The dilemma of keeping the daylight quality and view to the outside or protecting our eyes from disturbing glare by covering the window is a moment that probably everyone has experienced in their life. Having access to daylight and enjoying the view to the outside when there is not visual comfort has been a problematic issue related to the window in space. Shading devices are designed in different shapes and forms to control glare and also energy consumption inside the space. Using shading covers part of the window and it affects the light quality and view to the outside and can change our perception from architectural space.In this thesis, the main question is how can we protect the indoor space from discomfort glare without covering the whole part of the window by curtain, blinds or shading devices in order to keep daylight quality and view to the outside.Glare is a phenomenon that is related to the viewpoint of observers and in order to study the glare metrics, the data from 140 viewpoints of the observer in 20 different locations in one simulated room were analyzed based on three main factors:1- Glare Metrics2- Light Quality3- ViewThe 20 selected patterns were simulated in [Rhino /Grasshopper/ Diva] software to analyze the glare and daylight metrics in Solstices and Equinoxes. Also, in order to define a parameter for view, one questionnaire was used and the responses from 40 participants were collected and all of the data were evaluated by mathematics and statistics methods.The final aim of the study is to introduce some simple principles for patterns of shadings to provide better-daylit environment and view to the outside with most visual comfort conditions for the user inside the space.

Building facades, serving mainly to protect occupants and structural components from natural forces, require periodic inspections for the detection and assessment of building façade anomalies. Over the past years, a growing trend of utilizing camera-equipped drones for periodical building facade inspection has emerged. Building façade anomalies, such as cracks and erosion, can be detected through analyzing drone-captured video, photographs, and infrared images. Such anomalies are known to have an impact on various building performance aspects, e.g., thermal, energy, moisture control issues. Current research efforts mainly focus on the design of drone flight schema for building inspection, 3D building model reconstruction through drone-captured images, and the detection of specific façade anomalies with these images. However, there are several research gaps impeding the improvement of automation level during the processes of building façade inspection with UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). These gaps are (1) lack effective ways to store multi-type data captured by drones with the connection to the spatial information of building facades, (2) lack high-performance tools for UAV-image analysis for the automated detection of building façade anomalies, and (3) lack a comprehensive management (i.e., storage, retrieval, analysis, and display) of large amounts and multi-media information for cyclic façade inspection. When seeking inspirations from nature, the process of drone-based facade inspection can be compared with caching birds' foraging food through spatial memory, visual sensing, and remarkable memories. This dissertation aims at investigating ways to improve the management of UAV-captured data and the automation level of drone-based façade anomaly inspection with inspirations from caching birds' foraging behavior. Firstly, a 2D spatial model of building façades was created in the geographic information system (GIS) for the registration and storage of UAV-images to assign façade spatial information to each image. Secondly, computational methods like computer vision and deep learning neural networks were applied to develop algorithms for automated extraction of visual features of façade anomalies within UAV-captured images. Thirdly, a GIS-based database was designed for the comprehensive management of heterogeneous inspection data, such as the spatial, multi-spectral, and temporal data. This research will improve the automation level of storage, retrieval, analysis, and documentation of drone-captured images to support façade inspection during a building's service lifecycle. It has promising potential for supporting the decision-making of early-intervention or maintenance strategies to prevent façade failures and improve building performance. / Doctor of Philosophy / Building facades require periodic inspections and maintenance to protect occupants and structures from natural forces like the sun, wind, rain, and snow. Over the past years, a growing trend of utilizing drones for periodical building facade inspection has emerged. Building façade anomalies, such as cracks and corrosion, can be detected from the drone-captured photographs or video. Such anomalies are known to have an impact on various building performance aspects, such as moisture issues, abnormal heat loss, and additional energy consumptions. Existing practices for detecting façade anomalies from drone-captured photographs mainly rely on manual checking by going through numerous façade images and repetitively zooming in and out these high-resolution images, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive with potential risks of human errors. Besides, this manual checking process impedes the management of drone-captured data and the documentation of façade inspection activities. At the same time, the emerging technologies of computer vision (CV) and artificial intelligence (AI) have provided many opportunities to improve the automation level of façade anomaly detection and documentation. Previous research efforts have explored the image-based generation of 3D building models using computer vision techniques, as well as image-based detection of specific anomalies using deep learning techniques. However, few studies have looked into the comprehensive management, including the storage, retrieval, analysis, and display, of drone-captured images with the spatial coordinate information of building facades; there is also a lack of high-performance image analytics tools for the automated detection of building façade anomalies. This dissertation aims at investigating ways to improve the automation level of analyzing and managing drone-captured images as well as documenting building façade inspection information. To achieve this goal, a building façade model was created in the geographic information system (GIS) for the semi-automated registration and storage of drone-captured images with spatial coordinates by using computer vision techniques. Secondly, deep learning was applied for automated detection of façade anomalies in drone-captured images. Thirdly, a GIS-based database was designed as the platform for the automated analysis and management of heterogeneous data for drone-captured images, façade model information, and detected façade anomalies. This research will improve the automation level of drone-based façade inspection throughout a building's service lifecycle. It has promising potential for supporting the decision-making of maintenance strategies to prevent façade failures and improve building performance.

Ce travail est une réflexion prospective sur la densification verticale de la ville par la tour d'habitation. Trois échelles sont considérées : le bâtiment seul (objet), la composition de sa façade et son insertion urbaine (bâtiment situé). Le parti pris est de n'examiner que le seul critère énergétique. Sont réalisées trois séries d'études « morpho-énergétiques » : 1 - une étude sur l'influence énergétique de la morphologie d'un bâtiment « objet » : l'objectif est de développer un outil d'évaluation simplifiée de la performance énergétique totale des bâtiments résidentiels. 2 - une extension du précédent modèle en insérant le bâtiment dans un morceau de ville : l'objectif est d'identifier l'influence des configurations urbaines sur leur performances énergétiques, à l'aide d'un outil d'optimisation par algorithmes génétiques. 3 - l'étude d'une nouvelle démarche de conception et de rénovation des bâtiments à travers le concept Core-Skin-Shell : l'objectif est d'évaluer l'intérêt énergétique d'une décomposition fonctionnelle du bâtiment. / This thesis analyses the energy performance of dense cities and residential towers. It focuses on the energy performance of the built environment at three different scales – the building, the façade and the city area. The details of the three “morpho-energetic” studies are as follows : 1 - the first one analyses the link between buildings' dimensions and their energy performance: it focuses on a simple calculation method to quickly approximate the whole energy balance of residential buildings. 2 - the second study analyses the morphology of energy and density reasoned city areas: the ultimate goal is to develop a tool helping to find the optimal form(s) of a low energy and dense city area. It is based on a genetic algorithm tool. 3 - the last one analyses the energy impact of a new design methodology for construction and refurbishment: the Core-Skin-Shell concept.

Un niveau important d’isolation des parois de bâtiments peut diminuer le refroidissement du bâtiment en été, quand les conditions extérieures sont favorables. Dans cette thèse, le concept d’isolations commutable, est développé : pendant les périodes de refroidissement, l’isolation commutable peut être désactivée pour refroidir la masse du bâtiment pendant la nuit. Pendant les périodes de chauffage, ce concept peut être utilisé pour utiliser les gains solaires. Dans cette thèse, le potentiel des isolations commutables est étudié pour des bureaux dans un climat continental européen. En outre, deux nouveaux concepts d'isolations commutables sont introduits et développés et caractérisés expérimentalement. Un modèle nodal détaillé a été mis en place, validé et utilisé pour conduire une étude paramétrique. Le potentiel des isolations commutables a été étudié à l’aide de simulations énergétiques dynamiques du bâtiment qui ont montré que des réductions importantes des besoins de chauffage et de refroidissement ainsi que des heures d'inconfort en été peuvent être atteintes. Plusieurs stratégies de contrôle ont été mises au point, introduites et comparées. L'influence de la masse thermique a également été étudiée, ainsi que l'influence de l'orientation ou du cadre des éléments. / Important thermal insulation levels can prevent the building to cool down during the cooling period, when the external conditions are favorable. In this thesis, the concept of switchable insulation is developed: during the cooling period, the insulation can be deactivated during the night to let the heat flow out. During the heating period, the switchable insulation can be deactivated whenever solar gains can be used. In this thesis the potential of switchable insulation for an European continental climate and for office buildings is investigated. Also, two new concepts of switchable insulation are introduced, developed and characterized experimentally. A detailed thermal model has been introduced, validated and used for a parametric analysis. The potential of switchable insulation is investigated on a building level, showing that important reductions of the heating and cooling load as well as summer discomfort hours can be achieved. Several control strategies have been developed, introduced and compared. The influence of thermal mass was also investigated, as well as the influence of the orientation or the elements’ frame.

The project of the Sports and Leisure Centre Brno is dealing with the issue of creating a well functioning sports and recreational complex in Brno. The main subject of this thesis is a modern multifunctional arena with a capacity of 9 800, which is a part of the complex. The multifunctional arena is located alongside the main composition axis, which stretches from West to East through the Rybníček street to the football stadium. The arena contains dressing rooms for the ice hockey home team and visiting team as well as the youth ice hockey teams. The arena can serve multiple purposes and can be used for other sport and cultural events and as a result it also contains backstage areas and large storage rooms.

This study was conduct as a candidate thesis at Jönköping’s School of Engineering. The purpose of the study was to examine how the light zone of façade lighting on a historical building is perceived in correlation to the cityscape. Historical buildings are an important part of the cityscape and connect the identity of the city, the cultural heritage, and the history of the building to the inhabitants. However, currently there is little published research within the area perception of façade lighting. The study is conducted as three case studies on the buildings: Rådhuset (the townhall) in Jönköping, Grand Hotel in Stockholm, and the Stadshuset (City hall) in Gothenburg.  The case studies used qualitative observational methods (Lynch /Branzell, PERCIFAL & FOG). To be able to compare the different objects a new method was developed by the authors, named “FOG”. FOG stands for the English word fog.  The new method is based on methods established by Lynch, Branzell, Cullen, and the optical scale. Our results indicate that the new method FOG is suitable to use when planning for façade lighting on existing facades, historical or not. FOG also have the potential to be used on other objects than facades when evaluating or working with the cityscape. Historical buildings façade suitability for façade lighting is based on its ornamentation and correlation with the urban space. Lighting on historical building façades increases the accessibility of the area and the perception of exclusiveness of the area. / Studien genomfördes som ett examensarbete vid Jönköpings Tekniska högskola. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur ljusrum upplevs i samband med historiska fasader och stadsrummet.  Historiska byggnader är en viktig del av stadsrummet samt stadens identitet, kulturarv och historia. I dagsläget finns nästintill ingen tidigare forskning publicerad på upplevelsen av fasadbelysning. Studien genomfördes som tre fallstudier på platserna: rådhuset i Jönköping, Grand hotell i Stockholm och stadshuset i Göteborg med kvalitativa observationsmodeller (Lynch / Branzell, PERCIFAL & FOG). För att kunna jämföra de olika objekten har författarna tagit fram en egen metod kallad ”FOG”. FOG kommer från det engelska ordet dimma. FOG grundar sig i metoderna Lynch, Branzell, Cullen och optisk skala. Studien visar att FOG kan användas vid planering och som observations metod av fasadbelysning av en befintlig byggnad. FOG har även potential att kunna användas på andra objekt och för att stödja arbete med stadsgestaltning. En historisk fasads lämplighet för belysning påverkas av fasadens ornamentering och relation till stadsrummet. Resultaten från studien visar att belysning på historiska fasader ökar tillgängligheten av platsen, samt ökar upplevelsen av exklusivitet.

[ES] Tradicionalmente la conservación y restauración se ha referido principalmente a los edificios monumentales, y no fue hasta hace unas décadas que se amplió incluyendo los edificios residenciales de las ciudades. Por ello, la necesidad de un estudio que nos lleve a un análisis de cuáles son las lesiones más frecuentes y sus causas, mediante un modo metódico y normalizado de intervención en edificios construidos.  Es significativo el interés por el estudio de las lesiones que afectan a los edificios construidos y en concreto a uno de los componentes de su envolvente, como es la fachada. Así como, la predicción de su estado de conservación con el paso del tiempo. Unido a un interés y una necesidad de potenciar dentro de la actividad de la construcción, la intervención en edificios construidos. Lo que se pretende con esta investigación es determinar cuáles son las lesiones que de forma más frecuentes se manifiestan en las fachadas de los barrios de la ciudad de la Valencia objeto de este estudio. Así como el análisis de las causas más frecuentes origen de las mismas. El objetivo es crear una metodología de recogida de datos que nos permita ampliar esta estadística de lesiones, así como determinar los puntos más conflictivos de las envolventes de los edificios, con el fin de poder determinar en futuras investigaciones un protocolo de actuación para evitarlas.  A tener en cuenta, tanto en la redacción de proyectos de intervención en edificios construidos como en el desarrollo proyectos de obra nueva. Con el objetivo de reducir la futura aparición de lesiones, contribuyendo al mismo tiempo a un comportamiento más sostenible del proceso constructivo. / [CA] Tradicionalment la conservació i restauració s'ha referit principalment als edificis monumentals, i no va ser fins fa unes dècades que es va ampliar incloent els edificis residencials de les ciutats. Per això, la necessitat d'un estudi que ens porti a una anàlisi de quines són les lesions més freqüents i les seves causes, mitjançant una manera metòdica i normalitzat d'intervenció en edificis construïts. És significatiu l'interès per l'estudi de les lesions que afecten els edificis construïts i en concret a un dels components del seu envoltant, com és la façana. Així com, la predicció del seu estat de conservació amb el pas del temps. Unit a un interès i una necessitat de potenciar dins de l'activitat de la construcció, la intervenció en edificis construïts. El que es pretén amb aquesta investigació és determinar quines són les lesions que de forma més freqüents es manifesten en les façanes dels barris de la ciutat de la València objecte d'aquest estudi. Així com l'anàlisi de les causes més freqüents origen de les mateixes. L'objectiu és crear una metodologia de recollida de dades que ens permeti ampliar aquesta estadística de lesions, així com determinar els punts més conflictius de les embolcalls dels edificis, per tal de poder determinar en futures investigacions un protocol d'actuació per evitar-les. A tenir en compte, tant en la redacció de projectes d'intervenció en edificis construïts com al desenvolupament de projectes d'obra nova. Amb lóbjectiu de reduir la futura aparició de lesions, contribuint alhora un comportament més sostenible del procés constructiu. / [EN] Traditionally, the conservation and restoration has been referred mainly to the monumental buildings, and it was not until a few decades ago that it was extended to include the residential buildings of the cities. Therefore, the need for a study that leads us to an analysis of which are the most frequent injuries and their causes, by means of a methodical and normalized way of intervention in built buildings. It is significant the interest in the study of the injuries that affect the buildings built and in particular to one of the components of its envelope, such as the façade. As well as, the prediction of its state of conservation with the passage of time. Together with an interest and a need to promote within the construction activity, the intervention in built buildings. What is sought with this research is to determine which are the injuries that are most frequently manifested in the facades of the neighborhoods of the city of Valencia object of this study. As well as the analysis of the most frequent causes of the same. The objective is to create a data collection methodology that allows us to extend this injury statistic, as well as to determine the most conflicting points of the building envelopes, in order to be able to determine in future research an action protocol to avoid them. To take into account, both in the drafting of intervention projects in constructed buildings and in the development of new construction projects. With the aim of reducing the future appearance of injuries and at the same time contributing to a more sustainable behavior of the construction process. / Barelles Vicente, E. (2024). Estudio y análisis de la conservación edilicia de fachadas. Procedimiento para su catalogación. El caso de los barrios de La Pechina, La Zaidia y El Cabañal de Valencia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206246

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la lignée des travaux sur la prédiction du champ électromagnétique réfléchi par les bâtiments en milieu urbain. Nous avons développé une méthode de prédiction basée sur la Surface Équivalente Radar (SER) pour le traitement spécifique des bâtiments situés en zone lointaine. Contrairement aux méthodes classiques de lancer et le tracé de rayons où les réflexions sont traitées rayons par rayons, notre approche utilise la SER global d'un ensemble de bâtiments pour décrire la réflectivité des scènes. Le champ électrique est ensuite reconstruit au point de réception à partir de cette SER. La méthode de calcul est analytique et essentiellement basée sur la combinaison de l'optique géométrique (OG) et du calcul de l'intégrale de Kirchhoff-Huygens. Les interactions multiples de l'onde entre les bâtiments sont également prises en compte dans le modèle proposé. Les résultats obtenus en termes de précision de prédiction dans les directions spéculaires et non-spéculaires sont très satisfaisants. Les temps de calcul n'excédent pas 5 secondes pour les scénarios les plus complexes simulés ; ils permettent ainsi de réduire les temps de calcul et de surmonter les contraintes en place mémoire lors de l'étude d'une scène urbaine. Dans une seconde étude, l'influence des irrégularités des façades sur le champ électromagnétique diffracté a été évaluée. Nous utilisons la méthode des moments (MoM) bidimensionnelles (2D) pour résoudre de façon rigoureuse le problème de diffraction lié à trois types de façades : façade plane, façade corruguée et façade avec des balcons. A partir de la distribution du champ diffracté en zone proche et des diagrammes de rayonnement des façades en zone lointaine, nous décrivons les différents mécanismes de diffraction qui s'y produisent et les directions de réflexion prépondérantes sont données pour chacune des façades. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre du projet ANR OP2H (Outil de Prédiction par navigation Hiérarchique et Homogénéisation de matériaux) / The motivation of this dissertation is to propose an efficient approach for the prediction of the electromagnetic field scattered from a set of buildings in urban area. Unlike the ray tracing and ray lanching methods where the reflection mechanics are treated building by building, the proposed approach uses the radar cross section (RCS) as a global quantity to describe the reflection by a set of buildings and to predict the scattered field at the receiver position. An analytical expression is obtained to model building scattering using the vector form of Kirchhoff-Huygens integral and the geometrical optics (GO) method, and the multiple reflections between building facades are taken into account. The model is applied on various buildings configurations and accurate results are obtained in the predominant scattering directions with simulation times inferior to five seconds for the most complex scenarios. Since our approach is compatible to the classical methods based on ray techniques or the radiation of surface currents, it can be useful to accelerate the existing softwares. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the influence of building facade irregularities such as balconies. As the complexity of these facades is incompatible with the use of asymptotic methods, the rigorous method of moments (MoM) has been chosen to determine the scattered field from these façades. The field distribution in the near zone of the facades as well as the radiation patterns in the far zone have been considered. It appears that single and second order reflections are the main scattering mechanisms for these facades. We also show that from a certain distance from the facade, the corrugated facade can be used as a simplified equivalent model for the facade with balconies. This thesis is supported by the French ANR project OP2H

Buildings and public infrastructures are crucial to our societies in that they provide habitations, workplaces, commodities and services indispensible to our daily life. As vital parts of facility management, operations and maintenance (O&M) ensure a facility to continuously function as intended, which take up the longest time in a facility’s life cycle and demand great expense. Therefore, computers and information technology have been actively adopted to automate traditional maintenance methods and processes, making O&M faster and more reliable. Augmented reality (AR) offers a new approach towards human-computer interaction through directly displaying information related to real objects that people are currently perceiving. People’s sensory perceptions are enhanced (augmented) with information of interest naturally without deliberately turning to computers. Hence, AR has been proved to be able to further improve O&M task performance. The research motif of this thesis is user evaluations of AR applications in the context of facility maintenance. The studies look into invisible target designation tasks assisted by developed AR tools in both indoor and outdoor scenarios. The focus is to examine user task performance, which is influenced by both AR system performance and human perceptive, cognitive and motoric factors. Target designation tasks for facility maintenance entail a visualization-interaction dilemma. Two AR systems built upon consumer-level hand-held devices using an off-the-shelf AR software development toolkit are evaluated indoors with two disparate solutions to the dilemma – remote laser pointing and the third person perspective (TPP). In the study with remote laser pointing, the parallax effect associated with AR “X-ray vision” visualization is also an emphasis. A third hand-held AR system developed in this thesis overlays infrared information on façade video, which is evaluated outdoors. Since in an outdoor environment marker-based tracking is less desirable, an infrared/visible image registration method is developed and adopted by the system to align infrared information correctly with the façade in the video. This system relies on the TPP to overcome the aforementioned dilemma.

No Brasil, a quase totalidade dos edifícios habitacionais empregam revestimentos de argamassa em suas fachadas. Este revestimento vem passando por alterações significativas ao longo do tempo, dentre as quais se destaca a substituição do lançamento manual de argamassas pela projeção, por meio de equipamentos mecânicos, em especial a aplicação mecanizada contínua, com bombas helicoidais. Acredita-se que este sistema, por possibilitar o fluxo contínuo na etapa de aplicação e promover a diminuição da interferência das habilidades dos operários durante a execução, permite alcançar maior produtividade e melhorar a qualidade dos revestimentos, mas as diferentes técnicas de execução empregadas para a produção dos revestimentos de argamassa aplicados com projeção mecânica contínua ainda não foram avaliadas sistemicamente quanto à sua interferência no comportamento destes revestimentos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência de algumas variáveis empregadas na execução dos revestimentos de fachada de argamassa aplicados com projeção mecânica contínua, no seu comportamento, mais especificamente na adesão inicial, fissuração e aderência. Estas variáveis foram selecionadas através de um levantamento bibliográfico e aplicadas a um estudo experimental, no qual foram executados vinte e sete painéis de revestimento, para verificação da influência das variáveis no comportamento destes revestimentos. Ao final, foram apresentados e avaliados os resultados obtidos, por meio de análises qualitativas (adesão inicial e fissuração) e quantitativas (no caso de resistência de aderência). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que, apesar de haver um acréscimo significativo da resistência de aderência à tração com a projeção mecânica contínua da argamassa, em comparação à aplicação manual, o teor de água das argamassas, associado à condição de umidade do substrato e ao tempo entre demãos, e as técnicas de acabamento da superfície do revestimento podem influenciar significativamente o comportamento dos revestimentos, aumentando ou diminuindo a resistência de aderência. / In Brazil, almost all residential buildings make use of exterior cement-based rendering. This rendering has been going through significant changes over time, among which the substitution of hand application of the mortar by mechanical methods of application, in particular the wet spraying method using rotor type machines. It is believed that this system, by allowing the continuous flow in the application step and reducing user skill interference, promotes greater productivity and helps to increase the quality of the rendering, but the different execution techniques employed in its production still havent been systematically evaluated regarding their interference in the renderings behavior. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of some variables related to the execution techniques of exterior cement-based rendering applied with the wet spraying method using rotor type machines on their behavior, more specifically on initial bonding, cracking and adhesion. These variables were selected through bibliographic data gathering, and then applied to an experimental study on which twenty seven rendering panels were executed for the verification of the influence of the variables on their behavior. The results were presented and evaluated by qualitative (in the case of initial bond and cracking) and quantitative analyses (in the case of adhesion). The results obtained allowed to conclude that, despite a significant increase in adhesion with the mechanical projection of the mortar compared to manual application, the water content of the mortar, associated with substrate moisture condition and time between coatings, as well as the techniques of surface finishing of the coating may affect the rendering quality by increasing or decreasing the adhesion strengths.