Terrorism is a modern and constantly developing problem which has been threatening and noticeably affecting the protected interests and built-up values of states. Terrorist groups strive to spread fear, violence, opinions, and ideas to reach their goals through attacks on the population. Today, even countries that have not faced this threat yet, are confronted with this problem. Modern trends and new technologies along with the migration crisis cause that we face this threat in our homes more than ever before. The upraise of The Islamic State can be considered as a phenomenon of today, which has infected practically whole world and gives a space to various individuals to commit terrorist attacks under the auspices of this organization, or just provides instructions on committing such acts for any reason and with different aims. It is necessary to respond adequately to this threat, and it is necessary not to remain only with regret after every terrorist attack. It is essential to monitor the latest trends in terrorist attacks same as fighting against them, which in consequence will help us to set up operational procedures how to deal with these kind of incidences. There is also a need for a strong political spectrum which understands that these measures will never be profitable or popular, however its necessary it keeps supporting them.

La ricerca fornisce una valutazione del livello di armonizzazione e di ravvicinamento della legislazione in materia di criminalità organizzata tra gli stati membri dell'Unione Europea. La valutazione è realizzata mediante due set di indicatori e si basa su diverse fonti di dati. La valutazione dell'armonizzazione individua somiglianze e differenze tra la norme nazionali degli stati membri su specifici aspetti della legislazione penale in materia di criminalità organizzata. La valutazione del ravvicinamento individua il livello di conformità con i requisiti prescritti dalla Decisione quadro 2008/841/GAI relativa alla lotta alla criminalità organizzata / The research provides an assessment of the level of harmonization and approximation of organized crime legislation among EU MS.The assessment is made through two sets of indicators and is based on multiple sources of data. The assessment of harmonization identifies similarities and differences among Member States national norms on specific issues of criminal legislation in the sector of organized crime. The assesssment of approximation identifies the level of compliance with the requirements set by the Framework Decision 2008/841/GAI on the Fight against Organized Crime

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1993.

This dissertation explores the reoccurrence of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein within twentieth-century American novels. While the inaccurate 1931 film version by James Whale remains the best known adaptation of Frankenstein, I argue that Willa Cather, Ralph Ellison, Toni Morrison, and Chuck Palahniuk return to Shelley’s 1818 novel to critique racist and misogynistic responses to anxieties about gender and racial power in the age of industrial consumer culture. In doing so, I extend existing scholarship on the American Gothic to demonstrate that The Professor’s House, Invisible Man, Beloved, and Fight Club represent a specifically Shelleyan Gothic tradition in twentieth-century American literature. My project draws upon influential feminist and postcolonial readings of Frankenstein and on the theoretical work of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and later critics who have developed her theory to show how the twentieth-century novels echo themes and motifs from Shelley’s novel to critique the destructive effects of male homosociality. Each novel contains a protagonist that resembles Victor Frankenstein and responds to historically specific anxieties about gender, race, and industrial technoscience by creating a doppelgänger who enables participation in a homosocial bond that is initially empowering but proves destructive to women, racial minorities, and eventually the creature and creator figures themselves. My reading reveals unexpected similarities between Cather’s The Professor’s House and Palahniuk’s Fight Club. Cather’s novel appears to glorify Tom Outland as the ideal masculine hero but ultimately reveals him to be a monstrous doppelgänger who acts out the Professor’s oppressive impulses; similarly, Fight Club seems to romanticize the male violence instigated by the doppelgänger figure Tyler Durden but actually echoes Shelley’s critique of male homosociality as monstrous. My reading also reveals previously overlooked similarities between Invisible Man and Beloved, both of which feature a black protagonist who surprisingly resembles Victor Frankenstein by creating a doppelgänger to challenge his or her disempowerment by the structures of white male homosociality but end up emulating the destructive homosocial structures they critique. My dissertation shows how all of these writers share Shelley’s critique yet move beyond it by offering alternatives to the destructive cycle of violence, embodied in each case by a female figure who resists or reclaims the position of the abject other in the homosocial triangle.

Le service public a éprouvé une ouverture massive de données publiques dite "Open Data". Ce phénomène s'est développé avec l'émergence des nouvelles technologies d’information dans les administrations publiques, devenant un facteur important dans le renouveau et la modernisation du service public. Cette nouvelle tendance que le monde explore depuis quelques années, vise à partager et à réutiliser les données publiques détenues par le service public. L’objectif de l’Open Data étant la transparence démocratique en réponse à l’exigence de rendre des comptes aux citoyens, pour lutter contre la corruption et promouvoir un gouvernement ouvert en faveur de la participation citoyenne. À cet égard, le concept Open Data mène à nous interroger sur l'importance de l'ouverture des données du service public, sur le degré de l'obligation de s'adapter à cette ouverture, sur les conséquences de l'intrusion d’Open Data dans la sphère du service public et sur les limites imposées à l'Open Data. Pour répondre à ces interrogations, on s’intéressera à l’apparition et au développement de l’Open Data dans le service public, tout en illustrant son impact sur l'évolution de la démocratie et son rôle éminent dans la création de nouveaux services publics, avec notamment le cas du service public de la donnée en France. Ainsi, le meilleur angle pour étudier l'ouverture des données publiques dans le service public sera le droit public comparé, cela nous permettra d'analyser la pratique d'Open Data dans les pays pionniers dans ce domaine et les pays du Maghreb qui intègrent, depuis peu, cette nouvelle méthode de travail. Cette étude a pour but aussi de démontrer ce que l'Open Data peu apporter concrètement à l'administration et au citoyen. / The public service has experienced a massive opening of public data known as "Open Data". This phenomenon has developed with the emergence of new information technologies in public administrations, becoming then an important factor in the renewal and modernization of the public service. This new trend that the world has been exploring for a few years aims to share and reuse the public data held by the public service, while keeping as objective the democratic transparency in response to the requirement to be accountable to citizens to fight against corruption and promote Open Government in favor of citizen involvement.In this respect, the Open Data concept leads us to question ourselves about the importance of opening up data in the public service, about the degree of obligation to adapt to this opening, also about the consequences of the Open Data’s intrusion into the sphere of the public service and the limits that Open Data may encounter.To answer these questions, we will focus on the emergence and development of Open Data in the public service, with a depiction of its impact on democracy evolution and its eminent role in the creation of new public services, such as the case of data public service in France. Thus, the best angle to study the opening of public data in the public service is the comparative public law, this allows us to analyze the practice of Open Data in the pioneer countries in this field and the Maghreb countries who recently integrated this new way of work. This study also aims to prove what are the benefits of Open Data for the administration and the citizen.

Esta pesquisa tem como principal objeto de estudo os repertórios de ação e mobilização utilizados durante e ao redor da Ocupação da Câmara de Vereadores de Porto Alegre (10-18 de julho de 2013). A partir da experiência etnográfica e do engajamento militante no Bloco de Lutas pelo Transporte Público, busca-se compreender de que formas o Bloco se organizou e quais são os valores que nortearam esta organização. Ao mesmo tempo, atenta-se para os sujeitos responsáveis por essas práticas e por esses meios, procurando identificar as redes sociais que os aproximam e suas trajetórias de vida. Assembleias, atos, comissões, ocupações, redes sociais e cine-debates servem para analisar as disputas dentro do Bloco de Lutas e ao redor da Ocupação da Câmara de Vereadores de Porto Alegre. É priorizado o recorte etnográfico e o diálogo com outros autores que pensam as práticas de governo e os sentidos das políticas nesses tempos e nesses espaços. Finalmente, identificam-se as divergências estratégicas como o principal problema do Bloco, as ocupações como uma forma de ação coletiva integral e a potencialidade da antropologia pública e das camadas de autoria. / This research has as its main object of study the repertoires of action and mobilization used in and around the Occupation of the City Council of Porto Alegre (10-18 July 2013). From the ethnographic experience and militant engagement in the Fight Block for Public Transportation, we seek to understand what this Block was organized like, and what values are the ones that guided this organization. Meanwhile, we focused on the subjects responsible for these practices and means, trying to identify social networks that link them and their life trajectories. Meetings, acts, commissions, occupations, social networks and cine-debates served to analyze disputes within the Fight Block and about the Occupation of the City Council of Porto Alegre. It is prioritized the ethnographic research and dialogue with other authors who think government practices and senses of policies in these times and spaces. Finally, it identifies the strategic divergences as the main problem of the Block, the occupations as a form of full collective action and the potential of public anthropology and authory layers.

Crime is as old as mankind. It started with an incident of theft inside Paradise and a murder outside. In order to understand the phenomenon of crime several theories were formulated over time. One fact should be recognized: All forms of trauma can be reduced to a single common factor: Control – or better said: a lack of control. A lack of personal control causes tension; tension leads to desperation; desperation leads to irresponsibility. Then the door to crime is unlocked. Fortunately all irresponsibilities doesn’t lead to crime. In order to understand the offender it is imperative to understand his background. The relationship between childhood trauma and crime cannot be denied. It is a fact that childhood traumas can lead to abnormal brain development in early childhood. For this reason special attention is paid to the processes involved in brain development, both in normal children and in maltreated ones. If not identified and intervened in time, it can lead to a situation where the cycle of frustration and desperation, and eventually crime, cannot be interrupted - not even by prisonization. Management of change (rehabilitation) must reckon with the influence of said traumas on the brain development of children. Efforts to rehabilitate the offender becomes senseless if applied for an hour once a week. Such efforts cannot repair the damage done by negative influences repeated thousands of times over many years. In the same vein it is fruitless to aim therapeutic interventions on the reason of man hoping to repair the emotional damage of his childhood. For this reason the Neurosequential Method of Therapeutics holds promise in the quest for the rehabilitation of the offender and in the fight against crime. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

SANTOS, Wilmar Bezerra dos. Avaliação Socioeconômica do Projeto Agente Rural no Contexto do Fundo Estadual de Combate a Pobreza do Ceará, Município de Granja, 2004/2008. 2010. 153f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2010. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-30T15:03:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-DIS-WBSANTOS.pdf: 1778033 bytes, checksum: 32f6531c4f4cb6d59d48cc6663e94bdd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-30T16:49:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-DIS-WBSANTOS.pdf: 1778033 bytes, checksum: 32f6531c4f4cb6d59d48cc6663e94bdd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T16:49:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-DIS-WBSANTOS.pdf: 1778033 bytes, checksum: 32f6531c4f4cb6d59d48cc6663e94bdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / This thesis consists of an evaluation of the Rural Agent Project, financed with funds from a Public Policy to combat the developing poverty in the state of Ceará since 2003 with the creation of the State Fund to Combat Poverty (Fundo Estadual de Combate à Pobreza) – FECOP . Its action focus is "to fight poverty, to reduce income inequality and to promote growth with social inclusion" and its target group are the families who are below the poverty line, living in areas characterized by serious social indicators. In a correlation between the focus established by the referred public policy and the purpose of the Agent Rural Project, which is: “To ensure social inclusion of rural families in the state of Ceará by transforming agriculture, with the increase of production and income, by increasing productivity, through the contribution, ownership and development of technical and managerial knowledge, through the organization of farmers into associations and the leverage of the small and micro rural enterprises”, it was possible to verify the changes and their reflections on the life of family-based farmers in the town of Granja-CE., period 2004/2008.Still, we defined a second line of studies about the achievements of the Evaluation of Public Policies. In this approach, we combine studies in order to build the theoretical bases that promote the construction of an object of study, based on the discussion of possibilities of restoring the citizenship with the reduction of poverty and social inequality through public policies of sustainable development, taking as investigation reference the FECOP / Agent Rural Project executed by the State of Ceará since 2003. For the analysis of this object, it was developed an evaluative study of quantitative and qualitative nature, working on secondary data from the survey of the FECOP, IBGE, IPECE publications, UFC, SDA and extensive bibliography on the subject, complemented by primary data collected through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The evaluative study of FECOP / Agent Rural Project presented in this thesis showed its importance while involving all those partners responsible for the implementation of the proposal, such as technicians, beneficiaries, society, trade unions (STTR) and the municipal and state governments (managers).When we asked about the importance and maintenance of this policy, we obtained almost 100% "yes" responses. However, the study also revealed limitations in the scope of the project, given the insufficient number of technicians to meet the needs and the fluctuating hiring, causing insecurity for the professional. Another limiting factor was the lack of integration with other public policies, especially in the area of qualification and programs that provide Technical Assistance. As to the results of the study, there are suggestions regarding the design of policy in order to reconsider the way technicians for temporary jobs are hired; thus, reducing the vulnerability of the worker, as well increasing the number of Rural Agents, promotion of technical / producer training in the area of organization and that state / province comply with their responsibilities with regard to parity of the recruitment of Rural agents. / Esta dissertação consiste numa avaliação do Projeto Agente Rural, financiado com recursos oriundos de uma Política Pública de Combate à Pobreza em andamento no Estado do Ceará desde o ano de 2003 com a criação do Fundo Estadual de Combate à Pobreza - FECOP. O Fundo tem como foco de ação “Combater a pobreza, reduzir as desigualdades de renda e promover o crescimento com inclusão social” sendo seu público-alvo as famílias que se situam abaixo da linha da pobreza, residentes em áreas caracterizadas por graves indicadores sociais. Numa correlação entre o foco estabelecido pela política pública em referência e o objetivo do Projeto Agente Rural, que é: “Garantir a Inclusão Social das famílias rurais do Estado do Ceará, pela transformação da agropecuária, com a elevação da produção e renda, pelo incremento da produtividade, mediante aporte, apropriação e desenvolvimento de conhecimentos técnicos e gerenciais, organização dos produtores rurais em associações e alavancagem da pequena e micro-empresa rural”, foi possível verificar as mudanças ocorridas e seus reflexos sobre a vida do pequeno produtor rural de base familiar no município de Granja-CE., período 2004/2008. Ainda, definimos uma segunda linha de estudos voltados para as realizações acerca da Avaliação de Políticas Públicas. Neste enfoque, combinamos os estudos de forma a construir as bases teóricas que favorecessem a construção de um objeto de estudo, embasado na discussão das possibilidades do resgate da cidadania com redução da pobreza e da desigualdade social via políticas públicas de desenvolvimento sustentável, tomando-se como referencial de investigação o FECOP/Projeto Agente Rural executado pelo Estado desde 2003. Para a análise desse objeto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa avaliativa de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa, trabalhando dados secundários, a partir do levantamento de documentos do FECOP, IBGE, publicações do IPECE, UFC, SDA e vasta bibliografia sobre o tema, complementada com dados primários levantados mediante aplicação de questionários e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas. O estudo avaliativo do FECOP/Projeto Agente Rural, apresentado nesta dissertação, mostrou sua importância, enquanto envolveu todos aqueles parceiros responsáveis na implementação da proposta, como: técnicos, beneficiários, sociedade, entidades de classe (STTR) e governos municipal e estadual (gestores). Questionados sobre a importância e manutenção da política, praticamente obtivemos 100% de “sim” nas respostas. Entretanto, o estudo também revelou limites no alcance do projeto, considerando o número insuficiente de técnicos para atender as necessidades e contratações flutuantes, gerando insegurança para o profissional. Um outro fator de restrição foi à falta de integração com outras políticas públicas, sobretudo na área da qualificação, e programas que prevêem a Assistência Técnica. Quanto ao resultado do estudo, surgiram sugestões no âmbito do desenho da política, para que se reveja a forma de contratação dos técnicos nos moldes bolsista (temporária), reduzindo dessa forma a situação de instabilidade do trabalhador, como também, aumento no quantitativo de agentes rurais, promoção da capacitação técnico/produtor na área de organização e que estado e município cumpram com as suas responsabilidades no que diz respeito à paridade pela contratação dos Agentes Rurais.

Les politiques de lutte contre les maladies plus généralement et celles relatives au paludisme singulièrement, mises en œuvre depuis 1948, ont connu des fortunes diverses dans leur application à l'échelle locale. L'exemple de la Côte d'Ivoire que cette recherche a mis en lumière en est la parfaite illustration. Ainsi, de la politique «d'éradication du paludisme» qui couvre la période 1955-1970, à laquelle succède celle du contrôle du paludisme depuis cette date, les directives de lutte, qui accompagnent les grands programmes de santé de l'institution internationale, ont été diversement appliquées, du moins en ce qui concerne le paludisme. Les raisons de ce décalage entre les indications normatives et les pratiques thérapeutiques sont à la fois exogènes et endogènes. Cette étude illustre ainsi les contradictions entre les politiques de santé décidées en amont, et leur application, en aval. Elle permet de saisir aussi, le rôle central de l'OMS dans la gouvernance de la santé mondiale. Mais, elle n'occulte pas pour autant les énormes difficultés encore pendantes des systèmes de santé des pays en voie de développement comme la Côte d'Ivoire, malgré tous les efforts entrepris par l'OMS pour y remédier. / The policies to fight diseases in general and malaria in particular since 1948 have met different forms in their implementation on a local scale. The example of the Côte d'Ivoire that this study has brought into light perfectly illustrates that point. From an "eradication of malaria" policy that ranges from 1955 to 1970 to a control of malaria since then, the fighting directives, which go along with the main health programs of international institution, have been variously implemented, at least as far as malaria is concerned. The reasons that account for this discrepancy between normative indications and therapeutical practices are both exogenous and endogenous. This study thus illustrates the contradictions between health policies decided upstream and their implementation downstream. It also helps to understand the major role of the World Health Organisation in its govemance in world health. But it does not ignore the huge and still remaining difficulties of health systems of developing countries such as the Côte d'Ivoire in spite of all the efforts undertaken by the WHO to deal with them.

Esta dissertação privilegia a etnografia para avançar uma proposta de entendimento das dinâmicas do Bloco de Lutas pelo Transporte Público em Porto Alegre/RS – uma coalizão de forças políticas que agrega desde indivíduos singulares, colectivos autônomos, anarquistas até organizações juvenis de partidos políticos de orientação à esquerda, cujas estratégias incidem na acção directa como meio de luta política. É um estudo empírico sobre os sentidos e práticas de um valor e um princípio ordenador da vida em sociedade- a política. / This dissertation gives privilege to ethnography in order to bring forth the proposal of an understanding of the dynamics of BLOCO de LUTAS PELO TRANSPORTE PÚBLICO EM Porto ALEGRE/RS - a collision of political forces that assembles itself from anything ranging between unique individuals, an autonomous and anarchist collectivity, and left-wing political parties whose strategies lie in direct action as an approach to political struggle. The present research is an empirical stud dealing with practices and meanings that revolve around a value and principle that governs life in society – politics.