, os parâmetros dimensionais atribuídos às variáveis – transformações geométricas – são vinculados aos parâmetros de radiação solar, visando à geração de formas. Após a seleção das formas com maior potencial fotovoltaico, identificam-se as zonas com maior incidência de radiação solar e realiza-se a manipulação dos pontos de controle das superfícies NURBS (4). Através das transformações geométricas taper, shear e twist foi possível gerar um conjunto de soluções otimizadas, correlacionando dados energéticos e geométricos, integrando métodos de geração de formas e avaliação performática da radiação solar. O estudo identificou que as possibilidades de articulação entre os planos fotovoltaicos e a eficiência energética têm implicações positivas, correlacionando variabilidade formal e geração de energia elétrica. / This work aims explore the shape of façade planes linked to the solar incidence, in order to optimize the use of photovoltaic systems. The identification and parameterization of forms according to geometric principles of photovoltaic capture suggest the application of a design methodology for optimizing the photovoltaic surface façade in order to optimize direct solar radiation, incorporating the volume of the building. The optimization model of photovoltaic façade consists of four steps. Initially decide on the photovoltaic technology and geographic location (1). Subsequently, three-dimensional elementary modeling is performed (2) through the graphic-algorithm editor, Grasshopper, – integrated with the modeling tool, Rhinoceros 3D, – thus establishing, restrictions and variables in shape. In the third stage, threedimensional geometric transformations are correlated (twist, taper and shear) and solar incidence (3) through the computer interfaces of Ecotect Analysis and Grasshopper software. With this, the dimensional parameters assigned to the variables – geometric transformations – are linked to parameters of solar radiation, in order to generate shapes. After the selection of potential photovoltaic shapes, zones with the greatest incident solar radiation are identified and the control points of NURBS surface are manipulated (4). Using the geometric transformations taper, shear and twist, it was possible to generate a set of optimal solutions, correlating geometric and energetic data, integrating shape generating methods and performatic evaluation of solar exposure. The work identified that possibilities of articulation between photovoltaic planes and energetic efficiency have positive results, correlating shape variability and electricity generation.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a forma de planos de fachada vinculados à incidência solar, potencializando a aplicação de sistemas fotovoltaicos. A identificação e parametrização de formas segundo os princípios geométricos de captação fotovoltaica, sugerem a aplicação de uma metodologia de projeto para superfícies de fachadas fotovoltaicas, de modo a otimizar a incidência direta da radiação solar, incorporada a volumetria da edificação. O modelo de otimização de fachadas fotovoltaicas consiste em quatro etapas. Inicialmente define-se a tecnologia fotovoltaica e a localização geográfica (1). Posteriormente, é realizada a modelagem elementar tridimensional (2) através do editor de algoritmos gráficos Grasshopper – integrado à ferramenta de modelagem Rhinoceros3D – estabelecendo assim, as restrições e variáveis da forma. Na terceira etapa, correlacionamse transformações geométricas tridimensionais (twist, taper e shear) e incidência solar (3) por meio dos softwares Ecotect Analysis e Grasshopper. Com isso, os parâmetros dimensionais atribuídos às variáveis – transformações geométricas – são vinculados aos parâmetros de radiação solar, visando à geração de formas. Após a seleção das formas com maior potencial fotovoltaico, identificam-se as zonas com maior incidência de radiação solar e realiza-se a manipulação dos pontos de controle das superfícies NURBS (4). Através das transformações geométricas taper, shear e twist foi possível gerar um conjunto de soluções otimizadas, correlacionando dados energéticos e geométricos, integrando métodos de geração de formas e avaliação performática da radiação solar. O estudo identificou que as possibilidades de articulação entre os planos fotovoltaicos e a eficiência energética têm implicações positivas, correlacionando variabilidade formal e geração de energia elétrica. / This work aims explore the shape of façade planes linked to the solar incidence, in order to optimize the use of photovoltaic systems. The identification and parameterization of forms according to geometric principles of photovoltaic capture suggest the application of a design methodology for optimizing the photovoltaic surface façade in order to optimize direct solar radiation, incorporating the volume of the building. The optimization model of photovoltaic façade consists of four steps. Initially decide on the photovoltaic technology and geographic location (1). Subsequently, three-dimensional elementary modeling is performed (2) through the graphic-algorithm editor, Grasshopper, – integrated with the modeling tool, Rhinoceros 3D, – thus establishing, restrictions and variables in shape. In the third stage, threedimensional geometric transformations are correlated (twist, taper and shear) and solar incidence (3) through the computer interfaces of Ecotect Analysis and Grasshopper software. With this, the dimensional parameters assigned to the variables – geometric transformations – are linked to parameters of solar radiation, in order to generate shapes. After the selection of potential photovoltaic shapes, zones with the greatest incident solar radiation are identified and the control points of NURBS surface are manipulated (4). Using the geometric transformations taper, shear and twist, it was possible to generate a set of optimal solutions, correlating geometric and energetic data, integrating shape generating methods and performatic evaluation of solar exposure. The work identified that possibilities of articulation between photovoltaic planes and energetic efficiency have positive results, correlating shape variability and electricity generation.

Aumento da produtividade, melhorias na qualidade dos produtos, redução de custos e de impactos ambientais são essenciais para a capacidade competitiva das empresas. A execução da fachada faz parte do caminho crítico da obra, por ser um subsistema que associa as funções de fechamento, acabamento, iluminação e ventilação e ainda por incorporar sistemas prediais; apresenta, por isso também, um alto custo direto em relação aos outros subsistemas do edifício. A tecnologia construtiva de fachadas em chapas delgadas com estrutura em Light Steel Framing (LSF) é uma alternativa viável para aumentar a produtividade e reduzir os prazos de obra, com qualidade e desempenho, e pode trazer benefícios em relação a atividades intensas em mão de obra como é o caso da alvenaria de vedação e de seus revestimentos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo sistematizar e analisar o conhecimento relativo a essa tecnologia construtiva de fachada. O método adotado compreende revisão bibliográfica. Como contribuição, o trabalho reúne um conjunto organizado de informações sobre os principais sistemas disponíveis no mercado contemplando: a caracterização do sistema de fachada, de suas camadas e dos perfis leves de aço e a sistematização das principais avaliações técnicas de sistemas existentes em outros países, reunindo normas técnicas de produtos e de execução. Acredita-se que a reunião e organização das informações, antes dispersas em diversas referências, têm potencial para subsidiar o meio técnico para tomada de decisão quanto ao uso adequado da nova tecnologia. / Increase productivity, improve product quality and reducing costs and environmental impact are essential for a competitive business. One of the critical paths of construction projects is the execution of the façade, a subsystem that associates multiple functions as sealing, finishing, lighting and ventilation feature and may incorporate other building systems. As another characteristic of these properties, a façade possess an important direct cost in relation to other subsystems. The building technology of light steel external wall system is a viable alternative, as it holds a potential to increase productivity, reduce construction deadline and bring benefits in regards to the labor heavy nature of masonry and mortar cladding. This research aims to organize the knowledge on the building technology of light steel external wall facade. The research method comprises a technical literature review. As a result, this study combines an organized ensemble of information about characterization of the light steel external wall system, its layers and steel profile. The work also performs an analysis of technical evaluations of existing systems in other countries, gathering technical standards of products and assembling techniques. The information here presented may serve as reference to the technical community by compiling and organizing information available in various and dispersed references.

Es wird untersucht, wie der Stadtraum alternder Immobilienbestände revitalisiert werden kann. Dazu werden drei Fragen gestellt: (i) Wie homogen sollen Immobilienensembles sein, (ii) wie sollen Fassaden gestaltet sein und (iii) wie kommen schlicht gestaltete Immobilien im sogenannten „Bauhausstil“ an, die sich derzeit schnell verbreiten. Ergebnisse von vier Befragungen in den Regionen Hamburg, Rhein-Main-Gebiet, München, Berlin und Sachsen mit insgesamt 600 Personen werden vorgestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass die Homogenität von Gebäudeensembles einen hohen Stellenwert hat. Es gibt eine positive Zahlungsbereitschaft und die Einzugsbereitschaft ist höher. Fassaden von Immobilien sollen abwechslungsreich gestaltet sein. Zu schlichte, zu karge Fassaden entsprechen nicht den Wünschen der Menschen. Der Bauhausstil wird überwiegend kritisch gesehen. Häuser im Bauhausstil, die derzeit in jede Baulücke gebaut werden und traditionelle Gebäudeensemble auseinanderreißen, sind eine große Gefahr für die Homogenität von Siedlungen. Eine signifikante Mehrheit präferiert es, wenn Baulücken mit angepassten Häusern gefüllt werden, welche die Homogenität des Gesamtensembles nicht angreifen. Etwas mehr als 10 % abweichende Häuser zerstören den Eindruck von Homogenität. Insgesamt verdeutlichen die Befunde den sozialen Aspekt des Bauens: Wer ein unpassendes Gebäude in einer gewachsenen Struktur errichtet, welches die Homogenität dieser Struktur verringert, der schädigt die Menschen, die in dieser Struktur leben und damit indirekt auch die anderen Immobilienbesitzer. Die Angst der Kommunen vor nachteiligen Entwicklungen von Siedlungen, die ein hohes Alter erreicht haben, kann nachvollzogen und bestätigt werden. Der Verzicht der Kommunen auf den Erlass von Gestaltsatzungen ist deshalb kontraproduktiv. Bauträger und Redeveloper sollten sich mehr disziplinieren und angepasster bauen als das oft der Fall ist. / The analysis looks at ageing property portfolios that need to be redeveloped. Three questions are asked: (i) Is homogeneity a necessary quality? (ii) Are there general rules for facade constructions? (iii) Is the so called Bauhaus-style with its stark and plain facades, which spreads rapidly through Germany, a recommendable solution? The results of four surveys with 600 test persons are being reported: Homogeneity of building ensembles has proven to be very important. Tenants have a positive willingness to pay to avoid an inhomogeneous situation. Facades should be differentiated – they must not be too plain, stark and shapeless. Facades in the so called Bauhaus-style are seen predominantly critically. They do not receive consent. A vast majority rejects this style. If undeveloped or redesigned areas are filled with houses in the Bauhaus-style while the majority of nearby houses is built in a different style the homogeneity is endangered. 10 % deviating houses from a prevailing style are enough to destroy the impression of homogeneity und lower the value of the whole estate. This underlines the social aspect of construction: those who erect constructions that destroy homogeneity trigger harmful effects on many other tenants and property owners. Therefore local authorities should use the instrument of “Gestaltsatzungen” (formal aesthetic requirements for buildings) to prevent disadvantages.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer une méthodologie d'aide à la prise de décisions pour la conception énergétique de bâtiments durables. La méthodologie proposée est composée de : (1) une base de seize indicateurs caractérisant la performance énergétique du bâtiment, couvrant les trois dimensions du concept de la durabilité (aspects environnementaux, économiques et de confort des occupants) et suivant une approche de type cycle de vie ; (2) une méthode d'évaluation de ces indicateurs adaptée au niveau de précision de la connaissance du bâtiment dans les premières phases de projet ; (3) une logique de progression des décisions de conception donnée comme un modèle de répartition séquentielle des choix à effectuer à chaque phase de projet ; et (4) une base de connaissances d'éléments du bâtiment comprenant les données techniques, environnementales et économiques nécessaires pour la méthode d'évaluation. Cette méthodologie est destinée à être utilisée par la maîtrise d'œuvre d'un projet de construction, y compris architectes et bureaux d'études concernés par la performance énergétique, pour la conception de bâtiments de bureaux dans un contexte français. Un outil numérique d'évaluation a été mis en place comme une première application de la méthodologie proposée afin d'étudier ce qu'elle peut apporter au concepteur comme éléments d'aide à la prise de décisions. L'intérêt de la mise en œuvre de la méthodologie a été validé par divers cas d'étude à chaque stade du processus de conception : de la phase d'Esquisse à la phase d'Avant-Projet Détaillé. En particulier, l'intégration d'une façade double peau vitrée, dont l'impact sur la performance du bâtiment est encore peu maîtrisé, a été évaluée. / The aim of this thesis work is the development of a decision-support methodology for the energy design of sustainable buildings. The proposed methodology consists of: (1) a set of sixteen indicators of energy performance, covering the three dimensions of the concept of sustainability (environmental, economic and user comfort aspects) and based on a whole life-cycle approach; (2) a framework for the calculation of these indicators, adapted to the level of knowledge and detail of buildings in the early design phases; (3) a decision making roadmap, proposed as a sequential model for structuring decision making throughout the design process; and (4) a knowledge base of building elements, compiling the necessary technical, environmental and economic data for evaluating energy performance. This methodology is aimed to assist architects and engineers who participate in the energy design of office buildings within a French context. An assessment tool has been developed as a first application of the proposed methodology in order to determine its contribution to the process of decision making. The methodology has been validated through various case studies at each stage of the design process: from the schematic design phase to the detailed design phase. In particular, the integration of a double skin facade, whose impact on building performance is still not fully understood, was assessed.

Along with the technical and technological evolution of today’s modern society, comes a new range of threats on critical infrastructure such as the malicious use of explosives, fire arms, ramming with vehicles, arson, electromagnetic threats, chemical and biological weapons, and espionage. To maintain social security, a need of enforcing critical infrastructure to withstand the damage on withheld values caused by antagonist strikes is developed. The need of establishing enforcing measures is utterly important regarding the critical infrastructures pursuing democratic activities such as government agencies, embassies and residences of the head of states, amongst others. Establishing an adequate protection to the intended critical infrastructure brings up an issue with managing to enforce the existing façade and its framework, cornices, doors, windows and vents to make them resistant to the current threats. This master degree project aims to compile existing knowledge and suggest enforcing solutions based on building technology that take the current design in consideration and provides a structural protection to withstand stated threats. The aim of the work is fulfilled through a literature study, several interviews, the compilation of a risk index analysis and three representative types of artificial buildings with democratic purposes. The work results in several enforcing façade solutions that confirm existing researches discussing fortification and structural protection, and which creates an adequate protection against antagonist strikes ability to cause damage on withheld values in the building. In general, a façade construction is to be enforced with major thickness, density, elastic strength and air tightness. The work also leads to the discovery of several, never before officially compiled and scientifically researched enforcing façade solutions. When establishing enforcing measures to the façade of critical, democratic infrastructure it’s essential to create a structural protection that withstands the current threats while also being reasonable on possible actions, the effects on the building activity and financial maintainability. The structural protection created needs to work as a unity of façade, joists and attachments to ensure the building doesn’t collapse due to local damage. Regardless of the enforcing measures taken, there’s always going to be a risk on new kinds of threats evolving or antagonist strikes summoning up major resources than expected when designing the protection. With public buildings in urban areas it’s not practically or financially reasonable to establish a structural protection to resist every possible threat since the building also needs to be appealing, retain conservational values and ensure accessibility.

Es wird untersucht, wie der Stadtraum alternder Immobilienbestände revitalisiert werden kann. Dazu werden drei Fragen gestellt: (i) Wie homogen sollen Immobilienensembles sein, (ii) wie sollen Fassaden gestaltet sein und (iii) wie kommen schlicht gestaltete Immobilien im sogenannten „Bauhausstil“ an, die sich derzeit schnell verbreiten. Ergebnisse von vier Befragungen in den Regionen Hamburg, Rhein-Main-Gebiet, München, Berlin und Sachsen mit insgesamt 600 Personen werden vorgestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass die Homogenität von Gebäudeensembles einen hohen Stellenwert hat. Es gibt eine positive Zahlungsbereitschaft und die Einzugsbereitschaft ist höher. Fassaden von Immobilien sollen abwechslungsreich gestaltet sein. Zu schlichte, zu karge Fassaden entsprechen nicht den Wünschen der Menschen. Der Bauhausstil wird überwiegend kritisch gesehen. Häuser im Bauhausstil, die derzeit in jede Baulücke gebaut werden und traditionelle Gebäudeensemble auseinanderreißen, sind eine große Gefahr für die Homogenität von Siedlungen. Eine signifikante Mehrheit präferiert es, wenn Baulücken mit angepassten Häusern gefüllt werden, welche die Homogenität des Gesamtensembles nicht angreifen. Etwas mehr als 10 % abweichende Häuser zerstören den Eindruck von Homogenität. Insgesamt verdeutlichen die Befunde den sozialen Aspekt des Bauens: Wer ein unpassendes Gebäude in einer gewachsenen Struktur errichtet, welches die Homogenität dieser Struktur verringert, der schädigt die Menschen, die in dieser Struktur leben und damit indirekt auch die anderen Immobilienbesitzer. Die Angst der Kommunen vor nachteiligen Entwicklungen von Siedlungen, die ein hohes Alter erreicht haben, kann nachvollzogen und bestätigt werden. Der Verzicht der Kommunen auf den Erlass von Gestaltsatzungen ist deshalb kontraproduktiv. Bauträger und Redeveloper sollten sich mehr disziplinieren und angepasster bauen als das oft der Fall ist. / The analysis looks at ageing property portfolios that need to be redeveloped. Three questions are asked: (i) Is homogeneity a necessary quality? (ii) Are there general rules for facade constructions? (iii) Is the so called Bauhaus-style with its stark and plain facades, which spreads rapidly through Germany, a recommendable solution? The results of four surveys with 600 test persons are being reported: Homogeneity of building ensembles has proven to be very important. Tenants have a positive willingness to pay to avoid an inhomogeneous situation. Facades should be differentiated – they must not be too plain, stark and shapeless. Facades in the so called Bauhaus-style are seen predominantly critically. They do not receive consent. A vast majority rejects this style. If undeveloped or redesigned areas are filled with houses in the Bauhaus-style while the majority of nearby houses is built in a different style the homogeneity is endangered. 10 % deviating houses from a prevailing style are enough to destroy the impression of homogeneity und lower the value of the whole estate. This underlines the social aspect of construction: those who erect constructions that destroy homogeneity trigger harmful effects on many other tenants and property owners. Therefore local authorities should use the instrument of “Gestaltsatzungen” (formal aesthetic requirements for buildings) to prevent disadvantages.

Introduction: There is a housing shortage in Sweden and the green space factor must be taken into account when building. The green space factor includes living façades that have a positive effect on people and society. The company Butong, in which the work has been done in collaboration, has patented solutions within living façades. The company currently mounts the façade solutions on a prefabricated concrete sandwich wall, but lacks a solution for mounting on a half sandwich wall. The purpose of a solution with a half sandwich wall was to avoid unnecessary material consumption, reduce environmental impact, and reduce the thickness of the wall. The work examined a half sandwich wall with three insulation materials: cellular plastic, PIR and Kooltherm. Method: The chosen method for the study was design research methodology, which contains a total of seven steps. The first two steps were used in this study. The first step consisted of a literature study. The second step was supplemented with empirical data in form of interviews and further literature studies. Calculations for carbon dioxide equivalents were performed by calculating the footprint of each material. The calculations were based on the material thickness of 1 m2 wall area. Data were obtained from environmental product declarations for construction products (EPDs) based on factors A1-A3.   Results and Analysis: For all half sandwich walls, a roofboard in stone wool was chosen as the utmost layer. This was based on conditions for fire safety for the materials cellular plastic and PIR, and based on attachment for the material Kooltherm. The use of a polypropylene plastic mat to obtain an air gap was decided for all materials based on moisture safety. Furthermore, the results showed three possible fastening methods for mounting Butong's façade solution on a half-sandwich walls: cast plastic profiles (SFS-profiles), vertically cast L-profiles and horizontally cast L-profiles. The result also reported that replacing a full sandwich wall with a half sandwich wall reduces material consumption, and reduces emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents by up to 31%. This is based on the EPD factors A1-A3 where a comparison of the half sandwich wall was made with a full sandwich wall.  Discussion: The thickness of the walls could be reduced by 60-80 mm when a full sandwich wall was replaced with a half sandwich wall. The variation depended on insulation material. The insulation material Kooltherm resulted in the thinnest wall. The material PIR varied in fire classification. The reason was discussed to be the difference in supply of products in different countries. The choice of attachment method was reported to be dependent on the situation. Cellulose showed the lowest emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents. Both with regard to the production phase, and with regard to the percentage reduction when comparing full sandwich walls and half sandwich walls. In conclusion, the choice of insulation material depends on individual preferences. Cellular plastic should be used when prioritizing at least emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents. Kooltherm is suitable when prioritizing the degree of utilization, considering that the wall is thinnest. / Introduktion och syfte: Det är bostadsbrist i Sverige och det måste tas hänsyn till grönytefaktorn vid bebyggelse. I grönytefaktorn ingår levande fasader som påverkar människor samt samhälle positivt. Företaget Butong, som arbetet har skett i samarbete med, har patenterade lösningar för levande fasader. Företaget monterar idag fasadlösningarna på ett helsandwichelement, men saknar lösning för att montera på ett halvsandwichelement. Syftet med halvsandwichelement var att undvika onödig materialåtgång, minska miljöpåverkan, samt erhålla en tunnare tjocklek på elementet. Arbetet undersökte ett halvsandwichelement utifrån tre ingående isoleringsmaterial: cellplast, PIR och Kooltherm. Metod: Vald metod för arbetet var design research methodology som totalt innehåller sju steg. De två första stegen användes i studien. Första steget bestod av en litteraturstudie. Det andra steget kompletterades med hjälp av empiri i form av intervjuer och fortsatta litteraturstudier. Beräkningar för koldioxidekvivalenter utfördes genom att beräkna respektive materials avtryck. Beräkningarna utgick från materialets tjocklek på 1 m2 väggyta. Data hämtades från miljövarudeklarationer för byggprodukter (EPD:er) utifrån faktorerna A1-A3. Resultat och Analys: För samtliga halvsandwichelement valdes en takboard av stenull som yttersta skikt. Detta utifrån brandsäkerhet för materialen cellplast och PIR respektive utifrån infästning för materialet Kooltherm. Användning av platonmatta för att erhålla en luftspalt bestämdes för samtliga material utifrån fuktsäkerhet. Vidare visade resultatet tre möjliga infästningsmetoder för att montera Butongs fasadlösning på ett halvsandwichelement: ingjutna plastprofiler (SFS-fästen), vertikalt ingjutna L-profiler samt horisontellt ingjutna L-profiler. Resultatet redovisade även att ersätta helsandwichelement med halvsandwichelementet minskar materialåtgång, samt minskar utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter med upp till 31%. Detta utifrån EPD-faktorerna A1-A3 där en jämförelse av halvsandwichelementet gjordes med ett helsandwichelement utifrån samma funktionsvärde.  Diskussion: Tjockleken på elementen kunde minskas med 60-80 mm med den nya lösningen. Variationen var beroende av isoleringsmaterial. Isoleringsmaterialet Kooltherm resulterade i tunnast element. Materialet PIR varierade i brandklassning. Anledningen diskuterades vara skillnaden i utbud av produkter i olika länder. Val av infästningsmetod redovisades vara beroende av situation. Cellplast visade lägst utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter. Både avseende produktionsfasen, samt med hänsyn till procentuell minskning vid jämförelse av helsandwichelement och halvsandwichelement. Avslutningsvis kunde slutsatsen konstateras att val av isoleringsmaterial beror på individuella preferenser. Cellplast bör användas vid prioritering inom minst utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter. Respektive Kooltherm är lämpligt vid prioritering av utnyttjandegrad, då elementet är tunnast.