ABSTRACT In the year 2003 and 2005, several legislative changes were made to same-sex couples advantage. Among other things, lesbian couples were given the right to be tested as adoptive parents and the possibility of assisted reproduction through the county councils. With such changes in law, society and family constellations are evolving today with more forms than the existing nuclear family. Similarly, the choice of approaches to forming a family in a same-sex relationship increases, two alternatives outside the county Council's assisted conception are; Insemination by clinic in another country or home insemination with private donated sperm. When insemination in same-sex relationship occurs at home or by clinic in another country, subsequent paternity investigations and Related adoption are required for the non-biological mother to be considered as legal parent, an investigation requested by the District Court and operated by Social Service in each municipality. With the possibility of same-sex couples to be tested as adoptive parents also follows expectations about the investigation procedure and its guidelines as a partner in the development. The aim of this study is to try to create a synthesized knowledge about the investigation process of paternity investigation and Related adoption, when it occurs in same-sex relationship. This by jointly trying to understand the experiences of women and Social workers ' in the investigation process and its content. The study is based on qualitative interviews with both women who have undergone the process and social secretaries who dealt with these cases. The result is a dominant shared experience of unclear guidelines where there is a demand for nuanced legislation and updated dossiers. / SAMMANFATTNING Under år 2003 och år 2005 gjordes flera lagförändringar till samkönade pars fördel. Bland annat fick lesbiska par rätt till att prövas som adoptivföräldrar och möjlighet till assisterad befruktning via landstingen. Med sådana lagändringar utvecklas samhället och familjekonstellationer idag har fler former än den ännu rådande kärnfamiljen. Likaså ökar valmöjligheterna av tillvägagångssätt för att bilda familj i en samkönad relation, två alternativ utanför landstingets assisterade befruktning är; insemination via utrikesklinik eller heminsemination med privat donerade spermier. När insemination i samkönad relation sker hemma eller på utrikesklinik krävs efterföljande faderskapsutredning och närståendeadoption för att den icke bärande mamman ska betraktas som juridisk förälder, en utredning som begärs av tingsrätten och som drivs av familjerätten i respektive kommun. Ju med samkönade pars rätt till att prövas som adoptivföräldrar följer också förväntningar kring utredningsförfarandet och dess riktlinjer som medpart i utvecklingen. Syftet med denna studie är att försöka skapa en syntetiserad kunskap kring utredningsförfarandet av faderskapsutredning och närståendeadoption, när det sker i samkönad relation. Detta genom att gemensamt försöka förstå kvinnors och familjerättssekreterares upplevelser av utredningsprocessen och dess innehåll. Studien baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med både kvinnor som genomgått processen och familjerättssekreterare som handlagt dessa ärenden. I resultatet framkommer en dominerande gemensam upplevelse av otydliga riktlinjer där det finns en efterfrågan om nyanserad lagstiftning och uppdaterade underlag.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare beaktar barnperspektivet i umgängesärenden och vad som är avgörande när socialsekreteraren skall bedöma barnets åsikt. Barnperspektivet inriktades på barns delaktighet. Utgångspunkten för studien var fyra teorier, barndomssociologi, Harts delaktighetsstege, makt och ålderskategorisering samt blivande och varande. Studien genomfördes genom att använda en kvalitativ metod där fyra yrkesverksamma socialsekreterare inom familjerätt intervjuades. Resultatet visade att socialsekreterarna som deltog beaktade ett barnperspektiv på så sätt att de arbetar för och reflekterar aktivt kring att barn ska göras delaktiga i umgängesärenden. De ansåg även att det är viktigt att barnen får möjligheten till delaktighet. Det framkom även att det finns många faktorer som socialsekreterarna anser påverkar barns möjlighet till delaktighet i dessa ärenden och att det är ett komplext ämne. De faktorer som framkommer av resultatet var ålder, mognad, lojalitetskonflikter, föräldrarnas samtycke, relationen mellan socialsekreterare och barn samt riskområden. Slutligen framkom flera förslag på förbättring som kan göras för att barn ska bli ännu mer delaktiga än vad de är idag och att mycket av ansvaret ligger på de vuxna att detta händer. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers consider the child´s perspective in contact orders and what is crucial when social workers was to assess children’s opinions. The child´s perspective focused on children's participation. The starting point for the study was based on four theories: childhood sociology, Hart's participation ladder, power and age categorization and being or becoming. The study was carried out using a qualitative method where four professional social workers in family law were interviewed. The results showed that the social workers who participated considered the child's perspective in that they work for and actively reflect on the involvement of children in contact orders. They believe that it is important that the children get the opportunity to participate. Social workers believe that there are many factors affecting children’s ability to participate in contact orders, therefore making the subject complex/a complex matter. The factors that emerged from the result were age, maturity, loyalty conflicts, parental consent, the relationship between social workers and children and risk areas. Finally, several suggestions for improvement were discovered that could be utilized to make children even more involved in contact orders than they are today, and that much of that responsibility should lie with the adults.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur barnets åsikter kommer till uttryck i familjerättens utredningar gällande vårdnad, boende och umgänge och på vilket sätt barnet görs delaktigt. Studiens empiri bestod av tolv vårdnadsutredningar som ingick som aktbilagor från domstolsbeslut från en större tingsrätt under mitten av 2020. Materialet undersöktes utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsmetod. Analysen av empirin gjordes med hjälp av Harts (1992) delaktighetsstege kombinerat med ett barndomssociologiskt perspektiv. Studien visar att barn oftast är delaktiga i en ganska låg nivå utifrån Harts (1992) delaktighetsstege. Barn begränsas av att delaktigheten sker genom vuxna på olika sätt eller att barn själva kan välja att inte vara delaktiga och därmed visa aktörskap. Studien visar också att vuxna spelar en stor roll för att möjliggöra för barn att vara delaktiga. Det är de vuxna som beslutar om delaktighet. Vidare visar studien att familjerättsutredaren i många fall går efter barnets vilja, antingen att det har framkommit i samtal med barnet eller att barnets åsikt har framkommit på annat sätt. / The aim of the study was to investigate how the child's views are expressed in family court investigations concerning custody, residence, and access. The empirical material of the study consisted of twelve custody investigations included as case files from court decisions from a major district court in mid-2020. The material was examined using a qualitative content method. The analysis of the empirical data was conducted using Hart's (1992) participation ladder combined with a childhood sociology perspective. The study shows that children are usually involved at a rather low level according to Hart's (1992) participation ladder. Children are limited by the fact that participation is done by adults in different ways or that children themselves can choose not to participate and thus show agency. The study also shows that adults play a major role in enabling children to be involved. It is the adults who decide on participation. Furthermore, the study shows that in many cases the family court mediator follows the child's wishes, either expressed in discussions with the child or the child's opinion expressed in other ways.

The purpose of this essay is to make visible how social workers in family law construct gender in their custody investigations and whether there are gender differences in the assessment of mothers and fathers. This is to achieve a deeper understanding of how gender constructions can affect the investigative process and possible differentiation based on the parents´gender. Previous researches shows that social workers tend to reproduce a traditional view of family and gender, which means that women and men are assigned certain tasks and roles. Since statistics show that the district courts follow recommendations of social workers, it is important to understand how mothers and fathers are constructed in custody investigations. This was done using a qualitative content analysis of 12 custody investigations. The material was analyzed based on a constructionist gender theory and a social constructivist theory. Our study shows that social workers construct gender by identifying the mother and father based on gender stereotypes. Social workers are also more forgiving of the mother than the father when their shortcomings are presented. In the study, it was also possible to establish that there are more expectations of the mother and that social workers highlight more circumstances surrounding the mother. This meant that they focused differently depending on which of the parents was to be investigated. The study partly refuted previous research, for example by the father taking his responsibility.

This essay deals with the legal norms for compensation for right of usage in the context of estate division due to divorce or separation between cohabitants. An estate division can often times be a lengthy process. In connection to this, it frequently happens that one of the parties moves out of the residence before the estate division is completed and that the other party remains in a home that is wholly or partially owned by the moving party. In such a situation, the question arises as to whether the remaining party is obligated to pay compensation to the moving party for the aforementioned use of his or her property. The legal norms in this area are almost exclusively based on case law, which in turn is considered to diverge significantly. In addition, there is disagreement in the doctrine regarding, among other things, what constitutes applicable law in this regard. In short, the legal situation in this area is perceived as very unclear and diffuse. The overall purpose of this essay is to is to highlight and evaluate whether lex lata in the above-mentioned area is satisfactory and well-functioning from an internally critical point of view. Furthermore, the essay aims to, based on technical and/or systematic deficiencies identified in the evaluation, propose improvements to the system in the form of new legal rules for compensation for right of usage. To map and evaluate current law, the legal dogmatic method is applied. In order to propose improvements legal political argumentation is used, however with the application of objective arguments. The mapping of lex lata shows that, for situations where there is a court order for right to stay in the residence until the estate division is completed, the applicable law can reasonably be determined. However, for situations where there is not such a court order, the applicable law is possible to strongly indicate but not to determine to a certain degree. All in all, the evaluation shows that lex lata for compensation for right of usage contains tangible and at some points serious technical and systemic deficiencies in the form of incomplete, unclear and ambiguous legal rules as well as gaps in the system. As a result, the aforementioned regulations cannot be said to live up to the legal system's generally accepted internal standards or basic concepts, and thus it cannot be considered to constitute a satisfactory or well-functioning legal system from an internally critical perspective. In order to solve the issue and remedy the identified deficiencies, proposals are made for new legal rules and new legislation. The proposals are based on the already applicable law to the extent it is possible to determine – which is very far indeed, but still not far enough.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka bemötande på Familjerätten i Borlänge, utifrån klienters uppfattningar, handläggares upplevelser och hur begreppet bemötande synliggörs i Borlänge Kommuns värdegrund. Empirin samlades in genom en enkätstudie, dokumentstudie och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vidare använde vi oss av professionsetik som teoretiskt ramverk. Empirin analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys och diskuterades därefter utifrån professionsetik och tidigare forskning. Resultatet visar att klienter hos familjerätten i Borlänge upplevde ett gott bemötande från handläggarna. Klienterna upplevde ett gott bemötande när handläggarna var lyhörda, visade respekt och var trevliga. Vidare beskriver handläggarna på Familjerätten i Borlänge att de tycker ett gott bemötande är när man visar respekt, anpassar sig utifrån klientens behov, skapar förtroende, är neutrala och förstående. De belyste även vikten av att skapa en god relation till klienten. Borlänge Kommuns värdegrund genomsyrar arbetet och de värderingar de har på Familjerätten. / The purpose of this study was to examine treatment at the Family Court in Borlänge, based on clients' perceptions, case managers' experiences and how the concept of treatment is made visible in Borlänge Municipality's core values. The empirical data was collected through a questionnaire study, document study and semi-structured interviews. Furthermore, we used professional ethics as the theoretical framework. The empirical data was analyzed using a thematic analysis and the empirical data was then discussed based on professional ethics and previous research. The results show that clients at the Family court in Borlänge municipality experienced good treatment from the caseworkers. The clients experienced good treatment when the case managers were responsive, showed respect and were nice. Furthermore, the caseworkers at Familjerätten in Borlänge municipality describe that they think good treatment is when you show respect, adapt to the client's needs, create trust, are neutral and understanding. They also highlighted the importance of creating a good relationship with the client. Borlänge municipality's core values permeate the work and the values they have in the organization.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur professionella uppfattar relationen mellan våld och samarbetssvårigheter. Arbetet tar även fasta på hur dessa uppfattningar konstrueras i familjerätt kontra domstol. Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med tre familjerättssekreterare, en domare och en advokat som arbetar med familjerättsliga mål på olika platser, runt om i Sverige. Intervjuerna genomfördes via Microsoft Teams, ansikte mot ansikte och per telefon. Det empiriska materialet som intervjuerna genererade analyserades med en tematisk analys. Det socialkonstruktivistiska perspektivet användes vid analysarbetet tillsammans med tidigare forskning, där fokus främst har legat på perspektivets syn på begreppen kön, makt och kunskap. Tidigare forskning har visat att domstol inte beaktar våld i vårdnadstvister i tillräckligt stor utsträckning samtidigt som flera studier också visat att familjerätten inte heller tar hänsyn till våld i deras arbete. Resultatet visade att begreppet samarbetssvårigheter beskrivs som intressekonflikter av familjerättssekreterare och som värdekonflikter av domare och advokat. De professionella hade en varierad uppfattning kring samarbete mellan föräldrar i de fall då våld förekommit. Majoriteten av informanterna beskrev att ett samarbete där det förekommit våld präglas av en maktobalans mellan föräldrar. Slutligen visade resultatet att advokaten och samtliga familjerättssekreterare bedömde uppgifterna om våld som trovärdiga, trots att det inte styrkts genom dom. Domstolen är av den uppfattningen att det behöver finnas någon omständighet som bekräftar uppgifter om våld, vilket följaktligen påverkar domstolens slutgiltiga bedömning kring uppgifter om ostyrkt våld. Studien visade däremot inte vilka våldsformer informanterna hade i beaktning när de delgav författarna sina beskrivningar.

The aim of this essay is to gain a deeper understanding of how socialworkers perceive that visitation rights and joint custody affects the mothers exposure to violence and the possibility to liberate themselves from post-separation violence. The essay also aims to understand the underlying mechanisms that hinders their process towards liberation. To answer the aims of the essay, a qualitative study has been conducted by interviewing five socialworkers from different areas of work connected to intimate partner violence. Analysis was made utilizing the theories of power, control, resistance and adaptation. The results of the study shows that mothers who have joint children with abusive men, suffer from post-separation violence to a larger extent than others due to the cooperation that is expected from parents. Furthermore it is more difficult for mothers to liberate themselves from post-separation violence when there are joint children involved. The study also shows that authorities can contribute to maintaining the violence as well as hindering the mothers possibility to liberate themselves from their perpetrator. The social workers portray how the responsibility tends to shift from the abusive father to the victim of violence and that this shift in responsibility needs to be remedied in order to enable the possibility for the mothers to break free from their perpetrator.

This master thesis examines the interpretation of formal requirements when establishing a will according to the Inheritance Code. Chapter 10, paragraph 1 contains the main formal requirements for an ordinary will. The formal requirements are based on principles to preserve the testator’s intent. According to the legislator, the testator’s intent should be considered and preserved to the greatest extent possible, if the testator has established a valid will before deceasing. To gain validity, the will must contain a declaration and the testator’s signature in writing. The signature must also be signed or declared in front of two witnesses. However, the law does not specify any requirements of personal signatures, or if the signature needs to be written by a pen. This opens for a discussion if wills can be signed with electronic signatures. Additionally, the law does not protect a valid will from disappearing since the formal requirements do not require any formal registration that a will exist. Hence, there is a lack of regulation and interoperation of the formal requirements. The purpose of this thesis is to examine if the formal requirements fulfill their essential purposes of the protection of a testator’s intent and if the protection can be enhanced with electronic signatures.  The results of the research are as follows: Chapter 10, paragraph 1 does not explicitly prohibit electronic signature, although a personal signature is customary. Advanced electronic signatures, based on EU regulations and the interpretation of Swedish legislation and case law, should not be denied legal effect unless there is a specific national law that requires a personal signature. Although there is no explicit law that prohibits an electronic signature on ordinary wills, the legislator has not commented on this. There is a substantial need for guidance by the legislator on this issue, and guidance whether a copy of a will is equally valid as the original document.  In conclusion, the Inheritance Code does not require a personal signature for a valid ordinary will. Protection of the testator’s intent can be enhanced with an electronic registration of the will; however, this requires that the will can be established in an electronic way. Hence, the signature must be an electronic signature. The formal requirements should not extend to a mandatory registration of the will, but the registration should be voluntary.

A child's best interest is a subject that affects many people, not least in custody battles. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and national legislation in, for example, the Children and Parents Code aims to protect and strengthen children's legal status in society and in custody disputes. Despite this, the number of custody disputes increases and it is the children who are most affected by the parents' conflicts. It is not always easy for the court to determine what is a child's best interest in an objective manner. Often there is a certain degree of subjectivity in the assessment. Many times, different interests, which the court has to decide on, conflict with each other. Through the legal doctrinal method, we have described the source of law and reported the applicable law in relation to the legal provisions relevant to the thesis. We have chosen to start from a recently settled and reported court case to investigate the problem and the complexity of determining the child's best interests when several factors play a role. In the current court case, the joint custody was dissolved and the father was entrusted with sole custody custody even though he was previously convicted of assault by both children and did not meet it for five years, because the mother failed to ensure that the children had had contact with their father and thus committed so-called visitation interference. The Court considered that the risk of children growing up without the right of both their parents weighed heavier than the principle of continuity, which otherwise is strongly rooted in practice. Through this investigation, and particularly by having the opportunity to examine the large volume of documents received from the Court, we have gained a deeper understanding of the Court of Appeal's judgment even though we do not agree with its correctness in all parts. Review dispensation was denied by the Supreme Court, but our personal opinion is that more guidance is needed on the subject for the future. The legislator has proposed how the child's best interests through a legislative amendment should be further strengthened, this by the principle of not only expressing decisions concerning the child but also having an impact on all issues concerning the child in custody purposes.