This thesis consists of four self-contained empirical essays. In the first essays "Markets for Risk and Openness to Trade: How are They Related?" (with Helena Svaleryd), we ask if there is an empirical relationship between financial development and openness to trade. Numerous theoretical papers have noted that trade policies can be used as an insurance against shocks from international markets. It follows that the development of markets for risk should reduce the incentives to rely on trade policy for insurance purposes. Feeney and Hillman (2001) explicitly demonstrate how asset-market incompleteness can affect trade policy in a model where trade policy is determined by the lobbying of interest groups. If risk can be fully diversified, special-interest groups have no incentive to lobby for protection, and free trade will prevail. Likewise, trade liberalization might increase the demand for financial services, thereby spurring the development of financial markets. Using several indicators of both openness to trade and financial development, we find an economically significant relation between the two. In particular, the relation holds when using the well known, although criticized (Rodriguez and Rodrik 1999), Sachs-Warner index, and structurally adjusted trade, as indicators of openness. For tariff levels and non-tariff barriers, the results hold only for relatively rich countries. Causality seems to be running both from openness to financial development and the other way around, depending on which indicator and methodology are used. Due to underlying technological differences, industries differ in their need for external financing (Rajan and Zingales, 1998). Since services provided by the financial sector are largely immobile across countries (Pagano et al., 2001), the pattern of specialization should be influenced by the degree of financial development. In the second essay, "Financial Markets, the Pattern of Specialization, and Comparative Advantage: Evidence from OECD Countries" (with Helena Svaleryd), we find this effect to be strong. In fact, the financial sector has an even greater impact on the pattern of specialization among OECD countries than differences in human- and physical capital. Further, the financial sector gives rise to comparative advantage in a way consistent with the Hecksher-Ohlin-Vanek model. Large and active stock markets, as well as the degree of concentration in the banking sector, produce the strongest and most consistent effects. The results also support the view that the quality accounting standards and the legal protection of creditors affect the pattern of industry specialization, while the depth of the financial system (measured by the amount of liquidity in an economy) is a source of comparative advantage. The third essay, "Who Wants Political Integration? Evidence from the Swedish EU-Membership Referendum" looks directly at the determinants of political attitudes towards regional integration and separation. More precisely, the regional voting pattern of the 1994 Swedish EU-membership referendum is analyzed. To explain this variation, an empirical investigation based on the extensive theoretical literature analyzing the determinants of regional economic and political integration is undertaken. Since enhanced possibilities of inter-regional risk sharing is one of the main gains from integration discussed in the literature (e.g Persson and Tabellini, 1996), special attention is given to this issue. The empirical results show that individuals living in labor markets exposed to a high degree of risk were more negative towards EU-membership than those living in safe ones. It is also shown that inhabitants of high-income labor markets, with a high level of schooling and small receipts of central government transfers were relatively positive towards the EU-membership. Given the restrictive regulations limiting discretionary policies within the EU, these results suggest that inhabitants of safe and rich regions voted in favor of secession from the Swedish transfer system, rather than in favor of European integration. In the final essay, "Does Labor Market Risk Increase the Size of the Public Sector? Evidence From Swedish Municipalities", I study if a high degree of private labor-market risk is related to a larger public sector in Swedish municipalities. The theoretical hypothesis is based on Rodrik (1998), who argues (and shows empirically) that countries exposed to a high degree of external risk also tend to have larger governments. The safe public sector is expanded at the expense of risky sectors and hence provides insurance against income volatility. Several problems related to data availability and comparability that apply to cross-country studies are circumvented by using data on Swedish municipalities. Further, there is no need to aggregate the public sector across different levels of governance: local risk is directly related to the size of the local public sector. The paper is not a complete parallel to Rodrik’s study, however. Several alternative insurance mechanisms that do not exist between countries are available between municipalities. For example, the central government provides insurance against individual-specific risk such as unemployment and illness, private capital markets are better integrated within than between countries, and the central government can hand out grants to municipalities. Despite these mitigating factors, local labor-market risk is found to have a substantial impact on municipal public employment. It is also found that shocks increasing the size of the public sector across all municipalities tend to generate a larger increase in risky locations. For municipal public spending and taxation the results are, however, much weaker. Hence, labor-market risk affects the labor intensity of the municipal public sector, rather than its size. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2002</p>

This study examines the development of monetary theory and various policy frameworks as implemented at the time of writing. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of monetary policy on disintermediation and re–intermediation throughout the periods of the various monetary policy frameworks in South Africa, specifically between 1970 and 2010. In order to achieve the research objective given above, a review was firstly conducted of the literature on monetary theory and policy. This literature review gave attention to the various methods of evaluating the extent of disintermediation, elaborating on the various factors that influence the disintermediation process. The literature suggests that the occurrence of disintermediation can be determined by comparing income velocity data to real interest rate data. The second step in achieving the research objective was to examine the South African income velocity data in comparison to the South African real interest rate data over the period 1970 to 2010. The study found that disintermediation arises from the application of semi–direct or direct monetary controls, which in turn creates abnormal interest rate gaps. Despite the different monetary frameworks adopted in South Africa from 1970 to 2010, a uniform response can be noted. It is observed that whenever real interest rates trough, income velocity in turn peaks, indicating disintermediation. The opposite is true for a high real interest rate environment; income velocity declines, indicating re–intermediation, as returns are sought for in the banking sector. It is also observed that monetary policy implementation proves difficult owing to its forward–looking nature. Complications arise out of the elasticity of transmission mechanisms, the lag effect thereof and models that are backward looking based on historical data. In short, the study found that care should be taken by monetary authorities not to over–act in either direction, whether monetary tightening or easing. / Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This study examines the development of monetary theory and various policy frameworks as implemented at the time of writing. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of monetary policy on disintermediation and re–intermediation throughout the periods of the various monetary policy frameworks in South Africa, specifically between 1970 and 2010. In order to achieve the research objective given above, a review was firstly conducted of the literature on monetary theory and policy. This literature review gave attention to the various methods of evaluating the extent of disintermediation, elaborating on the various factors that influence the disintermediation process. The literature suggests that the occurrence of disintermediation can be determined by comparing income velocity data to real interest rate data. The second step in achieving the research objective was to examine the South African income velocity data in comparison to the South African real interest rate data over the period 1970 to 2010. The study found that disintermediation arises from the application of semi–direct or direct monetary controls, which in turn creates abnormal interest rate gaps. Despite the different monetary frameworks adopted in South Africa from 1970 to 2010, a uniform response can be noted. It is observed that whenever real interest rates trough, income velocity in turn peaks, indicating disintermediation. The opposite is true for a high real interest rate environment; income velocity declines, indicating re–intermediation, as returns are sought for in the banking sector. It is also observed that monetary policy implementation proves difficult owing to its forward–looking nature. Complications arise out of the elasticity of transmission mechanisms, the lag effect thereof and models that are backward looking based on historical data. In short, the study found that care should be taken by monetary authorities not to over–act in either direction, whether monetary tightening or easing. / Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

自2003年臺灣發行第一件資產證券化商品以來，整體證券化市場發展快速，在可預見的未來，臺灣資產證券化將迅速普及。不過，就一般而言，間接金融與直接金融間似有替代關係，亦即資產證券化可能產生金融逆中介現象。因此，本文的研究目的即在於探討資產證券化對臺灣銀行業放款之影響為何。 　　本文以2001年第4季至2004年第4季臺灣銀行業將其資產予以證券化的不平衡追蹤資料，搭配固定效果模型的估計，實證研究發現，從臺灣短暫的資產證券化經驗來看，資產證券化的增加確實會造成銀行放款量的相對減少（放款餘額占資產之比率下降），即臺灣實施資產證券化後，產生金融逆中介現象。長期而言，直接金融（含資產證券化）的增加將造成銀行放款成長率趨緩，以及銀行放款餘額占資產之比率下降，但此並不意味資產證券化的普及，將造成銀行總放款量減少，而降低銀行體系金融中介的功能。 　　另外，透過固定效果模型，發現其他因素對銀行放款之影響如下：（1）銀行逾期放款比率雖與放款呈負向關係，但並不顯著。意即銀行在逾期放款比率增減時，並不會特別調整放款餘額占資產之比率。（2）銀行淨值與放款之關係亦不顯著。表示銀行淨值增加時，放款可能只會與其他資產同步增加，而不會因此特別擴大其占資產之比率。（3）房價指數的係數為顯著正值。顯示擔保品價值愈高時，銀行愈願意辦理放款。（4）其他直接金融存量（扣除資產證券化）的係數為顯著負值。顯示直接金融與間接金融存在明顯替代關係。（5）國內生產毛額與銀行放款之關係不顯著。表示國內生產毛額增加時，銀行放款可能只會與銀行其他資產同步增加，而不會因此特別擴大其占資產之比率。 　　在控制其他解釋變數後，計算各樣本銀行的特質效果（即放款餘額占資產之比率），發現除了放款餘額占資產之比率較高者，逐漸降低該比率外，其餘銀行並無特定趨勢。因此，似可推論出銀行放款餘額占資產比率的高低，與銀行本身之經營策略有關，致使該比率在不同銀行間有不同水準。 / The entire securitization market has been evolving rapidly since the first asset securitization product was issued in Taiwan in 2003. In the foreseeable future, asset securitization in Taiwan will become prevalent. However, there seems to be a substitution relationship between direct finance and indirect finance; that is, financial disintermediation may emerge as a result of asset securitization. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the effects of asset securitization on bank loans in Taiwan. Based on the unbalanced panel data of the asset securitization of banks in Taiwan from Q4 2001 to Q4 2004 along with the estimates from the fixed-effects model, it is found in this study that, judging from Taiwan’s brief experience in asset securitization, an increase in asset securitization does indeed bring about a relative decline in the amount of loans (a decreased ratio of loan balance in assets). In other words, financial disintermediation has arisen with asset securitization in Taiwan. From a long-term perspective, increment of direct finance (including asset securitization) will lead to retarded growth in bank loans as well as a lower ratio of loan balance in assets. This, however, may not necessarily imply that the popularization of asset securitization would result in a decrease in the amount of bank loans or weaken the financial intermediation function of the banking system. In addition, effects of other factors on bank loans found via the fixed-effect model are as follows: (1) Non-performing loan (NPL) ratio and bank loans have an inverse relationship, albeit insignificant. This means that banks do not usually adjust the ratio of loan balance in assets in accordance with their NPL ratios. (2) The relationship between the net worth of banks and the amount of loans is insignificant as well. This indicates that the amount of loans would only rise with other assets as the net worth of banks increases; the ratio of loan balance in assets will not be specifically elevated. (3) The coefficient of Housing Price Index is significantly positive, indicating that the higher value a collateral has, the more a bank is willing to release a loan. (4) The coefficient of other stock of the direct finance (excluding asset securitization) is significantly negative, which reveals an obvious substitution relationship between direct finance and indirect finance. (5) The relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and bank loans is insignificant, which indicates that the amount of bank loans would only rise with other bank assets as GDP increases; the ratio of loan balance in assets will not be elevated accordingly. As other explanatory variables are under control, the results gained from computing the specific effects (the ratio of loan balance in assets) of each sample (bank) show that only those with a higher ratio of loan balance in assets are found gradually reducing the radio. Such a trend is not found in others. Consequently, it can be inferred that the ratio of loan balance in assets depends on the business strategy of the bank itself, which results in different levels of the ratios among different banks.

Submitted by Leonardo Barros (lbbpinho@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-11T21:09:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ind Serv Financeiros e PIB_Reg Quantilica_vfinal.pdf: 1283647 bytes, checksum: 8ddccbe33173406c2f4c6ff48d41296a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2017-09-11T21:10:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ind Serv Financeiros e PIB_Reg Quantilica_vfinal.pdf: 1283647 bytes, checksum: 8ddccbe33173406c2f4c6ff48d41296a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T16:05:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ind Serv Financeiros e PIB_Reg Quantilica_vfinal.pdf: 1283647 bytes, checksum: 8ddccbe33173406c2f4c6ff48d41296a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-09 / This paper aims to analyze theoretically and empirically the positive relationship between the development of the financial services industry and economic growth and, based on these results, reflect the importance of this industry for Brazilian economic growth. The financial services industry influences economic growth due to the functions that its agents play in the financial system, such as: a) mobilization of resources; b) allocation of resources in space and time; c) risk management; d) selection and monitoring of companies; e) production and dissemination of information. Therefore, this work also aims to contribute with a historical review of the Financial Services industry in Brazil until the present day, collaborating with the academic literature of the lines of research on this industry. To analyze the correlation reported in many economic literatures, it was decided to apply the quantile regression technique, based on data from 81 countries, which allow an analysis of the positive impact generated by the financial system development indicators and their agents in the distribution Conditional response variable (measures of economic growth). The estimates obtained allow us to conclude: there is a positive relationship between a developed financial services industry and economic growth. And our conclusion is that Brazil has a mature and growing Financial Services industry, and according to the empirical results of this study; This segment is an important contributor to Brazilian economic growth. / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar teórica e empiricamente a relação positiva existente entre desenvolvimento da indústria de serviços financeiros e crescimento econômico e, a partir desses resultados, refletir a importância dessa indústria para o crescimento econômico brasileiro. A indústria de serviços financeiros influencia o crescimento econômico devido às funções que seus agentes desempenham no sistema financeiro, tais como: a) mobilização de recursos; b) alocação dos recursos no espaço e no tempo; c) administração do risco; d) seleção e monitoramento de empresas; e) produção e divulgação de informação. Por isso, esse trabalho também tem como propósito contribuir com uma revisão histórica da indústria de Serviços Financeiros no Brasil até os dias atuais, colaborando com a literatura acadêmica das linhas de pesquisa sobre essa indústria. Para analisar a correlação relatada em tantas literaturas econômicas, decidiu-se por aplicar a técnica de Regressão Quantílica, a partir de dados de 81 países, o que permitiu uma análise da influência positiva gerada pelos indicadores de desenvolvimento do sistema financeiro e seus agentes na distribuição condicional da variável resposta (medidas de crescimento econômico). As estimativas obtidas permitem concluir: há uma relação positiva entre uma indústria de serviços financeiros desenvolvida e crescimento econômico. E nossa conclusão é que o Brasil possui uma madura e crescente indústria de Serviços Financeiros, e segundo os resultados empíricos desse estudo; esse segmento é um importante contribuinte para o crescimento econômico brasileiro.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:20:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 68060200602.pdf: 1455774 bytes, checksum: 257d7c91c6650bb7547db135b453513d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-04T00:00:00Z / The purpose of this study is to realize a diagnostic of the Brazilian securitization market through a survey. It was investigated which were the main characteristics and the main factors that the Brazilian securitization to be similar or to be different of the North American securitization. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate the factors that difficulty or facilitate the development of the Brazilian securitization market. It was asked to Brazilian decision makers (large corporate executives and financial market executives) what do they think of securitization. It was asked the reason why the companies and banks use or not use the securitization as a funding source or as an investment. In this study, it was investigated the factors that trouble the development of the securitization market and it was asked which are the main factor that a securitization deal was executed or not executed. This new perspective reveals that exist a huge difference between the opinion of the supply and the demand. On one side the companies (supply side) are searching for a lower funding and on the other side the banks (demand side) are searching for an secure investment with high profitability, in other words, there is still a huge gap between supply and demand in order to the Brazilian securitization market achieve maturity. / O propósito deste estudo foi realizar um diagnóstico do mercado de securitização através de uma pesquisa sobre o mercado de securitização brasileiro. Foi investigado quais são as suas principais características e os principais fatores pelo qual a securitização brasileira ser semelhante ou distinta da securitização norte-americana. Assim o objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar os fatores que dificultam e que facilitam o desenvolvimento do mercado de securitização brasileiro e foi recorrido à opinião dos tomadores de decisão das grandes empresas e dos agentes financeiros brasileiros. Foi levantado quais são as motivações para que as empresas e os bancos não utilizarem a securitização como forma de captação ou de aplicação de recursos. Neste estudo foram investigados os fatores que dificultam o desenvolvimento da securitização e foi perguntado quais são os principais fatores pelo qual uma operação de securitização não ocorre e os fatores que facilitam o desenvolvimento da securitização e foi perguntado quais são os principais fatores pelo qual uma operação de securitização ocorre. Esta nova perspectiva do mercado para o mercado de securitização revela que existe uma grande diferença de opiniões entre os agentes deste mercado. De um lado as empresas (os ofertantes) buscando fontes de captação mais barata e de outro lado os bancos (os demandantes) buscando investimentos mais seguros com rentabilidades atraentes, em outras palavras ainda existe uma falta de alinhamento entre eles para que o mercado de securitização brasileiro desenvolva na sua plenitude e atinja a maturidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5917.pdf: 3459084 bytes, checksum: d6361e5ced9de0b04791af7a82f60a86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES), as a financial intermediary, has acted as a direct instrument of implementation of public policies for using this tool legitimized by economic field , made available through the framework of Private Equity . The uniformity of laws on banking prudence is a necessity imposed by the advancement of innovation and financial globalization . Incorporated the recommendations of Basel banking regulations in Brazil and accounting standards apply to all financial institutions authorized to operate by the Central Bank included therein BNDES and other development banks . This study aims at the implementation of these standards, considering that were designed initially to treat investment banking and retail, a scenario to understand the positioning and transformations of the bank in its organizational space. / O Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), enquanto intermediário financeiro, tem atuado como instrumento direto de implantação de políticas pública utilizando-se para isso de ferramentas legitimadas pelo campo econômico, disponibilizadas através da estrutura de Private Equity. A uniformização das legislações sobre prudência bancária é uma necessidade imposta pelo avanço da inovação e da globalização financeira. As recomendações de Basileia incorporadas à regulamentação bancária no Brasil e as normas contábeis se aplicam a todas as instituições financeiras autorizadas a funcionar pelo Banco Central, aí incluídos o BNDES e os demais bancos de desenvolvimento. O presente trabalho busca na aplicação dessa normas, tendo em vista que foram concebidas, inicialmente, para tratar de bancos de investimento e varejo, um cenário para entendermos o posicionamento e transformações do banco em seu espaço organizacional.

This thesis deals with the financial market intermediation and distribution on the financial market. By using situational analysis reveals connections and principles of the functioning of financial intermediation and focuses on the role of financial market regulation and commission fees. Thesis is analyzing the effects of changes in commission system and impact to different distribution models.

El impacto de la concentración bancaria en el margen de intermediación es un tema investigado en todo el mundo; sin embargo, para el caso peruano no ha sido así. Es por esto que esta investigación analiza la relación existente o no entre ambas variables. Para esto, se presenta un marco teórico con la evolución del sistema financiero y bancario peruano además de la presentación de literatura previa y el modelo teórico a utilizar. Se plantea como hipótesis que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre el margen y la concentración, cumpliéndose así el Paradigma Estructura-Conducta Desempeño planteado por Bain (1951) y no la Hipótesis de Eficiencia planteada por Demsetz (1973) y Peltzman (1977). Al realizar las estimaciones econométricas correspondientes, mediante Efectos Fijos y Mínimos Cuadrados Generalizados, se encuentra una relación negativa significativa entre las variables estudiadas, así como la importancia de otras variables propias de los bancos como macroeconómicas y de control. Es importante la relación positiva hallada entre la eficiencia operativa y el margen de intermediación financiero, pues se argumenta mediante el estudio de la Hipótesis de Eficiencia. Por último, se plantea la importancia que tiene la supervisión de los bancos por parte de la institución reguladora (SBS) y el incentivo a la libre y leal competencia dentro del sistema financiero y de la banca múltiple. / The impact of banking concentration on financial intermediation spread has been a widely researched topic over the world; however, this has not been the case for Peru. This research analyses the relationship between these two variables. For this, a theoretical framework is presented with the evolution of the Peruvian financial and banking system in addition to the presentation of previous literature and the theoretical model to be used. It is hypothesized that there is a positive and significant relationship between the margin and the concentration, thus fulfilling the Structure-Conduct Performance Paradigm proposed by Bain (1951) and not the Efficiency-Structure Hypothesis proposed by Demsetz (1973) and Peltzman (1977). After the econometric estimation, using Fixed Effects and Feasible Generalized Least Squares, a significant negative relationship is found between the variables studied, as well as the importance of other variables typical of banks and macroeconomic variables. The positive relationship found between operating efficiency and financial intermediation margin is important, as it is argued through the study of the Efficiency Hypothesis. Finally, the importance of the supervision of banks by the regulatory institution (SBS) and the incentive for free and fair competition within the financial system are discussed. / Trabajo de investigación

Au plus fort de la crise, le régime monétaire international se révèle être impuissantlorsqu’il s’agit de limiter la volatilité excessive des taux de change, l’ampleur desdéséquilibres des balances de paiements courants, le développement d'une spéculationeffrénée sur les marchés des changes et l’asymétrie entre pays en excédent et pays endéficit. Cette thèse, qui a eu le mérite d’ouvrir des pistes nouvelles dans lacompréhension des rapports complexes entre les déséquilibres mondiaux et le régimeactuel, a montré que ces déséquilibres sont intrinsèquement rattachés aux défaillances dela structure monétaire internationale. Pour interrompre cette dynamique qui détériore lesdéséquilibres mondiaux, nous proposons que le régime tende vers un système centraliséavec la création d’une monnaie internationale et d’une chambre de compensation. Cettethèse, qui réactualise le plan Keynes, inclut également des dispositions statutaires visant àajuster automatiquement les dettes extérieures aux capacités de paiement des pays. Bienque cette réforme soit une avancée, cette réflexion n’occulte pas les progrès qu’il reste àfaire pour résorber les déséquilibres extérieurs. Pour améliorer l’efficacité et la pérennitédu système des paiements internationaux, il est utile de renforcer la coopération desbanques centrales, notamment dans un contexte marqué par les crises d’endettementextérieur. Dans ce sens, cette thèse montre les opportunités qu’offre la constitution dezones monétaires régionales intégrées dans une union monétaire internationale / At the height of the crisis, the international monetary system is powerless to reduce theinstability of exchange rates, the imbalance of the current account of balance ofpayments, instability of exchange rates and the development of speculation in financialmarkets the and the asymmetry between net exporters countries and net deficits countries.This thesis, which had the merit of opening new tracks in order to understand thecomplex relationships between global imbalances and the actual system, showed thatthese global imbalances are intrinsically linked to the failures of the internationalmonetary structure. To stop the deterioration of global imbalances, we propose that thesystem turns towards an international system payment with the creation of aninternational currency and a clearing house. This thesis, which reactualizes the KeynesPlan, also includes statutory dispositions for automatically adjusting the external debt tothe capacities payment of countries. Although this reform is a step forward, we don’t hidethe progress that can be done to reduce external imbalances. To increase the efficiencyand sustainability of the international payments system, it is useful to boost thecooperation between central banks, particularly in a context marked by the external debtcrises. In this sense, this thesis shows the opportunities which offered the creation ofregional monetary zones which are integrated in a monetary union international